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==================================================
The Django template language: For template authors
==================================================
Django's template language is designed to strike a balance between power and
ease. It's designed to feel comfortable to those used to working with HTML. If
you have any exposure to other text-based template languages, such as Smarty_
or CheetahTemplate_, you should feel right at home with Django's templates.
.. _Smarty: http://smarty.php.net/
.. _CheetahTemplate: http://www.cheetahtemplate.org/
What's a template?
==================
A template is simply a text file. All Django templates, by convention, have
".html" extensions, but they can generate any text-based format (HTML, XML,
CSV, etc.).
A template contains **variables**, which get replaced with values when the
template is evaluated, and **tags**, which control the logic of the template.
Below is a minimal template that illustrates a few basics. Each element will be
explained later in this document.::
{% extends "base_generic" %}
{% block title %}{{ section.title }}{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h1>{{ section.title }}</h1>
{% for story in story_list %}
<h2>
<a href="{{ story.get_absolute_url }}">
{{ story.headline|upper }}
</a>
</h2>
<p>{{ story.tease|truncatewords:"100" }}</p>
{% endfor %}
{% endblock %}
.. admonition:: Philosophy
Why use a text-based template instead of an XML-based one (like Zope's
TAL)? We wanted Django's template language to be usable for more than
just XML/HTML templates. At World Online, we use it for e-mails,
JavaScript and CSV. You can use the template language for any text-based
format.
What's a variable?
==================
Variables look like this: ``{{ variable }}``. When the template engine
encounters a variable, it evaluates that variable and replaces it with the
result.
Use a dot (``.``) to access attributes of a variable.
.. admonition:: Behind the scenes
Technically, when the template system encounters a dot, it tries the
following lookups, in this order:
* Dictionary lookup
* Attribute lookup
* Method call
* List-index lookup
In the above example, ``{{ section.title }}`` will be replaced with the
``title`` attribute of the ``section`` object.
If you use a variable that doesn't exist, it will be silently ignored. The
variable will be replaced by nothingness.
See `Using the built-in reference`_, below, for help on finding what variables
are available in a given template.
You can modify variables for display by using **filters**.
What's a filter?
================
Filters look like this: ``{{ name|lower }}``. This displays the value of the
``{{ name }}`` variable after being filtered through the ``lower`` filter,
which converts text to lowercase. Use a pipe (``|``) to apply a filter.
Filters can be "chained." The output of one filter applied to the next:
``{{ text|escape|linebreaks }}`` is a common idiom for escaping text contents
and then converting line breaks to ``<p>`` tags.
Certain filters take arguments. A filter argument looks like this:
``{{ bio|truncatewords:"30" }}``. This will display the first 30 words of the
``bio`` variable. Filter arguments always are in double quotes.
The `Built-in filter reference`_ below describes all the built-in filters.
What's a tag?
=============
Tags look like this: ``{% tag %}``. Tags are more complex than variables: Some
create text in the output, some control flow by performing loops or logic, and
some load external information into the template to be used by later variables.
Some tags require beginning and ending tags (i.e.
``{% tag %} ... tag contents ... {% endtag %}``). The `Built-in tag reference`_
below describes all the built-in tags. You can create your own tags, if you
know how to write Python code.
Template inheritance
====================
The most powerful -- and thus the most complex -- part of Django's template
engine is template inheritance. Template inheritance allows you to build a base
"skeleton" template that contains all the common elements of your site and
defines **blocks** that child templates can override.
It's easiest to understand template inheritance by starting with an example::
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
<title>{% block title %}My amazing site{% endblock %}</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="sidebar">
{% block sidebar %}
<ul>
<li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/">Blog</a></li>
</ul>
{% endblock %}
</div>
<div id="content">
{% block content %}{% endblock %}
</div>
</body>
This template, which we'll call ``base.html``, defines a simple HTML skeleton
document that you might use for a simple two-column page. It's the job of
"child" templates to fill the empty blocks with content.
