django1/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_storage.py

622 lines
27 KiB
Python

import os
import shutil
import sys
import tempfile
import unittest
from io import StringIO
from unittest import mock
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib.staticfiles import finders, storage
from django.contrib.staticfiles.management.commands.collectstatic import (
Command as CollectstaticCommand,
)
from django.core.cache.backends.base import BaseCache
from django.core.management import call_command
from django.test import SimpleTestCase, ignore_warnings, override_settings
from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango31Warning
from .cases import CollectionTestCase
from .settings import TEST_ROOT
def hashed_file_path(test, path):
fullpath = test.render_template(test.static_template_snippet(path))
return fullpath.replace(settings.STATIC_URL, '')
class TestHashedFiles:
hashed_file_path = hashed_file_path
def setUp(self):
self._max_post_process_passes = storage.staticfiles_storage.max_post_process_passes
super().setUp()
def tearDown(self):
# Clear hashed files to avoid side effects among tests.
storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files.clear()
storage.staticfiles_storage.max_post_process_passes = self._max_post_process_passes
def assertPostCondition(self):
"""
Assert post conditions for a test are met. Must be manually called at
the end of each test.
"""
pass
def test_template_tag_return(self):
self.assertStaticRaises(ValueError, "does/not/exist.png", "/static/does/not/exist.png")
self.assertStaticRenders("test/file.txt", "/static/test/file.dad0999e4f8f.txt")
self.assertStaticRenders("test/file.txt", "/static/test/file.dad0999e4f8f.txt", asvar=True)
self.assertStaticRenders("cached/styles.css", "/static/cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css")
self.assertStaticRenders("path/", "/static/path/")
self.assertStaticRenders("path/?query", "/static/path/?query")
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_template_tag_simple_content(self):
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/styles.css")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertNotIn(b"cached/other.css", content)
self.assertIn(b"other.d41d8cd98f00.css", content)
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_path_ignored_completely(self):
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/css/ignored.css")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/css/ignored.554da52152af.css")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertIn(b'#foobar', content)
self.assertIn(b'http:foobar', content)
self.assertIn(b'https:foobar', content)
self.assertIn(b'data:foobar', content)
self.assertIn(b'chrome:foobar', content)
self.assertIn(b'//foobar', content)
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_path_with_querystring(self):
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/styles.css?spam=eggs")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css?spam=eggs")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open("cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css") as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertNotIn(b"cached/other.css", content)
self.assertIn(b"other.d41d8cd98f00.css", content)
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_path_with_fragment(self):
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/styles.css#eggs")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css#eggs")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open("cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css") as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertNotIn(b"cached/other.css", content)
self.assertIn(b"other.d41d8cd98f00.css", content)
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_path_with_querystring_and_fragment(self):
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/css/fragments.css")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/css/fragments.a60c0e74834f.css")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertIn(b'fonts/font.b9b105392eb8.eot?#iefix', content)
self.assertIn(b'fonts/font.b8d603e42714.svg#webfontIyfZbseF', content)
self.assertIn(b'fonts/font.b8d603e42714.svg#path/to/../../fonts/font.svg', content)
self.assertIn(b'data:font/woff;charset=utf-8;base64,d09GRgABAAAAADJoAA0AAAAAR2QAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAA', content)
self.assertIn(b'#default#VML', content)
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_template_tag_absolute(self):
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/absolute.css")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/absolute.eb04def9f9a4.css")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertNotIn(b"/static/cached/styles.css", content)
self.assertIn(b"/static/cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css", content)
self.assertNotIn(b"/static/styles_root.css", content)
self.assertIn(b"/static/styles_root.401f2509a628.css", content)
self.assertIn(b'/static/cached/img/relative.acae32e4532b.png', content)
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_template_tag_absolute_root(self):
"""
Like test_template_tag_absolute, but for a file in STATIC_ROOT (#26249).
