588 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
588 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
=====================
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The sitemap framework
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=====================
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.. module:: django.contrib.sitemaps
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:synopsis: A framework for generating Google sitemap XML files.
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Django comes with a high-level sitemap-generating framework to create sitemap_
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XML files.
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.. _sitemap: https://www.sitemaps.org/
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Overview
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========
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A sitemap is an XML file on your website that tells search-engine indexers how
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frequently your pages change and how "important" certain pages are in relation
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to other pages on your site. This information helps search engines index your
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site.
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The Django sitemap framework automates the creation of this XML file by letting
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you express this information in Python code.
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It works much like Django's :doc:`syndication framework
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</ref/contrib/syndication>`. To create a sitemap, write a
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:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class and point to it in your
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:doc:`URLconf </topics/http/urls>`.
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Installation
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============
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To install the sitemap app, follow these steps:
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#. Add ``'django.contrib.sitemaps'`` to your :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` setting.
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#. Make sure your :setting:`TEMPLATES` setting contains a ``DjangoTemplates``
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backend whose ``APP_DIRS`` options is set to ``True``. It's in there by
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default, so you'll only need to change this if you've changed that setting.
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#. Make sure you've installed the :mod:`sites framework<django.contrib.sites>`.
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(Note: The sitemap application doesn't install any database tables. The only
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reason it needs to go into :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` is so that the
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:func:`~django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader` template
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loader can find the default templates.)
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Initialization
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==============
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.. function:: views.sitemap(request, sitemaps, section=None, template_name='sitemap.xml', content_type='application/xml')
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To activate sitemap generation on your Django site, add this line to your
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:doc:`URLconf </topics/http/urls>`::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps.views import sitemap
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path('sitemap.xml', sitemap, {'sitemaps': sitemaps},
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name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap')
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This tells Django to build a sitemap when a client accesses :file:`/sitemap.xml`.
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The name of the sitemap file is not important, but the location is. Search
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engines will only index links in your sitemap for the current URL level and
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below. For instance, if :file:`sitemap.xml` lives in your root directory, it may
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reference any URL in your site. However, if your sitemap lives at
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:file:`/content/sitemap.xml`, it may only reference URLs that begin with
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:file:`/content/`.
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The sitemap view takes an extra, required argument: ``{'sitemaps': sitemaps}``.
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``sitemaps`` should be a dictionary that maps a short section label (e.g.,
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``blog`` or ``news``) to its :class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class
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(e.g., ``BlogSitemap`` or ``NewsSitemap``). It may also map to an *instance* of
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a :class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class (e.g.,
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``BlogSitemap(some_var)``).
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``Sitemap`` classes
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===================
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A :class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class is a Python class that
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represents a "section" of entries in your sitemap. For example, one
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:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class could represent all the entries
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of your Weblog, while another could represent all of the events in your events
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calendar.
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In the simplest case, all these sections get lumped together into one
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:file:`sitemap.xml`, but it's also possible to use the framework to generate a
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sitemap index that references individual sitemap files, one per section. (See
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`Creating a sitemap index`_ below.)
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:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` classes must subclass
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``django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap``. They can live anywhere in your codebase.
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An example
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==========
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Let's assume you have a blog system, with an ``Entry`` model, and you want your
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sitemap to include all the links to your individual blog entries. Here's how
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your sitemap class might look::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import Sitemap
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from blog.models import Entry
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class BlogSitemap(Sitemap):
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changefreq = "never"
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priority = 0.5
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def items(self):
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return Entry.objects.filter(is_draft=False)
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def lastmod(self, obj):
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return obj.pub_date
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Note:
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* :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq` and :attr:`~Sitemap.priority` are class
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attributes corresponding to ``<changefreq>`` and ``<priority>`` elements,
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respectively. They can be made callable as functions, as
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:attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod` was in the example.
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* :attr:`~Sitemap.items()` is a method that returns a :term:`sequence` or
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``QuerySet`` of objects. The objects returned will get passed to any callable
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methods corresponding to a sitemap property (:attr:`~Sitemap.location`,
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:attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod`, :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq`, and
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:attr:`~Sitemap.priority`).
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* :attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod` should return a :class:`~datetime.datetime`.
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* There is no :attr:`~Sitemap.location` method in this example, but you
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can provide it in order to specify the URL for your object. By default,
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:attr:`~Sitemap.location()` calls ``get_absolute_url()`` on each object
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and returns the result.
