============ File Uploads ============ .. currentmodule:: django.core.files.uploadedfile When Django handles a file upload, the file data ends up placed in :attr:`request.FILES ` (for more on the ``request`` object see the documentation for :doc:`request and response objects `). This document explains how files are stored on disk and in memory, and how to customize the default behavior. .. warning:: There are security risks if you are accepting uploaded content from untrusted users! See the security guide's topic on :ref:`user-uploaded-content-security` for mitigation details. Basic file uploads ================== Consider a simple form containing a :class:`~django.forms.FileField`:: # In forms.py... from django import forms class UploadFileForm(forms.Form): title = forms.CharField(max_length=50) file = forms.FileField() A view handling this form will receive the file data in :attr:`request.FILES `, which is a dictionary containing a key for each :class:`~django.forms.FileField` (or :class:`~django.forms.ImageField`, or other :class:`~django.forms.FileField` subclass) in the form. So the data from the above form would be accessible as ``request.FILES['file']``. Note that :attr:`request.FILES ` will only contain data if the request method was ``POST`` and the ``
`` that posted the request has the attribute ``enctype="multipart/form-data"``. Otherwise, ``request.FILES`` will be empty. Most of the time, you'll simply pass the file data from ``request`` into the form as described in :ref:`binding-uploaded-files`. This would look something like:: from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect from django.shortcuts import render_to_response from .forms import UploadFileForm # Imaginary function to handle an uploaded file. from somewhere import handle_uploaded_file def upload_file(request): if request.method == 'POST': form = UploadFileForm(request.POST, request.FILES) if form.is_valid(): handle_uploaded_file(request.FILES['file']) return HttpResponseRedirect('/success/url/') else: form = UploadFileForm() return render_to_response('upload.html', {'form': form}) Notice that we have to pass :attr:`request.FILES ` into the form's constructor; this is how file data gets bound into a form. Here's a common way you might handle an uploaded file:: def handle_uploaded_file(f): with open('some/file/name.txt', 'wb+') as destination: for chunk in f.chunks(): destination.write(chunk) Looping over ``UploadedFile.chunks()`` instead of using ``read()`` ensures that large files don't overwhelm your system's memory. There are a few other methods and attributes available on ``UploadedFile`` objects; see :class:`UploadedFile` for a complete reference. Handling uploaded files with a model ------------------------------------ If you're saving a file on a :class:`~django.db.models.Model` with a :class:`~django.db.models.FileField`, using a :class:`~django.forms.ModelForm` makes this process much easier. The file object will be saved to the location specified by the :attr:`~django.db.models.FileField.upload_to` argument of the corresponding :class:`~django.db.models.FileField` when calling ``form.save()``:: from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect from django.shortcuts import render from .forms import ModelFormWithFileField def upload_file(request): if request.method == 'POST': form = ModelFormWithFileField(request.POST, request.FILES) if form.is_valid(): # file is saved form.save() return HttpResponseRedirect('/success/url/') else: form = ModelFormWithFileField() return render(request, 'upload.html', {'form': form}) If you are constructing an object manually, you can simply assign the file object from :attr:`request.FILES ` to the file field in the model:: from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect from django.shortcuts import render from .forms import UploadFileForm from .models import ModelWithFileField def upload_file(request): if request.method == 'POST': form = UploadFileForm(request.POST, request.FILES) if form.is_valid(): instance = ModelWithFileField(file_field=request.FILES['file']) instance.save() return HttpResponseRedirect('/success/url/') else: form = UploadFileForm() return render(request, 'upload.html', {'form': form}) Upload Handlers =============== .. currentmodule:: django.core.files.uploadhandler When a user uploads a file, Django passes off the file data to an *upload handler* -- a small class that handles file data as it gets uploaded. Upload handlers are initially defined in the :setting:`FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS` setting, which defaults to:: ("django.core.files.uploadhandler.MemoryFileUploadHandler", "django.core.files.uploadhandler.TemporaryFileUploadHandler",) Together :class:`MemoryFileUploadHandler` and :class:`TemporaryFileUploadHandler` provide Django's default file upload behavior of reading small files into memory and large ones onto disk. You can write custom handlers that customize how Django handles files. You could, for example, use custom handlers to enforce user-level quotas, compress data on the fly, render progress bars, and even send data to another storage location directly without storing it locally. See :ref:`custom_upload_handlers` for details on how you can customize or completely replace upload behavior. .. _modifying_upload_handlers_on_the_fly: