from collections import OrderedDict
import copy
import operator
from functools import partial, reduce, update_wrapper
import warnings

from django import forms
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib import messages
from django.contrib.admin import widgets, helpers
from django.contrib.admin.utils import (unquote, flatten_fieldsets, get_deleted_objects,
    model_format_dict, NestedObjects, lookup_needs_distinct)
from django.contrib.admin import validation
from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_static import static
from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_urls import add_preserved_filters
from django.contrib.auth import get_permission_codename
from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied, ValidationError, FieldError
from django.core.paginator import Paginator
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
from django.db import models, transaction, router
from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP
from django.db.models.related import RelatedObject
from django.db.models.fields import BLANK_CHOICE_DASH, FieldDoesNotExist
from django.db.models.sql.constants import QUERY_TERMS
from django.forms.formsets import all_valid, DELETION_FIELD_NAME
from django.forms.models import (modelform_factory, modelformset_factory,
    inlineformset_factory, BaseInlineFormSet, modelform_defines_fields)
from django.http import Http404, HttpResponseRedirect
from django.http.response import HttpResponseBase
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404
from django.template.response import SimpleTemplateResponse, TemplateResponse
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
from django.utils.html import escape, escapejs
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
from django.utils import six
from django.utils.deprecation import RenameMethodsBase
from django.utils.http import urlencode
from django.utils.text import capfirst, get_text_list
from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _
from django.utils.translation import ungettext
from django.utils.encoding import force_text
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_protect


IS_POPUP_VAR = '_popup'
TO_FIELD_VAR = '_to_field'

HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL = 1, 2
# returns the <ul> class for a given radio_admin field
get_ul_class = lambda x: 'radiolist%s' % (' inline' if x == HORIZONTAL else '')


class IncorrectLookupParameters(Exception):
    pass

# Defaults for formfield_overrides. ModelAdmin subclasses can change this
# by adding to ModelAdmin.formfield_overrides.

FORMFIELD_FOR_DBFIELD_DEFAULTS = {
    models.DateTimeField: {
        'form_class': forms.SplitDateTimeField,
        'widget': widgets.AdminSplitDateTime
    },
    models.DateField: {'widget': widgets.AdminDateWidget},
    models.TimeField: {'widget': widgets.AdminTimeWidget},
    models.TextField: {'widget': widgets.AdminTextareaWidget},
    models.URLField: {'widget': widgets.AdminURLFieldWidget},
    models.IntegerField: {'widget': widgets.AdminIntegerFieldWidget},
    models.BigIntegerField: {'widget': widgets.AdminBigIntegerFieldWidget},
    models.CharField: {'widget': widgets.AdminTextInputWidget},
    models.ImageField: {'widget': widgets.AdminFileWidget},
    models.FileField: {'widget': widgets.AdminFileWidget},
    models.EmailField: {'widget': widgets.AdminEmailInputWidget},
}

csrf_protect_m = method_decorator(csrf_protect)


class RenameBaseModelAdminMethods(forms.MediaDefiningClass, RenameMethodsBase):
    renamed_methods = (
        ('queryset', 'get_queryset', DeprecationWarning),
    )


class BaseModelAdmin(six.with_metaclass(RenameBaseModelAdminMethods)):
    """Functionality common to both ModelAdmin and InlineAdmin."""

    raw_id_fields = ()
    fields = None
    exclude = None
    fieldsets = None
    form = forms.ModelForm
    filter_vertical = ()
    filter_horizontal = ()
    radio_fields = {}
    prepopulated_fields = {}
    formfield_overrides = {}
    readonly_fields = ()
    ordering = None
    view_on_site = True

    # validation
    validator_class = validation.BaseValidator

    @classmethod
    def validate(cls, model):
        validator = cls.validator_class()
        validator.validate(cls, model)

    def __init__(self):
        self._orig_formfield_overrides = self.formfield_overrides
        overrides = FORMFIELD_FOR_DBFIELD_DEFAULTS.copy()
        overrides.update(self.formfield_overrides)
        self.formfield_overrides = overrides

    def formfield_for_dbfield(self, db_field, **kwargs):
        """
        Hook for specifying the form Field instance for a given database Field
        instance.

        If kwargs are given, they're passed to the form Field's constructor.
        """
        request = kwargs.pop("request", None)

        # If the field specifies choices, we don't need to look for special
        # admin widgets - we just need to use a select widget of some kind.
        if db_field.choices:
            # see #19303 for an explanation of self._orig_formfield_overrides
            if db_field.__class__ in self._orig_formfield_overrides:
                kwargs = dict(self._orig_formfield_overrides[db_field.__class__], **kwargs)
            return self.formfield_for_choice_field(db_field, request, **kwargs)

        # ForeignKey or ManyToManyFields
        if isinstance(db_field, (models.ForeignKey, models.ManyToManyField)):
            # Combine the field kwargs with any options for formfield_overrides.
            # Make sure the passed in **kwargs override anything in
            # formfield_overrides because **kwargs is more specific, and should
            # always win.
            if db_field.__class__ in self.formfield_overrides:
                kwargs = dict(self.formfield_overrides[db_field.__class__], **kwargs)

            # Get the correct formfield.
            if isinstance(db_field, models.ForeignKey):
                formfield = self.formfield_for_foreignkey(db_field, request, **kwargs)
            elif isinstance(db_field, models.ManyToManyField):
                formfield = self.formfield_for_manytomany(db_field, request, **kwargs)

            # For non-raw_id fields, wrap the widget with a wrapper that adds
            # extra HTML -- the "add other" interface -- to the end of the
            # rendered output. formfield can be None if it came from a
            # OneToOneField with parent_link=True or a M2M intermediary.
            if formfield and db_field.name not in self.raw_id_fields:
                related_modeladmin = self.admin_site._registry.get(db_field.rel.to)
                can_add_related = bool(related_modeladmin and
                    related_modeladmin.has_add_permission(request))
                formfield.widget = widgets.RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(
                    formfield.widget, db_field.rel, self.admin_site,
                    can_add_related=can_add_related)

            return formfield

        # If we've got overrides for the formfield defined, use 'em. **kwargs
        # passed to formfield_for_dbfield override the defaults.
        for klass in db_field.__class__.mro():
            if klass in self.formfield_overrides:
                kwargs = dict(copy.deepcopy(self.formfield_overrides[klass]), **kwargs)
                return db_field.formfield(**kwargs)