In this example, the ``{% block %}`` tag defines three blocks that child
templates can fill in. All the ``block`` tag does is to tell the template
engine that a child template may override those portions of the template.
A child template might look like this::
{% extends "base" %}
{% block title %}My amazing blog{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
{% for entry in blog_entries %}
<h2>{{ entry.title }}</h2>
<p>{{ entry.body }}</p>
{% endfor %}
{% endblock %}
The ``{% extends %}`` tag is the key here. It tells the template engine that
this template "extends" another template. When the template system evaluates
this template, first it locates the parent -- in this case, "base" (note the
lack of an ".html" extension in the ``{% extends %}`` tag).
At that point, the template engine will notice the three blocks in
``base.html`` and replace those blocks with the contents of the child template.
Depending on the value of ``blog_entries``, the output might look like::
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
<title>My amazing blog</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="sidebar">
<ul>
<li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/">Blog</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="content">
<h2>Entry one</h2>
<p>This is my first entry.</p>
<h2>Entry two</h2>
<p>This is my second entry.</p>
</div>
</body>
Note that since the child template didn't define the ``sidebar`` block, the
value from the parent template is used instead. Content within a ``{% block %}``
tag in a parent template is always used as a fallback.
Template inheritance isn't limited to a single level. Multi-level inheritance
is possible and, indeed, quite useful.
Here are some tips for working with inheritance:
* More ``{% block %}`` tags in your base templates are better. Remember,
child templates don't have to define all parent blocks, so you can fill
in reasonable defaults in a number of blocks, then only define the ones
you need later.
* If you find yourself duplicating content in a number of templates, it
probably means you should move that content to a ``{% block %}`` in a
parent template.
* The recommended template layout is to use three levels: a single base
template for the entire site, a set of mid-level templates for each
section of the site, and then the individual templates for each view.
This maximizes code reuse and makes it easier to add items to shared
content areas (such as section-wide navigation).
* If you need to get the content of the block from the parent template,
the ``{{ block.super }}`` variable will do the trick. This is useful
if you want to add to the contents of a parent block instead of
completely overriding it.
Finally, note that you can't define multiple ``{% block %}`` tags with the same
name in the same template. This limitation exists because a block tag works in
"both" directions. That is, a block tag doesn't just provide a hole to fill --
it also defines the content that fills the hole in the *parent*. If there were
two similarly-named ``{% block %}`` tags in a template, that template's parent
wouldn't know which one of the blocks' content to use.
Using the built-in reference
============================
Because Django can be used to develop any sort of site, the tags, filters and
variables available are different depending on the application. To make it
easy to figure out what's available in a given site, the admin interface has a
complete reference of all the template goodies available to that site.
The reference is integrated into the administration interface for your site(s)
and is divided into 4 sections: tags, filters, models, and views.
The **tags** and **filters** sections describe all the built-in tags (in fact,
the tag and filter references below come directly from those pages) as well as
any custom tag or filter libraries available.
The **views** page is the most valuable. Each URL in your site has a separate
entry here, and clicking on a URL will show you:
* The name of the view function that generates that view.
* A short description of what the view does.
* The **context**, or a list of variables available in the view.
* The name of the template or templates that are used for that view.
Each view documentation page also has a bookmarklet that you can use to jump
from any page to the documentation page for that view.
Because Django generally revolves around database objects, the **models**
section of the documentation page describes each type of object in the system
along with all the fields available on that object.
Taken together, the documentation pages should tell you every tag, filter,
variable and object available to you in a given template.
Custom tag and filter libraries
===============================
Certain applications provide custom tag and filter libraries. To access them in
a template, use the ``{% load %}`` tag::
{% load comments %}
{% comment_form for blogs.entries entry.id with is_public yes %}
In the above, the ``load`` tag loads the ``comments`` tag library, which then
makes the ``comment_form`` tag available for use. Consult the documentation
area in your admin to find the list of custom libraries in your installation.
