import urllib import sys import os import re import mimetypes import warnings from copy import copy from urlparse import urlparse, urlunparse, urlsplit try: from cStringIO import StringIO except ImportError: from StringIO import StringIO from django.conf import settings from django.contrib.auth import authenticate, login from django.core.handlers.base import BaseHandler from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIRequest from django.core.signals import got_request_exception from django.http import SimpleCookie, HttpRequest, QueryDict from django.template import TemplateDoesNotExist from django.test import signals from django.utils.functional import curry from django.utils.encoding import smart_str from django.utils.http import urlencode from django.utils.importlib import import_module from django.utils.itercompat import is_iterable from django.db import transaction, close_connection from django.test.utils import ContextList __all__ = ('Client', 'RequestFactory', 'encode_file', 'encode_multipart') BOUNDARY = 'BoUnDaRyStRiNg' MULTIPART_CONTENT = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % BOUNDARY CONTENT_TYPE_RE = re.compile('.*; charset=([\w\d-]+);?') class FakePayload(object): """ A wrapper around StringIO that restricts what can be read since data from the network can't be seeked and cannot be read outside of its content length. This makes sure that views can't do anything under the test client that wouldn't work in Real Life. """ def __init__(self, content): self.__content = StringIO(content) self.__len = len(content) def read(self, num_bytes=None): if num_bytes is None: num_bytes = self.__len or 0 assert self.__len >= num_bytes, "Cannot read more than the available bytes from the HTTP incoming data." content = self.__content.read(num_bytes) self.__len -= num_bytes return content class ClientHandler(BaseHandler): """ A HTTP Handler that can be used for testing purposes. Uses the WSGI interface to compose requests, but returns the raw HttpResponse object """ def __init__(self, enforce_csrf_checks=True, *args, **kwargs): self.enforce_csrf_checks = enforce_csrf_checks super(ClientHandler, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) def __call__(self, environ): from django.conf import settings from django.core import signals # Set up middleware if needed. We couldn't do this earlier, because # settings weren't available. if self._request_middleware is None: self.load_middleware() signals.request_started.send(sender=self.__class__) try: request = WSGIRequest(environ) # sneaky little hack so that we can easily get round # CsrfViewMiddleware. This makes life easier, and is probably # required for backwards compatibility with external tests against # admin views. request._dont_enforce_csrf_checks = not self.enforce_csrf_checks response = self.get_response(request) finally: signals.request_finished.disconnect(close_connection) signals.request_finished.send(sender=self.__class__) signals.request_finished.connect(close_connection) return response def store_rendered_templates(store, signal, sender, template, context, **kwargs): """ Stores templates and contexts that are rendered. The context is copied so that it is an accurate representation at the time of rendering. """ store.setdefault('templates', []).append(template) store.setdefault('context', ContextList()).append(copy(context)) def encode_multipart(boundary, data): """ Encodes multipart POST data from a dictionary of form values. The key will be used as the form data name; the value will be transmitted as content. If the value is a file, the contents of the file will be sent as an application/octet-stream; otherwise, str(value) will be sent. """ lines = [] to_str = lambda s: smart_str(s, settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET) # Not by any means perfect, but good enough for our purposes. is_file = lambda thing: hasattr(thing, "read") and callable(thing.read) # Each bit of the multipart form data could be either a form value or a # file, or a *list* of form values and/or files. Remember that HTTP field # names can be duplicated! for (key, value) in data.items(): if is_file(value): lines.extend(encode_file(boundary, key, value)) elif not isinstance(value, basestring) and is_iterable(value): for item in value: if is_file(item): lines.extend(encode_file(boundary, key, item)) else: lines.extend([ '--' + boundary, 'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % to_str(key), '', to_str(item) ]) else: lines.extend([ '--' + boundary, 'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % to_str(key), '', to_str(value) ]) lines.extend([ '--' + boundary + '--', '', ]) return '\r\n'.join(lines) def encode_file(boundary, key, file): to_str = lambda s: smart_str(s, settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET) content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(file.name)[0] if content_type is None: content_type = 'application/octet-stream' return [ '--' + boundary, 'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' \ % (to_str(key), to_str(os.path.basename(file.name))), 'Content-Type: %s' % content_type, '', file.read() ] class RequestFactory(object): """ Class that lets you create mock Request objects for use in testing. Usage: rf = RequestFactory() get_request = rf.get('/hello/') post_request = rf.post('/submit/', {'foo': 'bar'}) Once you have a request object you can pass it to any view function, just as if that view had been hooked up using a URLconf. """ def __init__(self, **defaults): self.defaults = defaults self.cookies = SimpleCookie() self.errors = StringIO() def _base_environ(self, **request): """ The base environment for a request. """ environ = { 'HTTP_COOKIE': self.cookies.output(header='', sep='; '), 'PATH_INFO': '/', 