        # For any other type of field, just call its formfield() method.
        return db_field.formfield(**kwargs)

    def formfield_for_choice_field(self, db_field, request=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Get a form Field for a database Field that has declared choices.
        """
        # If the field is named as a radio_field, use a RadioSelect
        if db_field.name in self.radio_fields:
            # Avoid stomping on custom widget/choices arguments.
            if 'widget' not in kwargs:
                kwargs['widget'] = widgets.AdminRadioSelect(attrs={
                    'class': get_ul_class(self.radio_fields[db_field.name]),
                })
            if 'choices' not in kwargs:
                kwargs['choices'] = db_field.get_choices(
                    include_blank=db_field.blank,
                    blank_choice=[('', _('None'))]
                )
        return db_field.formfield(**kwargs)

    def get_field_queryset(self, db, db_field, request):
        """
        If the ModelAdmin specifies ordering, the queryset should respect that
        ordering.  Otherwise don't specify the queryset, let the field decide
        (returns None in that case).
        """
        related_admin = self.admin_site._registry.get(db_field.rel.to, None)
        if related_admin is not None:
            ordering = related_admin.get_ordering(request)
            if ordering is not None and ordering != ():
                return db_field.rel.to._default_manager.using(db).order_by(*ordering).complex_filter(db_field.rel.limit_choices_to)
        return None

    def formfield_for_foreignkey(self, db_field, request=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Get a form Field for a ForeignKey.
        """
        db = kwargs.get('using')
        if db_field.name in self.raw_id_fields:
            kwargs['widget'] = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(db_field.rel,
                                    self.admin_site, using=db)
        elif db_field.name in self.radio_fields:
            kwargs['widget'] = widgets.AdminRadioSelect(attrs={
                'class': get_ul_class(self.radio_fields[db_field.name]),
            })
            kwargs['empty_label'] = _('None') if db_field.blank else None

        if not 'queryset' in kwargs:
            queryset = self.get_field_queryset(db, db_field, request)
            if queryset is not None:
                kwargs['queryset'] = queryset

        return db_field.formfield(**kwargs)

    def formfield_for_manytomany(self, db_field, request=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Get a form Field for a ManyToManyField.
        """
        # If it uses an intermediary model that isn't auto created, don't show
        # a field in admin.
        if not db_field.rel.through._meta.auto_created:
            return None
        db = kwargs.get('using')

        if db_field.name in self.raw_id_fields:
            kwargs['widget'] = widgets.ManyToManyRawIdWidget(db_field.rel,
                                    self.admin_site, using=db)
            kwargs['help_text'] = ''
        elif db_field.name in (list(self.filter_vertical) + list(self.filter_horizontal)):
            kwargs['widget'] = widgets.FilteredSelectMultiple(db_field.verbose_name, (db_field.name in self.filter_vertical))

        if not 'queryset' in kwargs:
            queryset = self.get_field_queryset(db, db_field, request)
            if queryset is not None:
                kwargs['queryset'] = queryset

        return db_field.formfield(**kwargs)

    def get_view_on_site_url(self, obj=None):
        if obj is None or not self.view_on_site:
            return None

        if callable(self.view_on_site):
            return self.view_on_site(obj)
        elif self.view_on_site and hasattr(obj, 'get_absolute_url'):
            # use the ContentType lookup if view_on_site is True
            return reverse('admin:view_on_site', kwargs={
                'content_type_id': ContentType.objects.get_for_model(obj).pk,
                'object_id': obj.pk
            })

    @property
    def declared_fieldsets(self):
        warnings.warn(
            "ModelAdmin.declared_fieldsets is deprecated and "
            "will be removed in Django 1.9.",
            PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
        )

        if self.fieldsets:
            return self.fieldsets
        elif self.fields:
            return [(None, {'fields': self.fields})]
        return None

    def get_fields(self, request, obj=None):
        """
        Hook for specifying fields.
        """
        return self.fields

    def get_fieldsets(self, request, obj=None):
        """
        Hook for specifying fieldsets.
        """
        # We access the property and check if it triggers a warning.
        # If it does, then it's ours and we can safely ignore it, but if
        # it doesn't then it has been overriden so we must warn about the
        # deprecation.
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
            warnings.simplefilter("always")
            declared_fieldsets = self.declared_fieldsets
        if len(w) != 1 or not issubclass(w[0].category, PendingDeprecationWarning):
            warnings.warn(
                "ModelAdmin.declared_fieldsets is deprecated and "
                "will be removed in Django 1.9.",
                PendingDeprecationWarning
            )
            if declared_fieldsets:
                return declared_fieldsets

        if self.fieldsets:
            return self.fieldsets
        return [(None, {'fields': self.get_fields(request, obj)})]

    def get_ordering(self, request):
        """
        Hook for specifying field ordering.
        """
        return self.ordering or ()  # otherwise we might try to *None, which is bad ;)

    def get_readonly_fields(self, request, obj=None):
        """
        Hook for specifying custom readonly fields.
        """
        return self.readonly_fields

    def get_prepopulated_fields(self, request, obj=None):
        """
        Hook for specifying custom prepopulated fields.
        """
        return self.prepopulated_fields

    def get_queryset(self, request):
        """
        Returns a QuerySet of all model instances that can be edited by the
        admin site. This is used by changelist_view.
        """
        qs = self.model._default_manager.get_queryset()
        # TODO: this should be handled by some parameter to the ChangeList.
        ordering = self.get_ordering(request)
        if ordering:
            qs = qs.order_by(*ordering)
        return qs

    def lookup_allowed(self, lookup, value):
        from django.contrib.admin.filters import SimpleListFilter

        model = self.model
        # Check FKey lookups that are allowed, so that popups produced by
        # ForeignKeyRawIdWidget, on the basis of ForeignKey.limit_choices_to,
        # are allowed to work.
        for l in model._meta.related_fkey_lookups:
            for k, v in widgets.url_params_from_lookup_dict(l).items():
                if k == lookup and v == value:
                    return True

        parts = lookup.split(LOOKUP_SEP)

        # Last term in lookup is a query term (__exact, __startswith etc)
        # This term can be ignored.
        if len(parts) > 1 and parts[-1] in QUERY_TERMS:
            parts.pop()

        # Special case -- foo__id__exact and foo__id queries are implied
        # if foo has been specifically included in the lookup list; so
        # drop __id if it is the last part. However, first we need to find
        # the pk attribute name.
        rel_name = None
        for part in parts[:-1]:
            try:
                field, _, _, _ = model._meta.get_field_by_name(part)
            except FieldDoesNotExist:
                # Lookups on non-existent fields are ok, since they're ignored
                # later.
                return True
            if hasattr(field, 'rel'):
                if field.rel is None:
                    # This property or relation doesn't exist, but it's allowed
                    # since it's ignored in ChangeList.get_filters().
                    return True
                model = field.rel.to
                rel_name = field.rel.get_related_field().name
            elif isinstance(field, RelatedObject):
                model = field.model
                rel_name = model._meta.pk.name
            else:
                rel_name = None
        if rel_name and len(parts) > 1 and parts[-1] == rel_name:
            parts.pop()

        if len(parts) == 1:
            return True
        clean_lookup = LOOKUP_SEP.join(parts)
        valid_lookups = [self.date_hierarchy]
        for filter_item in self.list_filter:
            if isinstance(filter_item, type) and issubclass(filter_item, SimpleListFilter):
                valid_lookups.append(filter_item.parameter_name)
            elif isinstance(filter_item, (list, tuple)):
                valid_lookups.append(filter_item[0])
            else:
                valid_lookups.append(filter_item)
        return clean_lookup in valid_lookups

    def has_add_permission(self, request):
        """
        Returns True if the given request has permission to add an object.
        Can be overridden by the user in subclasses.
        """
        opts = self.opts
        codename = get_permission_codename('add', opts)
        return request.user.has_perm("%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, codename))

    def has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        """
        Returns True if the given request has permission to change the given
        Django model instance, the default implementation doesn't examine the
        `obj` parameter.

        Can be overridden by the user in subclasses. In such case it should
        return True if the given request has permission to change the `obj`
        model instance. If `obj` is None, this should return True if the given
        request has permission to change *any* object of the given type.
        """
        opts = self.opts
        codename = get_permission_codename('change', opts)
        return request.user.has_perm("%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, codename))

    def has_delete_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        """
        Returns True if the given request has permission to change the given
        Django model instance, the default implementation doesn't examine the
        `obj` parameter.