Built-in tag and filter reference
=================================
For those without an admin site available, reference for the stock tags and
filters follows. Because Django is highly customizable, the reference in your
admin should be considered the final word on what tags and filters are
available, and what they do.
Built-in tag reference
----------------------
``block``
Define a block that can be overridden by child templates. See `Template
inheritance`_ for more information.
``comment``
Ignore everything between ``{% comment %}`` and ``{% endcomment %}``
``cycle``
Cycle among the given strings each time this tag is encountered.
Within a loop, cycles among the given strings each time through
the loop::
{% for o in some_list %}
<tr class="{% cycle row1,row2 %}">
...
</tr>
{% endfor %}
Outside of a loop, give the values a unique name the first time you call it,
then use that name each successive time through::
<tr class="{% cycle row1,row2,row3 as rowcolors %}">...</tr>
<tr class="{% cycle rowcolors %}">...</tr>
<tr class="{% cycle rowcolors %}">...</tr>
You can use any number of values, separated by commas. Make sure not to put
spaces between the values -- only commas.
``debug``
Output a whole load of debugging information, including the current context and
imported modules.
``extends``
Signal that this template extends a parent template.
This tag may be used in two ways: ``{% extends "base" %}`` (with quotes) uses
the literal value "base" as the name of the parent template to extend, or ``{%
extends variable %}`` uses the value of ``variable`` as the name of the parent
template to extend.
See `Template inheritance`_ for more information.
``filter``
Filter the contents of the variable through variable filters.
Filters can also be piped through each other, and they can have arguments --
just like in variable syntax.
Sample usage::
{% filter escape|lower %}
This text will be HTML-escaped, and will appear in all lowercase.
{% endfilter %}
``firstof``
Outputs the first variable passed that is not False. Outputs nothing if all the
passed variables are False.
Sample usage::
{% firstof var1 var2 var3 %}
This is equivalent to::
{% if var1 %}
{{ var1 }}
{% else %}{% if var2 %}
{{ var2 }}
{% else %}{% if var3 %}
{{ var3 }}
{% endif %}{% endif %}{% endif %}
but obviously much cleaner!
``for``
Loop over each item in an array. For example, to display a list of athletes
given ``athlete_list``::
<ul>
{% for athlete in athlete_list %}
<li>{{ athlete.name }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
You can also loop over a list in reverse by using ``{% for obj in list reversed %}``.
The for loop sets a number of variables available within the loop:
========================== ================================================
Variable Description
========================== ================================================
``forloop.counter`` The current iteration of the loop (1-indexed)
``forloop.counter0`` The current iteration of the loop (0-indexed)
``forloop.revcounter`` The number of iterations from the end of the
loop (1-indexed)
``forloop.revcounter0`` The number of iterations from the end of the
loop (0-indexed)
``forloop.first`` True if this is the first time through the loop
``forloop.last`` True if this is the last time through the loop
``forloop.parentloop`` For nested loops, this is the loop "above" the
current one
========================== ================================================
``if``
The ``{% if %}`` tag evaluates a variable, and if that variable is "true" (i.e.
exists, is not empty, and is not a false boolean value) the contents of the
block are output::
{% if athlete_list %}
Number of athletes: {{ athlete_list|length }}
{% else %}
No athletes.
{% endif %}
In the above, if ``athlete_list`` is not empty, the number of athletes will be
displayed by the ``{{ athlete_list|length }}`` variable.
As you can see, the ``if`` tag can take an option ``{% else %}`` clause that
will be displayed if the test fails.
``if`` tags may use ``or`` or ``not`` to test a number of variables or to negate
a given variable::
{% if not athlete_list %}
There are no athletes.
{% endif %}
{% if athlete_list or coach_list %}
There are some athletes or some coaches.
{% endif %}
{% if not athlete_list or coach_list %}
There are no athletes or there are some coaches (OK, so
writing English translations of boolean logic sounds
stupid; it's not my fault).