Where uploaded data is stored ----------------------------- Before you save uploaded files, the data needs to be stored somewhere. By default, if an uploaded file is smaller than 2.5 megabytes, Django will hold the entire contents of the upload in memory. This means that saving the file involves only a read from memory and a write to disk and thus is very fast. However, if an uploaded file is too large, Django will write the uploaded file to a temporary file stored in your system's temporary directory. On a Unix-like platform this means you can expect Django to generate a file called something like ``/tmp/tmpzfp6I6.upload``. If an upload is large enough, you can watch this file grow in size as Django streams the data onto disk. These specifics -- 2.5 megabytes; ``/tmp``; etc. -- are simply "reasonable defaults" which can be customized as described in the next section. Changing upload handler behavior -------------------------------- There are a few settings which control Django's file upload behavior: :setting:`FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE` The maximum size, in bytes, for files that will be uploaded into memory. Files larger than :setting:`FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE` will be streamed to disk. Defaults to 2.5 megabytes. :setting:`FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR` The directory where uploaded files larger than :setting:`FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE` will be stored. Defaults to your system's standard temporary directory (i.e. ``/tmp`` on most Unix-like systems). :setting:`FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS` The numeric mode (i.e. ``0o644``) to set newly uploaded files to. For more information about what these modes mean, see the documentation for :func:`os.chmod`. If this isn't given or is ``None``, you'll get operating-system dependent behavior. On most platforms, temporary files will have a mode of ``0o600``, and files saved from memory will be saved using the system's standard umask. For security reasons, these permissions aren't applied to the temporary files that are stored in :setting:`FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR`. .. warning:: If you're not familiar with file modes, please note that the leading ``0`` is very important: it indicates an octal number, which is the way that modes must be specified. If you try to use ``644``, you'll get totally incorrect behavior. **Always prefix the mode with a 0.** :setting:`FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS` The numeric mode to apply to directories created in the process of uploading files. This value mirrors the functionality and caveats of the :setting:`FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS` setting. :setting:`FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS` The actual handlers for uploaded files. Changing this setting allows complete customization -- even replacement -- of Django's upload process. Modifying upload handlers on the fly ------------------------------------ Sometimes particular views require different upload behavior. In these cases, you can override upload handlers on a per-request basis by modifying ``request.upload_handlers``. By default, this list will contain the upload handlers given by :setting:`FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS`, but you can modify the list as you would any other list. For instance, suppose you've written a ``ProgressBarUploadHandler`` that provides feedback on upload progress to some sort of AJAX widget. You'd add this handler to your upload handlers like this:: request.upload_handlers.insert(0, ProgressBarUploadHandler()) You'd probably want to use ``list.insert()`` in this case (instead of ``append()``) because a progress bar handler would need to run *before* any other handlers. Remember, the upload handlers are processed in order. If you want to replace the upload handlers completely, you can just assign a new list:: request.upload_handlers = [ProgressBarUploadHandler()] .. note:: You can only modify upload handlers *before* accessing ``request.POST`` or ``request.FILES`` -- it doesn't make sense to change upload handlers after upload handling has already started. If you try to modify ``request.upload_handlers`` after reading from ``request.POST`` or ``request.FILES`` Django will throw an error. Thus, you should always modify uploading handlers as early in your view as possible. Also, ``request.POST`` is accessed by :class:`~django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware` which is enabled by default. This means you will need to use :func:`~django.views.decorators.csrf.csrf_exempt` on your view to allow you to change the upload handlers. You will then need to use :func:`~django.views.decorators.csrf.csrf_protect` on the function that actually processes the request. Note that this means that the handlers may start receiving the file upload before the CSRF checks have been done. Example code: .. code-block:: python from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt, csrf_protect @csrf_exempt def upload_file_view(request): request.upload_handlers.insert(0, ProgressBarUploadHandler()) return _upload_file_view(request) @csrf_protect def _upload_file_view(request): ... # Process request