        Can be overridden by the user in subclasses. In such case it should
        return True if the given request has permission to delete the `obj`
        model instance. If `obj` is None, this should return True if the given
        request has permission to delete *any* object of the given type.
        """
        opts = self.opts
        codename = get_permission_codename('delete', opts)
        return request.user.has_perm("%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, codename))


class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
    "Encapsulates all admin options and functionality for a given model."

    list_display = ('__str__',)
    list_display_links = ()
    list_filter = ()
    list_select_related = False
    list_per_page = 100
    list_max_show_all = 200
    list_editable = ()
    search_fields = ()
    date_hierarchy = None
    save_as = False
    save_on_top = False
    paginator = Paginator
    preserve_filters = True
    inlines = []

    # Custom templates (designed to be over-ridden in subclasses)
    add_form_template = None
    change_form_template = None
    change_list_template = None
    delete_confirmation_template = None
    delete_selected_confirmation_template = None
    object_history_template = None

    # Actions
    actions = []
    action_form = helpers.ActionForm
    actions_on_top = True
    actions_on_bottom = False
    actions_selection_counter = True

    # validation
    validator_class = validation.ModelAdminValidator

    def __init__(self, model, admin_site):
        self.model = model
        self.opts = model._meta
        self.admin_site = admin_site
        super(ModelAdmin, self).__init__()

    def get_inline_instances(self, request, obj=None):
        inline_instances = []
        for inline_class in self.inlines:
            inline = inline_class(self.model, self.admin_site)
            if request:
                if not (inline.has_add_permission(request) or
                        inline.has_change_permission(request, obj) or
                        inline.has_delete_permission(request, obj)):
                    continue
                if not inline.has_add_permission(request):
                    inline.max_num = 0
            inline_instances.append(inline)

        return inline_instances

    def get_urls(self):
        from django.conf.urls import patterns, url

        def wrap(view):
            def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                return self.admin_site.admin_view(view)(*args, **kwargs)
            return update_wrapper(wrapper, view)

        info = self.model._meta.app_label, self.model._meta.model_name

        urlpatterns = patterns('',
            url(r'^$', wrap(self.changelist_view), name='%s_%s_changelist' % info),
            url(r'^add/$', wrap(self.add_view), name='%s_%s_add' % info),
            url(r'^(.+)/history/$', wrap(self.history_view), name='%s_%s_history' % info),
            url(r'^(.+)/delete/$', wrap(self.delete_view), name='%s_%s_delete' % info),
            url(r'^(.+)/$', wrap(self.change_view), name='%s_%s_change' % info),
        )
        return urlpatterns

    def urls(self):
        return self.get_urls()
    urls = property(urls)

    @property
    def media(self):
        extra = '' if settings.DEBUG else '.min'
        js = [
            'core.js',
            'admin/RelatedObjectLookups.js',
            'jquery%s.js' % extra,
            'jquery.init.js'
        ]
        if self.actions is not None:
            js.append('actions%s.js' % extra)
        if self.prepopulated_fields:
            js.extend(['urlify.js', 'prepopulate%s.js' % extra])
        return forms.Media(js=[static('admin/js/%s' % url) for url in js])

    def get_model_perms(self, request):
        """
        Returns a dict of all perms for this model. This dict has the keys
        ``add``, ``change``, and ``delete`` mapping to the True/False for each
        of those actions.
        """
        return {
            'add': self.has_add_permission(request),
            'change': self.has_change_permission(request),
            'delete': self.has_delete_permission(request),
        }

    def get_fields(self, request, obj=None):
        if self.fields:
            return self.fields
        form = self.get_form(request, obj, fields=None)
        return list(form.base_fields) + list(self.get_readonly_fields(request, obj))

    def get_form(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns a Form class for use in the admin add view. This is used by
        add_view and change_view.
        """
        if 'fields' in kwargs:
            fields = kwargs.pop('fields')
        else:
            fields = flatten_fieldsets(self.get_fieldsets(request, obj))
        if self.exclude is None:
            exclude = []
        else:
            exclude = list(self.exclude)
        exclude.extend(self.get_readonly_fields(request, obj))
        if self.exclude is None and hasattr(self.form, '_meta') and self.form._meta.exclude:
            # Take the custom ModelForm's Meta.exclude into account only if the
            # ModelAdmin doesn't define its own.
            exclude.extend(self.form._meta.exclude)
        # if exclude is an empty list we pass None to be consistent with the
        # default on modelform_factory
        exclude = exclude or None
        defaults = {
            "form": self.form,
            "fields": fields,
            "exclude": exclude,
            "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
        }
        defaults.update(kwargs)

        if defaults['fields'] is None and not modelform_defines_fields(defaults['form']):
            defaults['fields'] = forms.ALL_FIELDS

        try:
            return modelform_factory(self.model, **defaults)
        except FieldError as e:
            raise FieldError('%s. Check fields/fieldsets/exclude attributes of class %s.'
                             % (e, self.__class__.__name__))

    def get_changelist(self, request, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns the ChangeList class for use on the changelist page.
        """
        from django.contrib.admin.views.main import ChangeList
        return ChangeList

    def get_object(self, request, object_id):
        """
        Returns an instance matching the primary key provided. ``None``  is
        returned if no match is found (or the object_id failed validation
        against the primary key field).
        """
        queryset = self.get_queryset(request)
        model = queryset.model
        try:
            object_id = model._meta.pk.to_python(object_id)
            return queryset.get(pk=object_id)
        except (model.DoesNotExist, ValidationError, ValueError):
            return None

    def get_changelist_form(self, request, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns a Form class for use in the Formset on the changelist page.
        """
        defaults = {
            "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
        }
        defaults.update(kwargs)
        if (defaults.get('fields') is None
                and not modelform_defines_fields(defaults.get('form'))):
            defaults['fields'] = forms.ALL_FIELDS

        return modelform_factory(self.model, **defaults)

    def get_changelist_formset(self, request, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns a FormSet class for use on the changelist page if list_editable
        is used.
        """
        defaults = {
            "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
        }
        defaults.update(kwargs)
        return modelformset_factory(self.model,
            self.get_changelist_form(request), extra=0,
            fields=self.list_editable, **defaults)

    def _get_formsets(self, request, obj):
        """
        Helper function that exists to allow the deprecation warning to be
        executed while this function continues to return a generator.
        """
        for inline in self.get_inline_instances(request, obj):
            yield inline.get_formset(request, obj)

    def get_formsets(self, request, obj=None):
        warnings.warn(
            "ModelAdmin.get_formsets() is deprecated and will be removed in "
            "Django 1.9. Use ModelAdmin.get_formsets_with_inlines() instead.",
            PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
        )
        return self._get_formsets(request, obj)

    def get_formsets_with_inlines(self, request, obj=None):
        """
        Yields formsets and the corresponding inlines.
        """
        # We call get_formsets() [deprecated] and check if it triggers a
        # warning. If it does, then it's ours and we can safely ignore it, but
        # if it doesn't then it has been overridden so we must warn about the
        # deprecation.
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
            warnings.simplefilter("always")
            formsets = self.get_formsets(request, obj)

        if len(w) != 1 or not issubclass(w[0].category, PendingDeprecationWarning):
            warnings.warn(
                "ModelAdmin.get_formsets() is deprecated and will be removed in "
                "Django 1.9. Use ModelAdmin.get_formsets_with_inlines() instead.",
                PendingDeprecationWarning
            )
            if formsets:
                zipped = zip(formsets, self.get_inline_instances(request, None))
                for formset, inline in zipped:
                    yield formset, inline
        else:
            for inline in self.get_inline_instances(request, obj):
                yield inline.get_formset(request, obj), inline

    def get_paginator(self, request, queryset, per_page, orphans=0, allow_empty_first_page=True):
        return self.paginator(queryset, per_page, orphans, allow_empty_first_page)

    def log_addition(self, request, object):
        """
        Log that an object has been successfully added.

