diff --git a/docs/ref/models/querysets.txt b/docs/ref/models/querysets.txt index 3faa6964ca..c951bc4b55 100644 --- a/docs/ref/models/querysets.txt +++ b/docs/ref/models/querysets.txt @@ -709,151 +709,151 @@ principle, so you should avoid them if possible. Specify one or more of ``params``, ``select``, ``where`` or ``tables``. None of the arguments is required, but you should use at least one of them. -``select`` - The ``select`` argument lets you put extra fields in the ``SELECT`` clause. - It should be a dictionary mapping attribute names to SQL clauses to use to - calculate that attribute. + * ``select`` + The ``select`` argument lets you put extra fields in the ``SELECT`` clause. + It should be a dictionary mapping attribute names to SQL clauses to use to + calculate that attribute. - Example:: + Example:: - Entry.objects.extra(select={'is_recent': "pub_date > '2006-01-01'"}) + Entry.objects.extra(select={'is_recent': "pub_date > '2006-01-01'"}) - As a result, each ``Entry`` object will have an extra attribute, - ``is_recent``, a boolean representing whether the entry's ``pub_date`` is - greater than Jan. 1, 2006. + As a result, each ``Entry`` object will have an extra attribute, + ``is_recent``, a boolean representing whether the entry's ``pub_date`` is + greater than Jan. 1, 2006. - Django inserts the given SQL snippet directly into the ``SELECT`` - statement, so the resulting SQL of the above example would be something - like:: + Django inserts the given SQL snippet directly into the ``SELECT`` + statement, so the resulting SQL of the above example would be something + like:: - SELECT blog_entry.*, (pub_date > '2006-01-01') AS is_recent - FROM blog_entry; + SELECT blog_entry.*, (pub_date > '2006-01-01') AS is_recent + FROM blog_entry; - The next example is more advanced; it does a subquery to give each - resulting ``Blog`` object an ``entry_count`` attribute, an integer count - of associated ``Entry`` objects:: + The next example is more advanced; it does a subquery to give each + resulting ``Blog`` object an ``entry_count`` attribute, an integer count + of associated ``Entry`` objects:: - Blog.objects.extra( - select={ - 'entry_count': 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM blog_entry WHERE blog_entry.blog_id = blog_blog.id' - }, - ) + Blog.objects.extra( + select={ + 'entry_count': 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM blog_entry WHERE blog_entry.blog_id = blog_blog.id' + }, + ) - (In this particular case, we're exploiting the fact that the query will - already contain the ``blog_blog`` table in its ``FROM`` clause.) + (In this particular case, we're exploiting the fact that the query will + already contain the ``blog_blog`` table in its ``FROM`` clause.) - The resulting SQL of the above example would be:: + The resulting SQL of the above example would be:: - SELECT blog_blog.*, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM blog_entry WHERE blog_entry.blog_id = blog_blog.id) AS entry_count - FROM blog_blog; + SELECT blog_blog.*, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM blog_entry WHERE blog_entry.blog_id = blog_blog.id) AS entry_count + FROM blog_blog; - Note that the parenthesis required by most database engines around - subqueries are not required in Django's ``select`` clauses. Also note that - some database backends, such as some MySQL versions, don't support - subqueries. + Note that the parenthesis required by most database engines around + subqueries are not required in Django's ``select`` clauses. Also note that + some database backends, such as some MySQL versions, don't support + subqueries. - .. versionadded:: 1.0 + .. versionadded:: 1.0 - In some rare cases, you might wish to pass parameters to the SQL fragments - in ``extra(select=...)``. For this purpose, use the ``select_params`` - parameter. Since ``select_params`` is a sequence and the ``select`` - attribute is a dictionary, some care is required so that the parameters - are matched up correctly with the extra select pieces. In this situation, - you should use a ``django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict`` for the - ``select`` value, not just a normal Python dictionary. + In some rare cases, you might wish to pass parameters to the SQL fragments + in ``extra(select=...)``. For this purpose, use the ``select_params`` + parameter. Since ``select_params`` is a sequence and the ``select`` + attribute is a dictionary, some care is required so that the parameters + are matched up correctly with the extra select pieces. In this situation, + you should use a ``django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict`` for the + ``select`` value, not just a normal Python dictionary. - This will work, for example:: + This will work, for example:: - Blog.objects.extra( - select=SortedDict([('a', '%s'), ('b', '%s')]), - select_params=('one', 'two')) + Blog.objects.extra( + select=SortedDict([('a', '%s'), ('b', '%s')]), + select_params=('one', 'two')) - The only thing to be careful about when using select parameters in - ``extra()`` is to avoid using the substring ``"%%s"`` (that's *two* - percent characters before the ``s``) in the select strings. Django's - tracking of parameters looks for ``%s`` and an escaped ``%`` character - like this isn't detected. That will lead to incorrect results. + The only thing to be careful about when using select parameters in + ``extra()`` is to avoid using the substring ``"%%s"`` (that's *two* + percent characters before the ``s``) in the select strings. Django's + tracking of parameters looks for ``%s`` and an escaped ``%`` character + like this isn't detected. That will lead to incorrect results. -``where`` / ``tables`` - You can define explicit SQL ``WHERE`` clauses -- perhaps to perform - non-explicit joins -- by using ``where``. You can manually add tables to - the SQL ``FROM`` clause by using ``tables``. + * ``where`` / ``tables`` + You can define explicit SQL ``WHERE`` clauses -- perhaps to perform + non-explicit joins -- by using ``where``. You can manually add tables to + the SQL ``FROM`` clause by using ``tables``. - ``where`` and ``tables`` both take a list of strings. All ``where`` - parameters are "AND"ed to any other search