'QUERY_STRING': '', 'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET', 'SCRIPT_NAME': '', 'SERVER_NAME': 'testserver', 'SERVER_PORT': '80', 'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1', 'wsgi.version': (1,0), 'wsgi.url_scheme': 'http', 'wsgi.errors': self.errors, 'wsgi.multiprocess': True, 'wsgi.multithread': False, 'wsgi.run_once': False, } environ.update(self.defaults) environ.update(request) return environ def request(self, **request): "Construct a generic request object." return WSGIRequest(self._base_environ(**request)) def _get_path(self, parsed): # If there are parameters, add them if parsed[3]: return urllib.unquote(parsed[2] + ";" + parsed[3]) else: return urllib.unquote(parsed[2]) def get(self, path, data={}, **extra): "Construct a GET request" parsed = urlparse(path) r = { 'CONTENT_TYPE': 'text/html; charset=utf-8', 'PATH_INFO': self._get_path(parsed), 'QUERY_STRING': urlencode(data, doseq=True) or parsed[4], 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET', 'wsgi.input': FakePayload('') } r.update(extra) return self.request(**r) def post(self, path, data={}, content_type=MULTIPART_CONTENT, **extra): "Construct a POST request." if content_type is MULTIPART_CONTENT: post_data = encode_multipart(BOUNDARY, data) else: # Encode the content so that the byte representation is correct. match = CONTENT_TYPE_RE.match(content_type) if match: charset = match.group(1) else: charset = settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET post_data = smart_str(data, encoding=charset) parsed = urlparse(path) r = { 'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(post_data), 'CONTENT_TYPE': content_type, 'PATH_INFO': self._get_path(parsed), 'QUERY_STRING': parsed[4], 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST', 'wsgi.input': FakePayload(post_data), } r.update(extra) return self.request(**r) def head(self, path, data={}, **extra): "Construct a HEAD request." parsed = urlparse(path) r = { 'CONTENT_TYPE': 'text/html; charset=utf-8', 'PATH_INFO': self._get_path(parsed), 'QUERY_STRING': urlencode(data, doseq=True) or parsed[4], 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'HEAD', 'wsgi.input': FakePayload('') } r.update(extra) return self.request(**r) def options(self, path, data={}, **extra): "Constrict an OPTIONS request" parsed = urlparse(path) r = { 'PATH_INFO': self._get_path(parsed), 'QUERY_STRING': urlencode(data, doseq=True) or parsed[4], 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'OPTIONS', 'wsgi.input': FakePayload('') } r.update(extra) return self.request(**r) def put(self, path, data={}, content_type=MULTIPART_CONTENT, **extra): "Construct a PUT request." if content_type is MULTIPART_CONTENT: post_data = encode_multipart(BOUNDARY, data) else: post_data = data # Make `data` into a querystring only if it's not already a string. If # it is a string, we'll assume that the caller has already encoded it. query_string = None if not isinstance(data, basestring): query_string = urlencode(data, doseq=True) parsed = urlparse(path) r = { 'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(post_data), 'CONTENT_TYPE': content_type, 'PATH_INFO': self._get_path(parsed), 'QUERY_STRING': query_string or parsed[4], 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT', 'wsgi.input': FakePayload(post_data), } r.update(extra) return self.request(**r) def delete(self, path, data={}, **extra): "Construct a DELETE request." parsed = urlparse(path) r = { 'PATH_INFO': self._get_path(parsed), 'QUERY_STRING': urlencode(data, doseq=True) or parsed[4], 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'DELETE', 'wsgi.input': FakePayload('') } r.update(extra) return self.request(**r) class Client(RequestFactory): """ A class that can act as a client for testing purposes. It allows the user to compose GET and POST requests, and obtain the response that the server gave to those requests. The server Response objects are annotated with the details of the contexts and templates that were rendered during the process of serving the request. Client objects are stateful - they will retain cookie (and thus session) details for the lifetime of the Client instance. This is not intended as a replacement for Twill/Selenium or the like - it is here to allow testing against the contexts and templates produced by a view, rather than the HTML rendered to the end-user. """ def __init__(self, enforce_csrf_checks=False, **defaults): super(Client, self).__init__(**defaults) self.handler = ClientHandler(enforce_csrf_checks) self.exc_info = None def store_exc_info(self, **kwargs): """ Stores exceptions when they are generated by a view. """ self.exc_info = sys.exc_info() def _session(self): """ Obtains the current session variables. """ if 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware' in settings.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES: engine = import_module(settings.SESSION_ENGINE) cookie = self.cookies.get(settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME, None) if cookie: return engine.SessionStore(cookie.value) return {} session = property(_session) def request(self, **request): """ The master request method. Composes the environment dictionary and passes to the handler, returning the result of the handler. Assumes defaults for the query environment, which can be overridden using the arguments to the request. """ environ = self._base_environ(**request) # Curry a data dictionary into an instance of the template renderer # callback function. data = {} on_template_render = curry(store_rendered_templates, data) signals.template_rendered.connect(on_template_render, dispatch_uid="template-render") # Capture exceptions created by the handler. got_request_exception.connect(self.store_exc_info, dispatch_uid="request-exception") try: try: response = self.handler(environ) except