        The default implementation creates an admin LogEntry object.
        """
        from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry, ADDITION
        LogEntry.objects.log_action(
            user_id=request.user.pk,
            content_type_id=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(object).pk,
            object_id=object.pk,
            object_repr=force_text(object),
            action_flag=ADDITION
        )

    def log_change(self, request, object, message):
        """
        Log that an object has been successfully changed.

        The default implementation creates an admin LogEntry object.
        """
        from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry, CHANGE
        LogEntry.objects.log_action(
            user_id=request.user.pk,
            content_type_id=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(object).pk,
            object_id=object.pk,
            object_repr=force_text(object),
            action_flag=CHANGE,
            change_message=message
        )

    def log_deletion(self, request, object, object_repr):
        """
        Log that an object will be deleted. Note that this method is called
        before the deletion.

        The default implementation creates an admin LogEntry object.
        """
        from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry, DELETION
        LogEntry.objects.log_action(
            user_id=request.user.pk,
            content_type_id=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(self.model).pk,
            object_id=object.pk,
            object_repr=object_repr,
            action_flag=DELETION
        )

    def action_checkbox(self, obj):
        """
        A list_display column containing a checkbox widget.
        """
        return helpers.checkbox.render(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME, force_text(obj.pk))
    action_checkbox.short_description = mark_safe('<input type="checkbox" id="action-toggle" />')
    action_checkbox.allow_tags = True

    def get_actions(self, request):
        """
        Return a dictionary mapping the names of all actions for this
        ModelAdmin to a tuple of (callable, name, description) for each action.
        """
        # If self.actions is explicitly set to None that means that we don't
        # want *any* actions enabled on this page.
        from django.contrib.admin.views.main import _is_changelist_popup
        if self.actions is None or _is_changelist_popup(request):
            return OrderedDict()

        actions = []

        # Gather actions from the admin site first
        for (name, func) in self.admin_site.actions:
            description = getattr(func, 'short_description', name.replace('_', ' '))
            actions.append((func, name, description))

        # Then gather them from the model admin and all parent classes,
        # starting with self and working back up.
        for klass in self.__class__.mro()[::-1]:
            class_actions = getattr(klass, 'actions', [])
            # Avoid trying to iterate over None
            if not class_actions:
                continue
            actions.extend(self.get_action(action) for action in class_actions)

        # get_action might have returned None, so filter any of those out.
        actions = filter(None, actions)

        # Convert the actions into an OrderedDict keyed by name.
        actions = OrderedDict(
            (name, (func, name, desc))
            for func, name, desc in actions
        )

        return actions

    def get_action_choices(self, request, default_choices=BLANK_CHOICE_DASH):
        """
        Return a list of choices for use in a form object.  Each choice is a
        tuple (name, description).
        """
        choices = [] + default_choices
        for func, name, description in six.itervalues(self.get_actions(request)):
            choice = (name, description % model_format_dict(self.opts))
            choices.append(choice)
        return choices

    def get_action(self, action):
        """
        Return a given action from a parameter, which can either be a callable,
        or the name of a method on the ModelAdmin.  Return is a tuple of
        (callable, name, description).
        """
        # If the action is a callable, just use it.
        if callable(action):
            func = action
            action = action.__name__

        # Next, look for a method. Grab it off self.__class__ to get an unbound
        # method instead of a bound one; this ensures that the calling
        # conventions are the same for functions and methods.
        elif hasattr(self.__class__, action):
            func = getattr(self.__class__, action)

        # Finally, look for a named method on the admin site
        else:
            try:
                func = self.admin_site.get_action(action)
            except KeyError:
                return None

        if hasattr(func, 'short_description'):
            description = func.short_description
        else:
            description = capfirst(action.replace('_', ' '))
        return func, action, description

    def get_list_display(self, request):
        """
        Return a sequence containing the fields to be displayed on the
        changelist.
        """
        return self.list_display

    def get_list_display_links(self, request, list_display):
        """
        Return a sequence containing the fields to be displayed as links
        on the changelist. The list_display parameter is the list of fields
        returned by get_list_display().
        """
        if self.list_display_links or self.list_display_links is None or not list_display:
            return self.list_display_links
        else:
            # Use only the first item in list_display as link
            return list(list_display)[:1]

    def get_list_filter(self, request):
        """
        Returns a sequence containing the fields to be displayed as filters in
        the right sidebar of the changelist page.
        """
        return self.list_filter

    def get_search_fields(self, request):
        """
        Returns a sequence containing the fields to be searched whenever
        somebody submits a search query.
        """
        return self.search_fields

    def get_search_results(self, request, queryset, search_term):
        """
        Returns a tuple containing a queryset to implement the search,
        and a boolean indicating if the results may contain duplicates.
        """
        # Apply keyword searches.
        def construct_search(field_name):
            if field_name.startswith('^'):
                return "%s__istartswith" % field_name[1:]
            elif field_name.startswith('='):
                return "%s__iexact" % field_name[1:]
            elif field_name.startswith('@'):
                return "%s__search" % field_name[1:]
            else:
                return "%s__icontains" % field_name

        use_distinct = False
        search_fields = self.get_search_fields(request)
        if search_fields and search_term:
            orm_lookups = [construct_search(str(search_field))
                           for search_field in search_fields]
            for bit in search_term.split():
                or_queries = [models.Q(**{orm_lookup: bit})
                              for orm_lookup in orm_lookups]
                queryset = queryset.filter(reduce(operator.or_, or_queries))
            if not use_distinct:
                for search_spec in orm_lookups:
                    if lookup_needs_distinct(self.opts, search_spec):
                        use_distinct = True
                        break

        return queryset, use_distinct

    def get_preserved_filters(self, request):
        """
        Returns the preserved filters querystring.
        """
        match = request.resolver_match
        if self.preserve_filters and match:
            opts = self.model._meta
            current_url = '%s:%s' % (match.app_name, match.url_name)
            changelist_url = 'admin:%s_%s_changelist' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name)
            if current_url == changelist_url:
                preserved_filters = request.GET.urlencode()
            else:
                preserved_filters = request.GET.get('_changelist_filters')

            if preserved_filters:
                return urlencode({'_changelist_filters': preserved_filters})
        return ''

    def construct_change_message(self, request, form, formsets):
        """
        Construct a change message from a changed object.
        """
        change_message = []
        if form.changed_data:
            change_message.append(_('Changed %s.') % get_text_list(form.changed_data, _('and')))

        if formsets:
            for formset in formsets:
                for added_object in formset.new_objects:
                    change_message.append(_('Added %(name)s "%(object)s".')
                                          % {'name': force_text(added_object._meta.verbose_name),
                                             'object': force_text(added_object)})
                for changed_object, changed_fields in formset.changed_objects:
                    change_message.append(_('Changed %(list)s for %(name)s "%(object)s".')
                                          % {'list': get_text_list(changed_fields, _('and')),
                                             'name': force_text(changed_object._meta.verbose_name),
                                             'object': force_text(changed_object)})
                for deleted_object in formset.deleted_objects:
                    change_message.append(_('Deleted %(name)s "%(object)s".')
                                          % {'name': force_text(deleted_object._meta.verbose_name),
                                             'object': force_text(deleted_object)})
        change_message = ' '.join(change_message)
        return change_message or _('No fields changed.')

    def message_user(self, request, message, level=messages.INFO, extra_tags='',
                     fail_silently=False):
        """
        Send a message to the user. The default implementation
        posts a message using the django.contrib.messages backend.