criteria. + ``where`` and ``tables`` both take a list of strings. All ``where`` + parameters are "AND"ed to any other search criteria. - Example:: + Example:: - Entry.objects.extra(where=['id IN (3, 4, 5, 20)']) + Entry.objects.extra(where=['id IN (3, 4, 5, 20)']) - ...translates (roughly) into the following SQL:: + ...translates (roughly) into the following SQL:: - SELECT * FROM blog_entry WHERE id IN (3, 4, 5, 20); + SELECT * FROM blog_entry WHERE id IN (3, 4, 5, 20); - Be careful when using the ``tables`` parameter if you're specifying - tables that are already used in the query. When you add extra tables - via the ``tables`` parameter, Django assumes you want that table included - an extra time, if it is already included. That creates a problem, - since the table name will then be given an alias. If a table appears - multiple times in an SQL statement, the second and subsequent occurrences - must use aliases so the database can tell them apart. If you're - referring to the extra table you added in the extra ``where`` parameter - this is going to cause errors. + Be careful when using the ``tables`` parameter if you're specifying + tables that are already used in the query. When you add extra tables + via the ``tables`` parameter, Django assumes you want that table included + an extra time, if it is already included. That creates a problem, + since the table name will then be given an alias. If a table appears + multiple times in an SQL statement, the second and subsequent occurrences + must use aliases so the database can tell them apart. If you're + referring to the extra table you added in the extra ``where`` parameter + this is going to cause errors. - Normally you'll only be adding extra tables that don't already appear in - the query. However, if the case outlined above does occur, there are a few - solutions. First, see if you can get by without including the extra table - and use the one already in the query. If that isn't possible, put your - ``extra()`` call at the front of the queryset construction so that your - table is the first use of that table. Finally, if all else fails, look at - the query produced and rewrite your ``where`` addition to use the alias - given to your extra table. The alias will be the same each time you - construct the queryset in the same way, so you can rely upon the alias - name to not change. + Normally you'll only be adding extra tables that don't already appear in + the query. However, if the case outlined above does occur, there are a few + solutions. First, see if you can get by without including the extra table + and use the one already in the query. If that isn't possible, put your + ``extra()`` call at the front of the queryset construction so that your + table is the first use of that table. Finally, if all else fails, look at + the query produced and rewrite your ``where`` addition to use the alias + given to your extra table. The alias will be the same each time you + construct the queryset in the same way, so you can rely upon the alias + name to not change. -``order_by`` - If you need to order the resulting queryset using some of the new fields - or tables you have included via ``extra()`` use the ``order_by`` parameter - to ``extra()`` and pass in a sequence of strings. These strings should - either be model fields (as in the normal ``order_by()`` method on - querysets), of the form ``table_name.column_name`` or an alias for a column - that you specified in the ``select`` parameter to ``extra()``. + * ``order_by`` + If you need to order the resulting queryset using some of the new fields + or tables you have included via ``extra()`` use the ``order_by`` parameter + to ``extra()`` and pass in a sequence of strings. These strings should + either be model fields (as in the normal ``order_by()`` method on + querysets), of the form ``table_name.column_name`` or an alias for a column + that you specified in the ``select`` parameter to ``extra()``. - For example:: + For example:: - q = Entry.objects.extra(select={'is_recent': "pub_date > '2006-01-01'"}) - q = q.extra(order_by = ['-is_recent']) + q = Entry.objects.extra(select={'is_recent': "pub_date > '2006-01-01'"}) + q = q.extra(order_by = ['-is_recent']) - This would sort all the items for which ``is_recent`` is true to the front - of the result set (``True`` sorts before ``False`` in a descending - ordering). + This would sort all the items for which ``is_recent`` is true to the front + of the result set (``True`` sorts before ``False`` in a descending + ordering). - This shows, by the way, that you can make multiple calls to - ``extra()`` and it will behave as you expect (adding new constraints each - time). + This shows, by the way, that you can make multiple calls to + ``extra()`` and it will behave as you expect (adding new constraints each + time). -``params`` - The ``where`` parameter described above may use standard Python database - string placeholders -- ``'%s'`` to indicate parameters the database engine - should automatically quote. The ``params`` argument is a list of any extra - parameters to be substituted. + * ``params`` + The ``where`` parameter described above may use standard Python database + string placeholders -- ``'%s'`` to indicate parameters the database engine + should automatically quote. The ``params`` argument is a list of any extra + parameters to be substituted. - Example:: + Example:: - Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon']) + Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon']) - Always use ``params`` instead of embedding values directly into ``where`` - because ``params`` will ensure values are quoted correctly according to - your particular backend. (For example, quotes will be escaped correctly.) + Always use ``params`` instead of embedding values directly into ``where`` + because ``params`` will ensure values are quoted correctly according to + your particular backend. (For example, quotes will be escaped correctly.) - Bad:: + Bad:: - Entry.objects.extra(where=["headline='Lennon'"]) + Entry.objects.extra(where=["headline='Lennon'"]) - Good:: + Good:: - Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon']) + Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon']) defer ~~~~~