{% endif %}
For simplicity, ``if`` tags do not allow ``and`` clauses; use nested ``if``
tags instead::
{% if athlete_list %}
{% if coach_list %}
Number of athletes: {{ athlete_list|length }}.
Number of coaches: {{ coach_list|length }}.
{% endif %}
{% endif %}
``ifchanged``
Check if a value has changed from the last iteration of a loop.
The 'ifchanged' block tag is used within a loop. It checks its own rendered
contents against its previous state and only displays its content if the value
has changed::
<h1>Archive for {{ year }}</h1>
{% for day in days %}
{% ifchanged %}<h3>{{ day|date:"F" }}</h3>{% endifchanged %}
<a href="{{ day|date:"M/d"|lower }}/">{{ day|date:"j" }}</a>
{% endfor %}
``ifequal``
Output the contents of the block if the two arguments equal each other.
Example::
{% ifequal user.id comment.user_id %}
...
{% endifequal %}
As in the ``{% if %}`` tag, an ``{% else %}`` clause is optional.
The arguments can be hard-coded strings, so the following is valid::
{% ifequal user.username "adrian" %}
...
{% endifequal %}
``ifnotequal``
Just like ``ifequal``, except it tests that the two arguments are not equal.
``load``
Load a custom template tag set.
See `Custom tag and filter libraries`_ for more information.
``now``
Display the date, formatted according to the given string.
Uses the same format as PHP's ``date()`` function (http://php.net/date)
with some custom extensions.
Available format strings:
================ ====================================== =====================
Format character Description Example output
================ ====================================== =====================
a ``'a.m.'`` or ``'p.m.'`` (Note that ``'a.m.'``
this is slightly different than PHP's
output, because this includes periods
to match Associated Press style.)
A ``'AM'`` or ``'PM'``. ``'AM'``
B Not implemented.
d Day of the month, 2 digits with ``'01'`` to ``'31'``
leading zeros.
D Day of the week, textual, 3 letters. ``'Fri'``
f Time, in 12-hour hours and minutes, ``'1'``, ``'1:30'``
with minutes left off if they're zero.
Proprietary extension.
F Month, textual, long. ``'January'``
g Hour, 12-hour format without leading ``'1'`` to ``'12'``
zeros.
G Hour, 24-hour format without leading ``'0'`` to ``'23'``
zeros.
h Hour, 12-hour format. ``'01'`` to ``'12'``
H Hour, 24-hour format. ``'00'`` to ``'23'``
i Minutes. ``'00'`` to ``'59'``
I Not implemented.
j Day of the month without leading zeros. ``'1'`` to ``'31'``
l Day of the week, textual, long. ``'Friday'``
L Boolean for whether it's a leap year. ``True`` or ``False``
m Month, 2 digits with leading zeros. ``'01'`` to ``'12'``
M Month, textual, 3 letters. ``'Jan'``
n Month without leading zeros. ``'1'`` to ``'12'``
N Month abbreviation in Associated Press ``'Jan.'``, ``'Feb.'``, ``'March'``, ``'May'``
style. Proprietary extension.
O Not implemented.
P Time, in 12-hour hours, minutes and ``'1 a.m.'``, ``'1:30 p.m.'``, ``'midnight'``, ``'noon'``, ``'12:30 p.m.'``
'a.m.'/'p.m.', with minutes left off
if they're zero and the special-case
strings 'midnight' and 'noon' if
appropriate. Proprietary extension.
r Not implemented.
s Seconds, 2 digits with leading zeros. ``'00'`` to ``'59'``
S English ordinal suffix for day of the ``'st'``, ``'nd'``, ``'rd'`` or ``'th'``
month, 2 characters.
t Not implemented.
T Not implemented.
U Not implemented.
w Day of the week, digits without ``'0'`` (Sunday) to ``'6'`` (Saturday)
leading zeros.
W ISO-8601 week number of year, with ``1``, ``23``
weeks starting on Monday.
y Year, 2 digits. ``'99'``
Y Year, 4 digits. ``'1999'``
z Day of the year. ``0`` to ``365``
Z Not implemented.