        Exposes almost the same API as messages.add_message(), but accepts the
        positional arguments in a different order to maintain backwards
        compatibility. For convenience, it accepts the `level` argument as
        a string rather than the usual level number.
        """

        if not isinstance(level, int):
            # attempt to get the level if passed a string
            try:
                level = getattr(messages.constants, level.upper())
            except AttributeError:
                levels = messages.constants.DEFAULT_TAGS.values()
                levels_repr = ', '.join('`%s`' % l for l in levels)
                raise ValueError('Bad message level string: `%s`. '
                        'Possible values are: %s' % (level, levels_repr))

        messages.add_message(request, level, message, extra_tags=extra_tags,
                fail_silently=fail_silently)

    def save_form(self, request, form, change):
        """
        Given a ModelForm return an unsaved instance. ``change`` is True if
        the object is being changed, and False if it's being added.
        """
        return form.save(commit=False)

    def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):
        """
        Given a model instance save it to the database.
        """
        obj.save()

    def delete_model(self, request, obj):
        """
        Given a model instance delete it from the database.
        """
        obj.delete()

    def save_formset(self, request, form, formset, change):
        """
        Given an inline formset save it to the database.
        """
        formset.save()

    def save_related(self, request, form, formsets, change):
        """
        Given the ``HttpRequest``, the parent ``ModelForm`` instance, the
        list of inline formsets and a boolean value based on whether the
        parent is being added or changed, save the related objects to the
        database. Note that at this point save_form() and save_model() have
        already been called.
        """
        form.save_m2m()
        for formset in formsets:
            self.save_formset(request, form, formset, change=change)

    def render_change_form(self, request, context, add=False, change=False, form_url='', obj=None):
        opts = self.model._meta
        app_label = opts.app_label
        preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
        form_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, form_url)
        view_on_site_url = self.get_view_on_site_url(obj)
        context.update({
            'add': add,
            'change': change,
            'has_add_permission': self.has_add_permission(request),
            'has_change_permission': self.has_change_permission(request, obj),
            'has_delete_permission': self.has_delete_permission(request, obj),
            'has_file_field': True,  # FIXME - this should check if form or formsets have a FileField,
            'has_absolute_url': view_on_site_url is not None,
            'absolute_url': view_on_site_url,
            'form_url': form_url,
            'opts': opts,
            'content_type_id': ContentType.objects.get_for_model(self.model).id,
            'save_as': self.save_as,
            'save_on_top': self.save_on_top,
            'to_field_var': TO_FIELD_VAR,
            'is_popup_var': IS_POPUP_VAR
        })
        if add and self.add_form_template is not None:
            form_template = self.add_form_template
        else:
            form_template = self.change_form_template

        return TemplateResponse(request, form_template or [
            "admin/%s/%s/change_form.html" % (app_label, opts.model_name),
            "admin/%s/change_form.html" % app_label,
            "admin/change_form.html"
        ], context, current_app=self.admin_site.name)

    def response_add(self, request, obj, post_url_continue=None):
        """
        Determines the HttpResponse for the add_view stage.
        """
        opts = obj._meta
        pk_value = obj._get_pk_val()
        preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
        msg_dict = {'name': force_text(opts.verbose_name), 'obj': force_text(obj)}
        # Here, we distinguish between different save types by checking for
        # the presence of keys in request.POST.

        if IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST:
            to_field = request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR)
            if to_field:
                attr = str(to_field)
            else:
                attr = obj._meta.pk.attname
            value = obj.serializable_value(attr)
            return SimpleTemplateResponse('admin/popup_response.html', {
                'pk_value': escape(pk_value),  # for possible backwards-compatibility
                'value': escape(value),
                'obj': escapejs(obj)
            })

        elif "_continue" in request.POST:
            msg = _('The %(name)s "%(obj)s" was added successfully. You may edit it again below.') % msg_dict
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            if post_url_continue is None:
                post_url_continue = reverse('admin:%s_%s_change' %
                                            (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                                            args=(pk_value,),
                                            current_app=self.admin_site.name)
            post_url_continue = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url_continue)
            return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url_continue)

        elif "_addanother" in request.POST:
            msg = _('The %(name)s "%(obj)s" was added successfully. You may add another %(name)s below.') % msg_dict
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            redirect_url = request.path
            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url)
            return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)

        else:
            msg = _('The %(name)s "%(obj)s" was added successfully.') % msg_dict
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            return self.response_post_save_add(request, obj)

    def response_change(self, request, obj):
        """
        Determines the HttpResponse for the change_view stage.
        """

        opts = self.model._meta
        pk_value = obj._get_pk_val()
        preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)

        msg_dict = {'name': force_text(opts.verbose_name), 'obj': force_text(obj)}
        if "_continue" in request.POST:
            msg = _('The %(name)s "%(obj)s" was changed successfully. You may edit it again below.') % msg_dict
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            redirect_url = request.path
            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url)
            return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)

        elif "_saveasnew" in request.POST:
            msg = _('The %(name)s "%(obj)s" was added successfully. You may edit it again below.') % msg_dict
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            redirect_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_change' %
                                   (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                                   args=(pk_value,),
                                   current_app=self.admin_site.name)
            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url)
            return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)

        elif "_addanother" in request.POST:
            msg = _('The %(name)s "%(obj)s" was changed successfully. You may add another %(name)s below.') % msg_dict
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            redirect_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_add' %
                                   (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                                   current_app=self.admin_site.name)
            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url)
            return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)

        else:
            msg = _('The %(name)s "%(obj)s" was changed successfully.') % msg_dict
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            return self.response_post_save_change(request, obj)

    def response_post_save_add(self, request, obj):
        """
        Figure out where to redirect after the 'Save' button has been pressed
        when adding a new object.
        """
        opts = self.model._meta
        if self.has_change_permission(request, None):
            post_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_changelist' %
                               (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
            preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
            post_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url)
        else:
            post_url = reverse('admin:index',
                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
        return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url)

    def response_post_save_change(self, request, obj):
        """
        Figure out where to redirect after the 'Save' button has been pressed
        when editing an existing object.
        """
        opts = self.model._meta

        if self.has_change_permission(request, None):
            post_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_changelist' %
                               (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
            preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
            post_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url)
        else:
            post_url = reverse('admin:index',
                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
        return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url)

    def response_action(self, request, queryset):
        """
        Handle an admin action. This is called if a request is POSTed to the
        changelist; it returns an HttpResponse if the action was handled, and
        None otherwise.
        """

        # There can be multiple action forms on the page (at the top
        # and bottom of the change list, for example). Get the action
        # whose button was pushed.
        try:
            action_index = int(request.POST.get('index', 0))
        except ValueError:
            action_index = 0

        # Construct the action form.
        data = request.POST.copy()
        data.pop(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME, None)
        data.pop("index", None)

        # Use the action whose button was pushed
        try:
            data.update({'action': data.getlist('action')[action_index]})
        except IndexError:
            # If we didn't get an action from the chosen form that's invalid
            # POST data, so by deleting action it'll fail the validation check
            # below. So no need to do anything here
            pass

        action_form = self.action_form(data, auto_id=None)
        action_form.fields['action'].choices = self.get_action_choices(request)