"""
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("absolute_root.css")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "absolute_root.f821df1b64f7.css")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertNotIn(b"/static/styles_root.css", content)
self.assertIn(b"/static/styles_root.401f2509a628.css", content)
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_template_tag_relative(self):
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/relative.css")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/relative.c3e9e1ea6f2e.css")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertNotIn(b"../cached/styles.css", content)
self.assertNotIn(b'@import "styles.css"', content)
self.assertNotIn(b'url(img/relative.png)', content)
self.assertIn(b'url("img/relative.acae32e4532b.png")', content)
self.assertIn(b"../cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css", content)
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_import_replacement(self):
"See #18050"
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/import.css")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/import.f53576679e5a.css")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
self.assertIn(b"""import url("styles.5e0040571e1a.css")""", relfile.read())
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_template_tag_deep_relative(self):
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/css/window.css")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/css/window.5d5c10836967.css")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertNotIn(b'url(img/window.png)', content)
self.assertIn(b'url("img/window.acae32e4532b.png")', content)
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_template_tag_url(self):
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/url.css")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/url.902310b73412.css")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
self.assertIn(b"https://", relfile.read())
self.assertPostCondition()
@override_settings(
STATICFILES_DIRS=[os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'loop')],
STATICFILES_FINDERS=['django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder'],
)
def test_import_loop(self):
finders.get_finder.cache_clear()
err = StringIO()
with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, 'Max post-process passes exceeded'):
call_command('collectstatic', interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
self.assertEqual("Post-processing 'All' failed!\n\n", err.getvalue())
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_post_processing(self):
"""
post_processing behaves correctly.
Files that are alterable should always be post-processed; files that
aren't should be skipped.
collectstatic has already been called once in setUp() for this testcase,
therefore we check by verifying behavior on a second run.
"""
collectstatic_args = {
'interactive': False,
'verbosity': 0,
'link': False,
'clear': False,
'dry_run': False,
'post_process': True,
'use_default_ignore_patterns': True,
'ignore_patterns': ['*.ignoreme'],
}
collectstatic_cmd = CollectstaticCommand()
collectstatic_cmd.set_options(**collectstatic_args)
stats = collectstatic_cmd.collect()
self.assertIn(os.path.join('cached', 'css', 'window.css'), stats['post_processed'])
self.assertIn(os.path.join('cached', 'css', 'img', 'window.png'), stats['unmodified'])
self.assertIn(os.path.join('test', 'nonascii.css'), stats['post_processed'])
self.assertPostCondition()
def test_css_import_case_insensitive(self):
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/styles_insensitive.css")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/styles_insensitive.3fa427592a53.css")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertNotIn(b"cached/other.css", content)
self.assertIn(b"other.d41d8cd98f00.css", content)
self.assertPostCondition()
@override_settings(
STATICFILES_DIRS=[os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'faulty')],
STATICFILES_FINDERS=['django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder'],
)
def test_post_processing_failure(self):
"""
post_processing indicates the origin of the error when it fails.
"""
finders.get_finder.cache_clear()
err = StringIO()
with self.assertRaises(Exception):
call_command('collectstatic', interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
self.assertEqual("Post-processing 'faulty.css' failed!\n\n", err.getvalue())
self.assertPostCondition()
@ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango31Warning)
@override_settings(
STATICFILES_STORAGE='django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.CachedStaticFilesStorage',
)
class TestCollectionCachedStorage(TestHashedFiles, CollectionTestCase):
"""
Tests for the Cache busting storage
"""
def test_cache_invalidation(self):
name = "cached/styles.css"
hashed_name = "cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css"
# check if the cache is filled correctly as expected
cache_key = storage.staticfiles_storage.hash_key(name)
cached_name = storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files.get(cache_key)
self.assertEqual(self.hashed_file_path(name), cached_name)
# clearing the cache to make sure we re-set it correctly in the url method
storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files.clear()
cached_name = storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files.get(cache_key)
self.assertIsNone(cached_name)
self.assertEqual(self.hashed_file_path(name), hashed_name)
cached_name = storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files.get(cache_key)
self.assertEqual(cached_name, hashed_name)
# Check files that had to be hashed multiple times since their content
# includes other files that were hashed.
name = 'cached/relative.css'
hashed_name = 'cached/relative.c3e9e1ea6f2e.css'
cache_key = storage.staticfiles_storage.hash_key(name)
cached_name = storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files.get(cache_key)
self.assertIsNone(cached_name)
self.assertEqual(self.hashed_file_path(name), hashed_name)
cached_name = storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files.get(cache_key)
self.assertEqual(cached_name, hashed_name)
def test_cache_key_memcache_validation(self):
"""
Handle cache key creation correctly, see #17861.