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``Sitemap`` class reference
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===========================
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.. class:: Sitemap
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A ``Sitemap`` class can define the following methods/attributes:
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.items
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**Required.** A method that returns a :term:`sequence` or ``QuerySet``
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of objects. The framework doesn't care what *type* of objects they are;
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all that matters is that these objects get passed to the
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:attr:`~Sitemap.location()`, :attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod()`,
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:attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq()` and :attr:`~Sitemap.priority()` methods.
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.location
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**Optional.** Either a method or attribute.
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If it's a method, it should return the absolute path for a given object
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as returned by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
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If it's an attribute, its value should be a string representing an
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absolute path to use for *every* object returned by
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:attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
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In both cases, "absolute path" means a URL that doesn't include the
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protocol or domain. Examples:
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* Good: :file:`'/foo/bar/'`
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* Bad: :file:`'example.com/foo/bar/'`
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* Bad: :file:`'https://example.com/foo/bar/'`
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If :attr:`~Sitemap.location` isn't provided, the framework will call
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the ``get_absolute_url()`` method on each object as returned by
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:attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
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To specify a protocol other than ``'http'``, use
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:attr:`~Sitemap.protocol`.
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.lastmod
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**Optional.** Either a method or attribute.
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If it's a method, it should take one argument -- an object as returned
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by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()` -- and return that object's last-modified
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date/time as a :class:`~datetime.datetime`.
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If it's an attribute, its value should be a :class:`~datetime.datetime`
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representing the last-modified date/time for *every* object returned by
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:attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
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If all items in a sitemap have a :attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod`, the sitemap
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generated by :func:`views.sitemap` will have a ``Last-Modified``
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header equal to the latest ``lastmod``. You can activate the
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:class:`~django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware` to make
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Django respond appropriately to requests with an ``If-Modified-Since``
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header which will prevent sending the sitemap if it hasn't changed.
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.changefreq
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**Optional.** Either a method or attribute.
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If it's a method, it should take one argument -- an object as returned
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by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()` -- and return that object's change
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frequency as a string.
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If it's an attribute, its value should be a string representing the
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change frequency of *every* object returned by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
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Possible values for :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq`, whether you use a
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method or attribute, are:
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* ``'always'``
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* ``'hourly'``
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* ``'daily'``
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* ``'weekly'``
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* ``'monthly'``
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* ``'yearly'``
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* ``'never'``
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.priority
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**Optional.** Either a method or attribute.
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If it's a method, it should take one argument -- an object as returned
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by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()` -- and return that object's priority as
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either a string or float.
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If it's an attribute, its value should be either a string or float
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representing the priority of *every* object returned by
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:attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
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Example values for :attr:`~Sitemap.priority`: ``0.4``, ``1.0``. The
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default priority of a page is ``0.5``. See the `sitemaps.org
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documentation`_ for more.
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.. _sitemaps.org documentation: https://www.sitemaps.org/protocol.html#prioritydef
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.protocol
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**Optional.**
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This attribute defines the protocol (``'http'`` or ``'https'``) of the
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URLs in the sitemap. If it isn't set, the protocol with which the
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sitemap was requested is used. If the sitemap is built outside the
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context of a request, the default is ``'http'``.
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.limit
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**Optional.**
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This attribute defines the maximum number of URLs included on each page
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of the sitemap. Its value should not exceed the default value of
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``50000``, which is the upper limit allowed in the `Sitemaps protocol
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<https://www.sitemaps.org/protocol.html#index>`_.
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.i18n
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**Optional.**
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A boolean attribute that defines if the URLs of this sitemap should
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be generated using all of your :setting:`LANGUAGES`. The default is
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``False``.
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.languages
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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**Optional.**
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A :term:`sequence` of :term:`language codes<language code>` to use for
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generating alternate links when :attr:`~Sitemap.i18n` is enabled.
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Defaults to :setting:`LANGUAGES`.
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.alternates
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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**Optional.**
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A boolean attribute. When used in conjunction with
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:attr:`~Sitemap.i18n` generated URLs will each have a list of alternate
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links pointing to other language versions using the `hreflang
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attribute`_. The default is ``False``.
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.. _hreflang attribute: https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/189077
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.x_default
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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**Optional.**
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A boolean attribute. When ``True`` the alternate links generated by
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:attr:`~Sitemap.alternates` will contain a ``hreflang="x-default"``
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fallback entry with a value of :setting:`LANGUAGE_CODE`. The default is
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``False``.