        # If the form's valid we can handle the action.
        if action_form.is_valid():
            action = action_form.cleaned_data['action']
            select_across = action_form.cleaned_data['select_across']
            func = self.get_actions(request)[action][0]

            # Get the list of selected PKs. If nothing's selected, we can't
            # perform an action on it, so bail. Except we want to perform
            # the action explicitly on all objects.
            selected = request.POST.getlist(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME)
            if not selected and not select_across:
                # Reminder that something needs to be selected or nothing will happen
                msg = _("Items must be selected in order to perform "
                        "actions on them. No items have been changed.")
                self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING)
                return None

            if not select_across:
                # Perform the action only on the selected objects
                queryset = queryset.filter(pk__in=selected)

            response = func(self, request, queryset)

            # Actions may return an HttpResponse-like object, which will be
            # used as the response from the POST. If not, we'll be a good
            # little HTTP citizen and redirect back to the changelist page.
            if isinstance(response, HttpResponseBase):
                return response
            else:
                return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())
        else:
            msg = _("No action selected.")
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING)
            return None

    def response_delete(self, request, obj_display):
        """
        Determines the HttpResponse for the delete_view stage.
        """

        opts = self.model._meta

        self.message_user(request,
            _('The %(name)s "%(obj)s" was deleted successfully.') % {
                'name': force_text(opts.verbose_name),
                'obj': force_text(obj_display)
            }, messages.SUCCESS)

        if self.has_change_permission(request, None):
            post_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_changelist' %
                               (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
            preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
            post_url = add_preserved_filters(
                {'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url
            )
        else:
            post_url = reverse('admin:index',
                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
        return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url)

    def render_delete_form(self, request, context):
        opts = self.model._meta
        app_label = opts.app_label

        return TemplateResponse(request,
            self.delete_confirmation_template or [
                "admin/{}/{}/delete_confirmation.html".format(app_label, opts.model_name),
                "admin/{}/delete_confirmation.html".format(app_label),
                "admin/delete_confirmation.html"
            ], context, current_app=self.admin_site.name)

    @csrf_protect_m
    @transaction.atomic
    def add_view(self, request, form_url='', extra_context=None):
        "The 'add' admin view for this model."
        model = self.model
        opts = model._meta

        if not self.has_add_permission(request):
            raise PermissionDenied

        ModelForm = self.get_form(request)
        if request.method == 'POST':
            form = ModelForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
            if form.is_valid():
                new_object = self.save_form(request, form, change=False)
                form_validated = True
            else:
                form_validated = False
                new_object = form.instance
            formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(request, new_object)
            if all_valid(formsets) and form_validated:
                self.save_model(request, new_object, form, False)
                self.save_related(request, form, formsets, False)
                self.log_addition(request, new_object)
                return self.response_add(request, new_object)
        else:
            # Prepare the dict of initial data from the request.
            # We have to special-case M2Ms as a list of comma-separated PKs.
            initial = dict(request.GET.items())
            for k in initial:
                try:
                    f = opts.get_field(k)
                except models.FieldDoesNotExist:
                    continue
                if isinstance(f, models.ManyToManyField):
                    initial[k] = initial[k].split(",")
            form = ModelForm(initial=initial)
            formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(request, self.model())

        adminForm = helpers.AdminForm(form, list(self.get_fieldsets(request)),
            self.get_prepopulated_fields(request),
            self.get_readonly_fields(request),
            model_admin=self)
        media = self.media + adminForm.media

        inline_admin_formsets = []
        for inline, formset in zip(inline_instances, formsets):
            fieldsets = list(inline.get_fieldsets(request))
            readonly = list(inline.get_readonly_fields(request))
            prepopulated = dict(inline.get_prepopulated_fields(request))
            inline_admin_formset = helpers.InlineAdminFormSet(inline, formset,
                fieldsets, prepopulated, readonly, model_admin=self)
            inline_admin_formsets.append(inline_admin_formset)
            media = media + inline_admin_formset.media

        context = dict(self.admin_site.each_context(),
            title=_('Add %s') % force_text(opts.verbose_name),
            adminform=adminForm,
            is_popup=(IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST or
                      IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET),
            to_field=request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR,
                                      request.GET.get(TO_FIELD_VAR)),
            media=media,
            inline_admin_formsets=inline_admin_formsets,
            errors=helpers.AdminErrorList(form, formsets),
            preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request),
        )
        context.update(extra_context or {})
        return self.render_change_form(request, context, form_url=form_url, add=True)

    @csrf_protect_m
    @transaction.atomic
    def change_view(self, request, object_id, form_url='', extra_context=None):
        "The 'change' admin view for this model."
        model = self.model
        opts = model._meta

        obj = self.get_object(request, unquote(object_id))

        if not self.has_change_permission(request, obj):
            raise PermissionDenied

        if obj is None:
            raise Http404(_('%(name)s object with primary key %(key)r does not exist.') % {'name': force_text(opts.verbose_name), 'key': escape(object_id)})

        if request.method == 'POST' and "_saveasnew" in request.POST:
            return self.add_view(request, form_url=reverse('admin:%s_%s_add' % (
                opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                current_app=self.admin_site.name))

        ModelForm = self.get_form(request, obj)
        if request.method == 'POST':
            form = ModelForm(request.POST, request.FILES, instance=obj)
            if form.is_valid():
                form_validated = True
                new_object = self.save_form(request, form, change=True)
            else:
                form_validated = False
                new_object = form.instance
            formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(request, new_object)
            if all_valid(formsets) and form_validated:
                self.save_model(request, new_object, form, True)
                self.save_related(request, form, formsets, True)
                change_message = self.construct_change_message(request, form, formsets)
                self.log_change(request, new_object, change_message)
                return self.response_change(request, new_object)

        else:
            form = ModelForm(instance=obj)
            formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(request, obj)

        adminForm = helpers.AdminForm(form, self.get_fieldsets(request, obj),
            self.get_prepopulated_fields(request, obj),
            self.get_readonly_fields(request, obj),
            model_admin=self)
        media = self.media + adminForm.media

        inline_admin_formsets = []
        for inline, formset in zip(inline_instances, formsets):
            fieldsets = list(inline.get_fieldsets(request, obj))
            readonly = list(inline.get_readonly_fields(request, obj))
            prepopulated = dict(inline.get_prepopulated_fields(request, obj))
            inline_admin_formset = helpers.InlineAdminFormSet(inline, formset,
                fieldsets, prepopulated, readonly, model_admin=self)
            inline_admin_formsets.append(inline_admin_formset)
            media = media + inline_admin_formset.media

        context = dict(self.admin_site.each_context(),
            title=_('Change %s') % force_text(opts.verbose_name),
            adminform=adminForm,
            object_id=object_id,
            original=obj,
            is_popup=(IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST or
                      IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET),
            to_field=request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR,
                                      request.GET.get(TO_FIELD_VAR)),
            media=media,
            inline_admin_formsets=inline_admin_formsets,
            errors=helpers.AdminErrorList(form, formsets),
            app_label=opts.app_label,
            preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request),
        )
        context.update(extra_context or {})
        return self.render_change_form(request, context, change=True, obj=obj, form_url=form_url)