"""
name = (
"/some crazy/long filename/ with spaces Here and ?#%#$/other/stuff"
"/some crazy/long filename/ with spaces Here and ?#%#$/other/stuff"
"/some crazy/long filename/ with spaces Here and ?#%#$/other/stuff"
"/some crazy/long filename/ with spaces Here and ?#%#$/other/stuff"
"/some crazy/long filename/ with spaces Here and ?#%#$/other/stuff"
"/some crazy/\x16\xb4"
)
cache_key = storage.staticfiles_storage.hash_key(name)
cache_validator = BaseCache({})
cache_validator.validate_key(cache_key)
self.assertEqual(cache_key, 'staticfiles:821ea71ef36f95b3922a77f7364670e7')
def test_corrupt_intermediate_files(self):
configured_storage = storage.staticfiles_storage
# Clear cache to force rehashing of the files
configured_storage.hashed_files.clear()
# Simulate a corrupt chain of intermediate files by ensuring they don't
# resolve before the max post-process count, which would normally be
# high enough.
configured_storage.max_post_process_passes = 1
# File without intermediates that can be rehashed without a problem.
self.hashed_file_path('cached/css/img/window.png')
# File with too many intermediates to rehash with the low max
# post-process passes.
err_msg = "The name 'cached/styles.css' could not be hashed with %r." % (configured_storage._wrapped,)
with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, err_msg):
self.hashed_file_path('cached/styles.css')
class TestCachedStaticFilesStorageDeprecation(SimpleTestCase):
def test_warning(self):
from django.contrib.staticfiles.storage import CachedStaticFilesStorage
from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango31Warning
msg = (
'CachedStaticFilesStorage is deprecated in favor of '
'ManifestStaticFilesStorage.'
)
with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango31Warning, msg):
CachedStaticFilesStorage()
@override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.ExtraPatternsStorage')
class TestExtraPatternsStorage(CollectionTestCase):
def setUp(self):
storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files.clear() # avoid cache interference
super().setUp()
def cached_file_path(self, path):
fullpath = self.render_template(self.static_template_snippet(path))
return fullpath.replace(settings.STATIC_URL, '')
def test_multi_extension_patterns(self):
"""
With storage classes having several file extension patterns, only the
files matching a specific file pattern should be affected by the
substitution (#19670).
"""
# CSS files shouldn't be touched by JS patterns.
relpath = self.cached_file_path("cached/import.css")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/import.f53576679e5a.css")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
self.assertIn(b'import url("styles.5e0040571e1a.css")', relfile.read())
# Confirm JS patterns have been applied to JS files.
relpath = self.cached_file_path("cached/test.js")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/test.388d7a790d46.js")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
self.assertIn(b'JS_URL("import.f53576679e5a.css")', relfile.read())
@override_settings(
STATICFILES_STORAGE='django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage',
)
class TestCollectionManifestStorage(TestHashedFiles, CollectionTestCase):
"""
Tests for the Cache busting storage
"""
def setUp(self):
super().setUp()
temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
os.makedirs(os.path.join(temp_dir, 'test'))
self._clear_filename = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'test', 'cleared.txt')
with open(self._clear_filename, 'w') as f:
f.write('to be deleted in one test')
self.patched_settings = self.settings(
STATICFILES_DIRS=settings.STATICFILES_DIRS + [temp_dir],
)
self.patched_settings.enable()
self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, temp_dir)
self._manifest_strict = storage.staticfiles_storage.manifest_strict
def tearDown(self):
self.patched_settings.disable()
if os.path.exists(self._clear_filename):
os.unlink(self._clear_filename)
storage.staticfiles_storage.manifest_strict = self._manifest_strict
super().tearDown()
def assertPostCondition(self):