Example::
It is {% now "jS F Y H:i" %}
Note that you can backslash-escape a format string if you want to use the
"raw" value. In this example, "f" is backslash-escaped, because otherwise
"f" is a format string that displays the time. The "o" doesn't need to be
escaped, because it's not a format character.::
It is the {% "jS o\f F" %}
(Displays "It is the 4th of September" %}
``regroup``
Regroup a list of alike objects by a common attribute.
This complex tag is best illustrated by use of an example: say that ``people``
is a list of ``Person`` objects that have ``first_name``, ``last_name``, and
``gender`` attributes, and you'd like to display a list that looks like:
* Male:
* George Bush
* Bill Clinton
* Female:
* Margaret Thatcher
* Condoleezza Rice
* Unknown:
* Pat Smith
The following snippet of template code would accomplish this dubious task::
{% regroup people by gender as grouped %}
<ul>
{% for group in grouped %}
<li>{{ group.grouper }}
<ul>
{% for item in group.list %}
<li>{{ item }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
As you can see, ``{% regroup %}`` populates a variable with a list of objects
with ``grouper`` and ``list`` attributes. ``grouper`` contains the item that
was grouped by; ``list`` contains the list of objects that share that
``grouper``. In this case, ``grouper`` would be ``Male``, ``Female`` and
``Unknown``, and ``list`` is the list of people with those genders.
Note that ``{% regroup %}`` does not work when the list to be grouped is not
sorted by the key you are grouping by! This means that if your list of people
was not sorted by gender, you'd need to make sure it is sorted before using it,
i.e.::
{% regroup people|dictsort:"gender" by gender as grouped %}
``ssi``
Output the contents of a given file into the page.
Like a simple "include" tag, ``{% ssi %}`` includes the contents of another
file -- which must be specified using an absolute path -- in the current
page::
{% ssi /home/html/ljworld.com/includes/right_generic.html %}
If the optional "parsed" parameter is given, the contents of the included
file are evaluated as template code, within the current context::
{% ssi /home/html/ljworld.com/includes/right_generic.html parsed %}
``templatetag``
Output one of the bits used to compose template tags.
Since the template system has no concept of "escaping", to display one of the
bits used in template tags, you must use the ``{% templatetag %}`` tag.
The argument tells which template bit to output:
================== =======
Argument Outputs
================== =======
``openblock`` ``{%``
``closeblock`` ``%}``
``openvariable`` ``{{``
``closevariable`` ``}}``
================== =======
``widthratio``
For creating bar charts and such, this tag calculates the ratio of a given value
to a maximum value, and then applies that ratio to a constant.
For example::
<img src='bar.gif' height='10' width='{% widthratio this_value max_value 100 %}' />
Above, if ``this_value`` is 175 and ``max_value`` is 200, the the image in the
above example will be 88 pixels wide (because 175/200 = .875; .875 * 100 = 87.5
which is rounded up to 88).
Built-in filter reference
-------------------------
``add``
Adds the arg to the value.
``addslashes``
Adds slashes. Useful for passing strings to JavaScript, for example.
``capfirst``
Capitalizes the first character of the value.
``center``
Centers the value in a field of a given width.
``cut``
Removes all values of arg from the given string.
``date``
Formats a date according to the given format (same as the ``now`` tag).
``default``
If value is unavailable, use given default.
``default_if_none``
If value is ``None``, use given default.
``dictsort``
Takes a list of dicts, returns that list sorted by the property given in the
argument.
``dictsortreversed``
Takes a list of dicts, returns that list sorted in reverse order by the property
given in the argument.
``divisibleby``
Returns true if the value is divisible by the argument.
``escape``
Escapes a string's HTML.
``filesizeformat``
Format the value like a 'human-readable' file size (i.e. 13 KB, 4.1 MB, 102
bytes, etc).
``first``
Returns the first item in a list.