    @csrf_protect_m
    def changelist_view(self, request, extra_context=None):
        """
        The 'change list' admin view for this model.
        """
        from django.contrib.admin.views.main import ERROR_FLAG
        opts = self.model._meta
        app_label = opts.app_label
        if not self.has_change_permission(request, None):
            raise PermissionDenied

        list_display = self.get_list_display(request)
        list_display_links = self.get_list_display_links(request, list_display)
        list_filter = self.get_list_filter(request)
        search_fields = self.get_search_fields(request)

        # Check actions to see if any are available on this changelist
        actions = self.get_actions(request)
        if actions:
            # Add the action checkboxes if there are any actions available.
            list_display = ['action_checkbox'] + list(list_display)

        ChangeList = self.get_changelist(request)
        try:
            cl = ChangeList(request, self.model, list_display,
                list_display_links, list_filter, self.date_hierarchy,
                search_fields, self.list_select_related, self.list_per_page,
                self.list_max_show_all, self.list_editable, self)

        except IncorrectLookupParameters:
            # Wacky lookup parameters were given, so redirect to the main
            # changelist page, without parameters, and pass an 'invalid=1'
            # parameter via the query string. If wacky parameters were given
            # and the 'invalid=1' parameter was already in the query string,
            # something is screwed up with the database, so display an error
            # page.
            if ERROR_FLAG in request.GET.keys():
                return SimpleTemplateResponse('admin/invalid_setup.html', {
                    'title': _('Database error'),
                })
            return HttpResponseRedirect(request.path + '?' + ERROR_FLAG + '=1')

        # If the request was POSTed, this might be a bulk action or a bulk
        # edit. Try to look up an action or confirmation first, but if this
        # isn't an action the POST will fall through to the bulk edit check,
        # below.
        action_failed = False
        selected = request.POST.getlist(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME)

        # Actions with no confirmation
        if (actions and request.method == 'POST' and
                'index' in request.POST and '_save' not in request.POST):
            if selected:
                response = self.response_action(request, queryset=cl.get_queryset(request))
                if response:
                    return response
                else:
                    action_failed = True
            else:
                msg = _("Items must be selected in order to perform "
                        "actions on them. No items have been changed.")
                self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING)
                action_failed = True

        # Actions with confirmation
        if (actions and request.method == 'POST' and
                helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME in request.POST and
                'index' not in request.POST and '_save' not in request.POST):
            if selected:
                response = self.response_action(request, queryset=cl.get_queryset(request))
                if response:
                    return response
                else:
                    action_failed = True

        # If we're allowing changelist editing, we need to construct a formset
        # for the changelist given all the fields to be edited. Then we'll
        # use the formset to validate/process POSTed data.
        formset = cl.formset = None

        # Handle POSTed bulk-edit data.
        if (request.method == "POST" and cl.list_editable and
                '_save' in request.POST and not action_failed):
            FormSet = self.get_changelist_formset(request)
            formset = cl.formset = FormSet(request.POST, request.FILES, queryset=cl.result_list)
            if formset.is_valid():
                changecount = 0
                for form in formset.forms:
                    if form.has_changed():
                        obj = self.save_form(request, form, change=True)
                        self.save_model(request, obj, form, change=True)
                        self.save_related(request, form, formsets=[], change=True)
                        change_msg = self.construct_change_message(request, form, None)
                        self.log_change(request, obj, change_msg)
                        changecount += 1

                if changecount:
                    if changecount == 1:
                        name = force_text(opts.verbose_name)
                    else:
                        name = force_text(opts.verbose_name_plural)
                    msg = ungettext("%(count)s %(name)s was changed successfully.",
                                    "%(count)s %(name)s were changed successfully.",
                                    changecount) % {'count': changecount,
                                                    'name': name,
                                                    'obj': force_text(obj)}
                    self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)

                return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())

        # Handle GET -- construct a formset for display.
        elif cl.list_editable:
            FormSet = self.get_changelist_formset(request)
            formset = cl.formset = FormSet(queryset=cl.result_list)

        # Build the list of media to be used by the formset.
        if formset:
            media = self.media + formset.media
        else:
            media = self.media

        # Build the action form and populate it with available actions.
        if actions:
            action_form = self.action_form(auto_id=None)
            action_form.fields['action'].choices = self.get_action_choices(request)
        else:
            action_form = None

        selection_note_all = ungettext('%(total_count)s selected',
            'All %(total_count)s selected', cl.result_count)

        context = dict(
            self.admin_site.each_context(),
            module_name=force_text(opts.verbose_name_plural),
            selection_note=_('0 of %(cnt)s selected') % {'cnt': len(cl.result_list)},
            selection_note_all=selection_note_all % {'total_count': cl.result_count},
            title=cl.title,
            is_popup=cl.is_popup,
            to_field=cl.to_field,
            cl=cl,
            media=media,
            has_add_permission=self.has_add_permission(request),
            opts=cl.opts,
            action_form=action_form,
            actions_on_top=self.actions_on_top,
            actions_on_bottom=self.actions_on_bottom,
            actions_selection_counter=self.actions_selection_counter,
            preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request),
        )
        context.update(extra_context or {})

        return TemplateResponse(request, self.change_list_template or [
            'admin/%s/%s/change_list.html' % (app_label, opts.model_name),
            'admin/%s/change_list.html' % app_label,
            'admin/change_list.html'
        ], context, current_app=self.admin_site.name)

    @csrf_protect_m
    @transaction.atomic
    def delete_view(self, request, object_id, extra_context=None):
        "The 'delete' admin view for this model."
        opts = self.model._meta
        app_label = opts.app_label

        obj = self.get_object(request, unquote(object_id))

        if not self.has_delete_permission(request, obj):
            raise PermissionDenied

        if obj is None:
            raise Http404(
                _('%(name)s object with primary key %(key)r does not exist.') %
                {'name': force_text(opts.verbose_name), 'key': escape(object_id)}
            )

        using = router.db_for_write(self.model)

        # Populate deleted_objects, a data structure of all related objects that
        # will also be deleted.
        (deleted_objects, perms_needed, protected) = get_deleted_objects(
            [obj], opts, request.user, self.admin_site, using)

        if request.POST:  # The user has already confirmed the deletion.
            if perms_needed:
                raise PermissionDenied
            obj_display = force_text(obj)
            self.log_deletion(request, obj, obj_display)
            self.delete_model(request, obj)

            return self.response_delete(request, obj_display)

        object_name = force_text(opts.verbose_name)

        if perms_needed or protected:
            title = _("Cannot delete %(name)s") % {"name": object_name}
        else:
            title = _("Are you sure?")

        context = dict(
            self.admin_site.each_context(),
            title=title,
            object_name=object_name,
            object=obj,
            deleted_objects=deleted_objects,
            perms_lacking=perms_needed,
            protected=protected,
            opts=opts,
            app_label=app_label,
            preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request),
        )
        context.update(extra_context or {})

        return self.render_delete_form(request, context)

    def history_view(self, request, object_id, extra_context=None):
        "The 'history' admin view for this model."
        from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry
        # First check if the user can see this history.
        model = self.model
        obj = get_object_or_404(self.get_queryset(request), pk=unquote(object_id))

        if not self.has_change_permission(request, obj):
            raise PermissionDenied