hashed_files = storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files
# The in-memory version of the manifest matches the one on disk
# since a properly created manifest should cover all filenames.
if hashed_files:
manifest = storage.staticfiles_storage.load_manifest()
self.assertEqual(hashed_files, manifest)
def test_manifest_exists(self):
filename = storage.staticfiles_storage.manifest_name
path = storage.staticfiles_storage.path(filename)
self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(path))
def test_manifest_does_not_exist(self):
storage.staticfiles_storage.manifest_name = 'does.not.exist.json'
self.assertIsNone(storage.staticfiles_storage.read_manifest())
def test_manifest_does_not_ignore_permission_error(self):
with mock.patch('builtins.open', side_effect=PermissionError):
with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
storage.staticfiles_storage.read_manifest()
def test_loaded_cache(self):
self.assertNotEqual(storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files, {})
manifest_content = storage.staticfiles_storage.read_manifest()
self.assertIn(
'"version": "%s"' % storage.staticfiles_storage.manifest_version,
manifest_content
)
def test_parse_cache(self):
hashed_files = storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files
manifest = storage.staticfiles_storage.load_manifest()
self.assertEqual(hashed_files, manifest)
def test_clear_empties_manifest(self):
cleared_file_name = storage.staticfiles_storage.clean_name(os.path.join('test', 'cleared.txt'))
# collect the additional file
self.run_collectstatic()
hashed_files = storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files
self.assertIn(cleared_file_name, hashed_files)
manifest_content = storage.staticfiles_storage.load_manifest()
self.assertIn(cleared_file_name, manifest_content)
original_path = storage.staticfiles_storage.path(cleared_file_name)
self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(original_path))
# delete the original file form the app, collect with clear
os.unlink(self._clear_filename)
self.run_collectstatic(clear=True)
self.assertFileNotFound(original_path)
hashed_files = storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files
self.assertNotIn(cleared_file_name, hashed_files)
manifest_content = storage.staticfiles_storage.load_manifest()
self.assertNotIn(cleared_file_name, manifest_content)
def test_missing_entry(self):
missing_file_name = 'cached/missing.css'
configured_storage = storage.staticfiles_storage
self.assertNotIn(missing_file_name, configured_storage.hashed_files)
# File name not found in manifest
with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Missing staticfiles manifest entry for '%s'" % missing_file_name):
self.hashed_file_path(missing_file_name)
configured_storage.manifest_strict = False
# File doesn't exist on disk
err_msg = "The file '%s' could not be found with %r." % (missing_file_name, configured_storage._wrapped)
with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, err_msg):
self.hashed_file_path(missing_file_name)
content = StringIO()
content.write('Found')
configured_storage.save(missing_file_name, content)
# File exists on disk
self.hashed_file_path(missing_file_name)
def test_intermediate_files(self):
cached_files = os.listdir(os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, 'cached'))
# Intermediate files shouldn't be created for reference.
self.assertEqual(
len([
cached_file
for cached_file in cached_files
if cached_file.startswith('relative.')
]),
2,
)
@override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.SimpleStorage')
class TestCollectionSimpleStorage(CollectionTestCase):
hashed_file_path = hashed_file_path
def setUp(self):
storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files.clear() # avoid cache interference
super().setUp()
def test_template_tag_return(self):
self.assertStaticRaises(ValueError, "does/not/exist.png", "/static/does/not/exist.png")
self.assertStaticRenders("test/file.txt", "/static/test/file.deploy12345.txt")
self.assertStaticRenders("cached/styles.css", "/static/cached/styles.deploy12345.css")
self.assertStaticRenders("path/", "/static/path/")
self.assertStaticRenders("path/?query", "/static/path/?query")
def test_template_tag_simple_content(self):
relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/styles.css")
self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/styles.deploy12345.css")
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertNotIn(b"cached/other.css", content)
self.assertIn(b"other.deploy12345.css", content)
class CustomStaticFilesStorage(storage.StaticFilesStorage):
"""
Used in TestStaticFilePermissions
"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
kwargs['file_permissions_mode'] = 0o640
kwargs['directory_permissions_mode'] = 0o740
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith('win'), "Windows only partially supports chmod.")