TemplateDoesNotExist, e: # If the view raises an exception, Django will attempt to show # the 500.html template. If that template is not available, # we should ignore the error in favor of re-raising the # underlying exception that caused the 500 error. Any other # template found to be missing during view error handling # should be reported as-is. if e.args != ('500.html',): raise # Look for a signalled exception, clear the current context # exception data, then re-raise the signalled exception. # Also make sure that the signalled exception is cleared from # the local cache! if self.exc_info: exc_info = self.exc_info self.exc_info = None raise exc_info[1], None, exc_info[2] # Save the client and request that stimulated the response. response.client = self response.request = request # Add any rendered template detail to the response. response.templates = data.get("templates", []) response.context = data.get("context") # Flatten a single context. Not really necessary anymore thanks to # the __getattr__ flattening in ContextList, but has some edge-case # backwards-compatibility implications. if response.context and len(response.context) == 1: response.context = response.context[0] # Provide a backwards-compatible (but pending deprecation) response.template def _get_template(self): warnings.warn("response.template is deprecated; use response.templates instead (which is always a list)", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2) if not self.templates: return None elif len(self.templates) == 1: return self.templates[0] return self.templates response.__class__.template = property(_get_template) # Update persistent cookie data. if response.cookies: self.cookies.update(response.cookies) return response finally: signals.template_rendered.disconnect(dispatch_uid="template-render") got_request_exception.disconnect(dispatch_uid="request-exception") def get(self, path, data={}, follow=False, **extra): """ Requests a response from the server using GET. """ response = super(Client, self).get(path, data=data, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, **extra) return response def post(self, path, data={}, content_type=MULTIPART_CONTENT, follow=False, **extra): """ Requests a response from the server using POST. """ response = super(Client, self).post(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, **extra) return response def head(self, path, data={}, follow=False, **extra): """ Request a response from the server using HEAD. """ response = super(Client, self).head(path, data=data, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, **extra) return response def options(self, path, data={}, follow=False, **extra): """ Request a response from the server using OPTIONS. """ response = super(Client, self).options(path, data=data, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, **extra) return response def put(self, path, data={}, content_type=MULTIPART_CONTENT, follow=False, **extra): """ Send a resource to the server using PUT. """ response = super(Client, self).put(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, **extra) return response def delete(self, path, data={}, follow=False, **extra): """ Send a DELETE request to the server. """ response = super(Client, self).delete(path, data=data, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, **extra) return response def login(self, **credentials): """ Sets the Factory to appear as if it has successfully logged into a site. Returns True if login is possible; False if the provided credentials are incorrect, or the user is inactive, or if the sessions framework is not available. """ user = authenticate(**credentials) if user and user.is_active \ and 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware' in settings.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES: engine = import_module(settings.SESSION_ENGINE) # Create a fake request to store login details. request = HttpRequest() if self.session: request.session = self.session else: request.session = engine.SessionStore() login(request, user) # Save the session values. request.session.save() # Set the cookie to represent the session. session_cookie = settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME self.cookies[session_cookie] = request.session.session_key cookie_data = { 'max-age': None, 'path': '/', 'domain': settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN, 'secure': settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE or None, 'expires': None, } self.cookies[session_cookie].update(cookie_data) return True else: return False def logout(self): """ Removes the authenticated user's cookies and session object. Causes the authenticated user to be logged out. """ session = import_module(settings.SESSION_ENGINE).SessionStore() session_cookie = self.cookies.get(settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME) if session_cookie: session.delete(session_key=session_cookie.value) self.cookies = SimpleCookie() def _handle_redirects(self, response, **extra): "Follows any redirects by requesting responses from the server using GET." response.redirect_chain = [] while response.status_code in (301, 302, 303, 307): url = response['Location'] scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urlsplit(url) redirect_chain = response.redirect_chain redirect_chain.append((url, response.status_code)) if scheme: extra['wsgi.url_scheme'] = scheme # The test client doesn't handle external links, # but since the situation is simulated in test_client, # we fake things here by ignoring the netloc portion of the # redirected URL. response = self.get(path, QueryDict(query), follow=False, **extra) response.redirect_chain = redirect_chain # Prevent loops if response.redirect_chain[-1] in response.redirect_chain[0:-1]: break return response