        # Then get the history for this object.
        opts = model._meta
        app_label = opts.app_label
        action_list = LogEntry.objects.filter(
            object_id=unquote(object_id),
            content_type__id__exact=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(model).id
        ).select_related().order_by('action_time')

        context = dict(self.admin_site.each_context(),
            title=_('Change history: %s') % force_text(obj),
            action_list=action_list,
            module_name=capfirst(force_text(opts.verbose_name_plural)),
            object=obj,
            opts=opts,
            preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request),
        )
        context.update(extra_context or {})
        return TemplateResponse(request, self.object_history_template or [
            "admin/%s/%s/object_history.html" % (app_label, opts.model_name),
            "admin/%s/object_history.html" % app_label,
            "admin/object_history.html"
        ], context, current_app=self.admin_site.name)

    def _create_formsets(self, request, obj):
        "Helper function to generate formsets for add/change_view."
        formsets = []
        inline_instances = []
        prefixes = {}
        get_formsets_args = [request]
        if obj.pk:
            get_formsets_args.append(obj)
        for FormSet, inline in self.get_formsets_with_inlines(*get_formsets_args):
            prefix = FormSet.get_default_prefix()
            prefixes[prefix] = prefixes.get(prefix, 0) + 1
            if prefixes[prefix] != 1 or not prefix:
                prefix = "%s-%s" % (prefix, prefixes[prefix])
            formset_params = {
                'instance': obj,
                'prefix': prefix,
                'queryset': inline.get_queryset(request),
            }
            if request.method == 'POST':
                formset_params.update({
                    'data': request.POST,
                    'files': request.FILES,
                    'save_as_new': '_saveasnew' in request.POST
                })
            formsets.append(FormSet(**formset_params))
            inline_instances.append(inline)
        return formsets, inline_instances


class InlineModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
    """
    Options for inline editing of ``model`` instances.

    Provide ``name`` to specify the attribute name of the ``ForeignKey`` from
    ``model`` to its parent. This is required if ``model`` has more than one
    ``ForeignKey`` to its parent.
    """
    model = None
    fk_name = None
    formset = BaseInlineFormSet
    extra = 3
    max_num = None
    template = None
    verbose_name = None
    verbose_name_plural = None
    can_delete = True

    # validation
    validator_class = validation.InlineValidator

    def __init__(self, parent_model, admin_site):
        self.admin_site = admin_site
        self.parent_model = parent_model
        self.opts = self.model._meta
        super(InlineModelAdmin, self).__init__()
        if self.verbose_name is None:
            self.verbose_name = self.model._meta.verbose_name
        if self.verbose_name_plural is None:
            self.verbose_name_plural = self.model._meta.verbose_name_plural

    @property
    def media(self):
        extra = '' if settings.DEBUG else '.min'
        js = ['jquery%s.js' % extra, 'jquery.init.js', 'inlines%s.js' % extra]
        if self.prepopulated_fields:
            js.extend(['urlify.js', 'prepopulate%s.js' % extra])
        if self.filter_vertical or self.filter_horizontal:
            js.extend(['SelectBox.js', 'SelectFilter2.js'])
        return forms.Media(js=[static('admin/js/%s' % url) for url in js])

    def get_extra(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
        """Hook for customizing the number of extra inline forms."""
        return self.extra

    def get_max_num(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
        """Hook for customizing the max number of extra inline forms."""
        return self.max_num

    def get_formset(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
        """Returns a BaseInlineFormSet class for use in admin add/change views."""
        if 'fields' in kwargs:
            fields = kwargs.pop('fields')
        else:
            fields = flatten_fieldsets(self.get_fieldsets(request, obj))
        if self.exclude is None:
            exclude = []
        else:
            exclude = list(self.exclude)
        exclude.extend(self.get_readonly_fields(request, obj))
        if self.exclude is None and hasattr(self.form, '_meta') and self.form._meta.exclude:
            # Take the custom ModelForm's Meta.exclude into account only if the
            # InlineModelAdmin doesn't define its own.
            exclude.extend(self.form._meta.exclude)
        # if exclude is an empty list we use None, since that's the actual
        # default
        exclude = exclude or None
        can_delete = self.can_delete and self.has_delete_permission(request, obj)
        defaults = {
            "form": self.form,
            "formset": self.formset,
            "fk_name": self.fk_name,
            "fields": fields,
            "exclude": exclude,
            "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
            "extra": self.get_extra(request, obj, **kwargs),
            "max_num": self.get_max_num(request, obj, **kwargs),
            "can_delete": can_delete,
        }

        defaults.update(kwargs)
        base_model_form = defaults['form']

        class DeleteProtectedModelForm(base_model_form):
            def hand_clean_DELETE(self):
                """
                We don't validate the 'DELETE' field itself because on
                templates it's not rendered using the field information, but
                just using a generic "deletion_field" of the InlineModelAdmin.
                """
                if self.cleaned_data.get(DELETION_FIELD_NAME, False):
                    using = router.db_for_write(self._meta.model)
                    collector = NestedObjects(using=using)
                    collector.collect([self.instance])
                    if collector.protected:
                        objs = []
                        for p in collector.protected:
                            objs.append(
                                # Translators: Model verbose name and instance representation, suitable to be an item in a list
                                _('%(class_name)s %(instance)s') % {
                                    'class_name': p._meta.verbose_name,
                                    'instance': p}
                            )
                        params = {'class_name': self._meta.model._meta.verbose_name,
                                  'instance': self.instance,
                                  'related_objects': get_text_list(objs, _('and'))}
                        msg = _("Deleting %(class_name)s %(instance)s would require "
                                "deleting the following protected related objects: "
                                "%(related_objects)s")
                        raise ValidationError(msg, code='deleting_protected', params=params)

            def is_valid(self):
                result = super(DeleteProtectedModelForm, self).is_valid()
                self.hand_clean_DELETE()
                return result

        defaults['form'] = DeleteProtectedModelForm

        if defaults['fields'] is None and not modelform_defines_fields(defaults['form']):
            defaults['fields'] = forms.ALL_FIELDS

        return inlineformset_factory(self.parent_model, self.model, **defaults)

    def get_fields(self, request, obj=None):
        if self.fields:
            return self.fields
        form = self.get_formset(request, obj, fields=None).form
        return list(form.base_fields) + list(self.get_readonly_fields(request, obj))

    def get_queryset(self, request):
        queryset = super(InlineModelAdmin, self).get_queryset(request)
        if not self.has_change_permission(request):
            queryset = queryset.none()
        return queryset

    def has_add_permission(self, request):
        if self.opts.auto_created:
            # We're checking the rights to an auto-created intermediate model,
            # which doesn't have its own individual permissions. The user needs
            # to have the change permission for the related model in order to
            # be able to do anything with the intermediate model.
            return self.has_change_permission(request)
        return super(InlineModelAdmin, self).has_add_permission(request)

    def has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        opts = self.opts
        if opts.auto_created:
            # The model was auto-created as intermediary for a
            # ManyToMany-relationship, find the target model
            for field in opts.fields:
                if field.rel and field.rel.to != self.parent_model:
                    opts = field.rel.to._meta
                    break
        codename = get_permission_codename('change', opts)
        return request.user.has_perm("%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, codename))

    def has_delete_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        if self.opts.auto_created:
            # We're checking the rights to an auto-created intermediate model,
            # which doesn't have its own individual permissions. The user needs
            # to have the change permission for the related model in order to
            # be able to do anything with the intermediate model.
            return self.has_change_permission(request, obj)
        return super(InlineModelAdmin, self).has_delete_permission(request, obj)


class StackedInline(InlineModelAdmin):
    template = 'admin/edit_inline/stacked.html'


class TabularInline(InlineModelAdmin):
    template = 'admin/edit_inline/tabular.html'