class TestStaticFilePermissions(CollectionTestCase):
command_params = {
'interactive': False,
'verbosity': 0,
'ignore_patterns': ['*.ignoreme'],
}
def setUp(self):
self.umask = 0o027
self.old_umask = os.umask(self.umask)
super().setUp()
def tearDown(self):
os.umask(self.old_umask)
super().tearDown()
# Don't run collectstatic command in this test class.
def run_collectstatic(self, **kwargs):
pass
@override_settings(
FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS=0o655,
FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS=0o765,
)
def test_collect_static_files_permissions(self):
call_command('collectstatic', **self.command_params)
test_file = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "test.txt")
test_dir = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "subdir")
file_mode = os.stat(test_file)[0] & 0o777
dir_mode = os.stat(test_dir)[0] & 0o777
self.assertEqual(file_mode, 0o655)
self.assertEqual(dir_mode, 0o765)
@override_settings(
FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS=None,
FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS=None,
)
def test_collect_static_files_default_permissions(self):
call_command('collectstatic', **self.command_params)
test_file = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "test.txt")
test_dir = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "subdir")
file_mode = os.stat(test_file)[0] & 0o777
dir_mode = os.stat(test_dir)[0] & 0o777
self.assertEqual(file_mode, 0o666 & ~self.umask)
self.assertEqual(dir_mode, 0o777 & ~self.umask)
@override_settings(
FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS=0o655,
FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS=0o765,
STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.test_storage.CustomStaticFilesStorage',
)
def test_collect_static_files_subclass_of_static_storage(self):
call_command('collectstatic', **self.command_params)
test_file = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "test.txt")
test_dir = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "subdir")
file_mode = os.stat(test_file)[0] & 0o777
dir_mode = os.stat(test_dir)[0] & 0o777
self.assertEqual(file_mode, 0o640)
self.assertEqual(dir_mode, 0o740)
@override_settings(
STATICFILES_STORAGE='django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage',
)
class TestCollectionHashedFilesCache(CollectionTestCase):
"""
Files referenced from CSS use the correct final hashed name regardless of
the order in which the files are post-processed.
"""
hashed_file_path = hashed_file_path
def setUp(self):
super().setUp()
self._temp_dir = temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
os.makedirs(os.path.join(temp_dir, 'test'))
self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, temp_dir)
def _get_filename_path(self, filename):
return os.path.join(self._temp_dir, 'test', filename)
def test_file_change_after_collectstatic(self):
# Create initial static files.
file_contents = (
('foo.png', 'foo'),
('bar.css', 'url("foo.png")\nurl("xyz.png")'),
('xyz.png', 'xyz'),
)
for filename, content in file_contents:
with open(self._get_filename_path(filename), 'w') as f:
f.write(content)
with self.modify_settings(STATICFILES_DIRS={'append': self._temp_dir}):
finders.get_finder.cache_clear()
err = StringIO()
# First collectstatic run.
call_command('collectstatic', interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
relpath = self.hashed_file_path('test/bar.css')
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertIn(b'foo.acbd18db4cc2.png', content)
self.assertIn(b'xyz.d16fb36f0911.png', content)
# Change the contents of the png files.
for filename in ('foo.png', 'xyz.png'):
with open(self._get_filename_path(filename), 'w+b') as f:
f.write(b"new content of file to change its hash")
# The hashes of the png files in the CSS file are updated after
# a second collectstatic.
call_command('collectstatic', interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
relpath = self.hashed_file_path('test/bar.css')
with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
content = relfile.read()
self.assertIn(b'foo.57a5cb9ba68d.png', content)
self.assertIn(b'xyz.57a5cb9ba68d.png', content)