``fix_ampersands``
Replaces ampersands with ``&amp;`` entities.
``floatformat``
Displays a floating point number as 34.2 (with one decimal places) - but
only if there's a point to be displayed.
``get_digit``
Given a whole number, returns the requested digit of it, where 1 is the
right-most digit, 2 is the second-right-most digit, etc. Returns the
original value for invalid input (if input or argument is not an integer,
or if argument is less than 1). Otherwise, output is always an integer.
``join``
Joins a list with a string, like Python's ``str.join(list)``.
``length``
Returns the length of the value. Useful for lists.
``length_is``
Returns a boolean of whether the value's length is the argument.
``linebreaks``
Converts newlines into <p> and <br />s.
``linebreaksbr``
Converts newlines into <br />s.
``linenumbers``
Displays text with line numbers.
``ljust``
Left-aligns the value in a field of a given width.
**Argument:** field size
``lower``
Converts a string into all lowercase.
``make_list``
Returns the value turned into a list. For an integer, it's a list of
digits. For a string, it's a list of characters.
``phone2numeric``
Takes a phone number and converts it in to its numerical equivalent.
``pluralize``
Returns 's' if the value is not 1, for '1 vote' vs. '2 votes'.
``pprint``
A wrapper around pprint.pprint -- for debugging, really.
``random``
Returns a random item from the list.
``removetags``
Removes a space separated list of [X]HTML tags from the output.
``rjust``
Right-aligns the value in a field of a given width.
**Argument:** field size
``slice``
Returns a slice of the list.
Uses the same syntax as Python's list slicing; see
http://diveintopython.org/native_data_types/lists.html#odbchelper.list.slice
for an introduction.
Example: ``{{ some_list|slice:":2" }}``
``slugify``
Converts to lowercase, removes non-word characters (alphanumerics and
underscores) and converts spaces to hyphens. Also strips leading and
trailing whitespace.
``stringformat``
Formats the variable according to the argument, a string formatting specifier.
This specifier uses Python string formating syntax, with the exception that
the leading "%" is dropped.
See http://docs.python.org/lib/typesseq-strings.html for documentation
of Python string formatting
``striptags``
Strips all [X]HTML tags.
``time``
Formats a time according to the given format (same as the ``now`` tag).
``timesince``
Formats a date as the time since that date (i.e. "4 days, 6 hours").
``title``
Converts a string into titlecase.
``truncatewords``
Truncates a string after a certain number of words.
**Argument:** Number of words to truncate after
``unordered_list``
Recursively takes a self-nested list and returns an HTML unordered list --
WITHOUT opening and closing <ul> tags.
The list is assumed to be in the proper format. For example, if ``var`` contains
``['States', [['Kansas', [['Lawrence', []], ['Topeka', []]]], ['Illinois', []]]]``,
then ``{{ var|unordered_list }}`` would return::
<li>States
<ul>
<li>Kansas
<ul>
<li>Lawrence</li>
<li>Topeka</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Illinois</li>
</ul>
</li>
``upper``
Converts a string into all uppercase.
``urlencode``
Escapes a value for use in a URL.
``urlize``
Converts URLs in plain text into clickable links.
``urlizetrunc``
Converts URLs into clickable links, truncating URLs to the given character
limit.
**Argument:** Length to truncate URLs to
``wordcount``
Returns the number of words.
``wordwrap``
Wraps words at specified line length.
**Argument:** number of words at which to wrap the text
``yesno``
Given a string mapping values for true, false and (optionally) None,
returns one of those strings according to the value:
========== ====================== ==================================
Value Argument Outputs
========== ====================== ==================================
``True`` ``"yeah,no,maybe"`` ``yeah``
``False`` ``"yeah,no,maybe"`` ``no``
``None`` ``"yeah,no,maybe"`` ``maybe``
``None`` ``"yeah,no"`` ``"no"`` (converts None to False
if no mapping for None is given)
========== ====================== ==================================
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