170 lines
6.4 KiB
Plaintext
170 lines
6.4 KiB
Plaintext
==============
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Sending e-mail
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==============
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Although Python makes sending e-mail relatively easy via the `smtplib library`_,
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Django provides a couple of light wrappers over it, to make sending e-mail
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extra quick.
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The code lives in a single module: ``django.core.mail``.
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.. _smtplib library: http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-smtplib.html
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Quick example
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=============
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In two lines::
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from django.core.mail import send_mail
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send_mail('Subject here', 'Here is the message.', 'from@example.com',
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['to@example.com'], fail_silently=False)
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send_mail()
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===========
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The simplest way to send e-mail is using the function
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``django.core.mail.send_mail()``. Here's its definition::
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send_mail(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list,
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fail_silently=False, auth_user=EMAIL_HOST_USER,
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auth_password=EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD)
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The ``subject``, ``message``, ``from_email`` and ``recipient_list`` parameters
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are required.
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* ``subject``: A string.
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* ``message``: A string.
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* ``from_email``: A string.
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* ``recipient_list``: A list of strings, each an e-mail address. Each
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member of ``recipient_list`` will see the other recipients in the "To:"
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field of the e-mail message.
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* ``fail_silently``: A boolean. If it's ``False``, ``send_mail`` will raise
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an ``smtplib.SMTPException``. See the `smtplib docs`_ for a list of
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possible exceptions, all of which are subclasses of ``SMTPException``.
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* ``auth_user``: The optional username to use to authenticate to the SMTP
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server. If this isn't provided, Django will use the value of the
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``EMAIL_HOST_USER`` setting.
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* ``auth_password``: The optional password to use to authenticate to the
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SMTP server. If this isn't provided, Django will use the value of the
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``EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD`` setting.
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.. _smtplib docs: http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-smtplib.html
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send_mass_mail()
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================
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``django.core.mail.send_mass_mail()`` is intended to handle mass e-mailing.
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Here's the definition::
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send_mass_mail(datatuple, fail_silently=False,
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auth_user=EMAIL_HOST_USER, auth_password=EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD):
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``datatuple`` is a tuple in which each element is in this format::
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(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list)
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``fail_silently``, ``auth_user`` and ``auth_password`` have the same functions
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as in ``send_mail()``.
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Each separate element of ``datatuple`` results in a separate e-mail message.
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As in ``send_mail()``, recipients in the same ``recipient_list`` will all see
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the other addresses in the e-mail messages's "To:" field.
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send_mass_mail() vs. send_mail()
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--------------------------------
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The main difference between ``send_mass_mail()`` and ``send_mail()`` is that
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``send_mail()`` opens a connection to the mail server each time it's executed,
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while ``send_mass_mail()`` uses a single connection for all of its messages.
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This makes ``send_mass_mail()`` slightly more efficient.
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mail_admins()
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=============
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``django.core.mail.mail_admins()`` is a shortcut for sending an e-mail to the
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site admins, as defined in the `ADMINS setting`_. Here's the definition::
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mail_admins(subject, message, fail_silently=False)
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``mail_admins()`` prefixes the subject with the value of the
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`EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX setting`_, which is ``"[Django] "`` by default.
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The "From:" header of the e-mail will be the value of the `SERVER_EMAIL setting`_.
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This method exists for convenience and readability.
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.. _ADMINS setting: http://www.djangoproject.com/documentation/settings/#admins
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.. _EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX setting: http://www.djangoproject.com/documentation/settings/#email-subject-prefix
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.. _SERVER_EMAIL setting: http://www.djangoproject.com/documentation/settings/#server-email
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mail_managers() function
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========================
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``django.core.mail.mail_managers()`` is just like ``mail_admins()``, except it
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sends an e-mail to the site managers, as defined in the `MANAGERS setting`_.
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Here's the definition::
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mail_managers(subject, message, fail_silently=False)
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.. _MANAGERS setting: http://www.djangoproject.com/documentation/settings/#managers
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Examples
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========
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This sends a single e-mail to john@example.com and jane@example.com, with them
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both appearing in the "To:"::
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send_mail('Subject', 'Message.', 'from@example.com',
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['john@example.com', 'jane@example.com'])
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This sends a message to john@example.com and jane@example.com, with them both
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receiving a separate e-mail::
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datatuple = (
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('Subject', 'Message.', 'from@example.com', ['john@example.com']),
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('Subject', 'Message.', 'from@example.com', ['jane@example.com']),
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)
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send_mass_mail(datatuple)
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Preventing header injection
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===========================
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`Header injection`_ is a security exploit in which an attacker inserts extra
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e-mail headers to control the "To:" and "From:" in e-mail messages that your
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scripts generate.
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The Django e-mail functions outlined above all protect against header injection
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by forbidding newlines in header values. If any ``subject``, ``from_email`` or
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``recipient_list`` contains a newline (in either Unix, Windows or Mac style),
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the e-mail function (e.g. ``send_mail()``) will raise
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``django.core.mail.BadHeaderError`` (a subclass of ``ValueError``) and, hence,
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will not send the e-mail. It's your responsibility to validate all data before
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passing it to the e-mail functions.
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If a ``message`` contains headers at the start of the string, the headers will
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simply be printed as the first bit of the e-mail message.
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Here's an example view that takes a ``subject``, ``message`` and ``from_email``
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from the request's POST data, sends that to admin@example.com and redirects to
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"/contact/thanks/" when it's done::
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from django.core.mail import send_mail, BadHeaderError
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def send_email(request):
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subject = request.POST.get('subject', '')
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message = request.POST.get('message', '')
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from_email = request.POST.get('from_email', '')
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if subject and message and from_email:
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try:
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send_mail(subject, message, from_email, ['admin@example.com'])
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except BadHeaderError:
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return HttpResponse('Invalid header found.')
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return HttpResponseRedirect('/contact/thanks/')
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else:
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# In reality we'd use a manipulator
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# to get proper validation errors.
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return HttpResponse('Make sure all fields are entered and valid.')
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.. _Header injection: http://securephp.damonkohler.com/index.php/Email_Injection
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