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Shortcuts
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=========
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The sitemap framework provides a convenience class for a common case:
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.. class:: GenericSitemap(info_dict, priority=None, changefreq=None, protocol=None)
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The :class:`django.contrib.sitemaps.GenericSitemap` class allows you to
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create a sitemap by passing it a dictionary which has to contain at least
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a ``queryset`` entry. This queryset will be used to generate the items
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of the sitemap. It may also have a ``date_field`` entry that
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specifies a date field for objects retrieved from the ``queryset``.
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This will be used for the :attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod` attribute in the
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generated sitemap.
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The :attr:`~Sitemap.priority`, :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq`,
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and :attr:`~Sitemap.protocol` keyword arguments allow specifying these
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attributes for all URLs.
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Example
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-------
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Here's an example of a :doc:`URLconf </topics/http/urls>` using
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:class:`GenericSitemap`::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import GenericSitemap
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from django.contrib.sitemaps.views import sitemap
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from django.urls import path
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from blog.models import Entry
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info_dict = {
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'queryset': Entry.objects.all(),
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'date_field': 'pub_date',
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}
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urlpatterns = [
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# some generic view using info_dict
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# ...
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# the sitemap
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path('sitemap.xml', sitemap,
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{'sitemaps': {'blog': GenericSitemap(info_dict, priority=0.6)}},
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name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
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]
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.. _URLconf: ../url_dispatch/
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Sitemap for static views
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========================
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Often you want the search engine crawlers to index views which are neither
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object detail pages nor flatpages. The solution is to explicitly list URL
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names for these views in ``items`` and call :func:`~django.urls.reverse` in
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the ``location`` method of the sitemap. For example::
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# sitemaps.py
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from django.contrib import sitemaps
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from django.urls import reverse
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class StaticViewSitemap(sitemaps.Sitemap):
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priority = 0.5
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changefreq = 'daily'
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def items(self):
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return ['main', 'about', 'license']
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def location(self, item):
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return reverse(item)
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# urls.py
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from django.contrib.sitemaps.views import sitemap
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from django.urls import path
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from .sitemaps import StaticViewSitemap
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from . import views
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sitemaps = {
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'static': StaticViewSitemap,
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}
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urlpatterns = [
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path('', views.main, name='main'),
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path('about/', views.about, name='about'),
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path('license/', views.license, name='license'),
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# ...
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path('sitemap.xml', sitemap, {'sitemaps': sitemaps},
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name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap')
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]
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Creating a sitemap index
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========================
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.. function:: views.index(request, sitemaps, template_name='sitemap_index.xml', content_type='application/xml', sitemap_url_name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap')
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The sitemap framework also has the ability to create a sitemap index that
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references individual sitemap files, one per each section defined in your
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``sitemaps`` dictionary. The only differences in usage are:
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* You use two views in your URLconf: :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index`
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and :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap`.
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* The :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap` view should take a
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``section`` keyword argument.
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Here's what the relevant URLconf lines would look like for the example above::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import views
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urlpatterns = [
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path('sitemap.xml', views.index, {'sitemaps': sitemaps}),
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path('sitemap-<section>.xml', views.sitemap, {'sitemaps': sitemaps},
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name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
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]
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This will automatically generate a :file:`sitemap.xml` file that references
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both :file:`sitemap-flatpages.xml` and :file:`sitemap-blog.xml`. The
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:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` classes and the ``sitemaps``
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dict don't change at all.
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You should create an index file if one of your sitemaps has more than 50,000
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URLs. In this case, Django will automatically paginate the sitemap, and the
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index will reflect that.
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If you're not using the vanilla sitemap view -- for example, if it's wrapped
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with a caching decorator -- you must name your sitemap view and pass
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``sitemap_url_name`` to the index view::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import views as sitemaps_views
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from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page
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urlpatterns = [
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path('sitemap.xml',
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cache_page(86400)(sitemaps_views.index),
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{'sitemaps': sitemaps, 'sitemap_url_name': 'sitemaps'}),
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path('sitemap-<section>.xml',
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cache_page(86400)(sitemaps_views.sitemap),
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{'sitemaps': sitemaps}, name='sitemaps'),
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]
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Template customization
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======================
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If you wish to use a different template for each sitemap or sitemap index
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available on your site, you may specify it by passing a ``template_name``
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parameter to the ``sitemap`` and ``index`` views via the URLconf::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import views
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urlpatterns = [
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path('custom-sitemap.xml', views.index, {
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'sitemaps': sitemaps,
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'template_name': 'custom_sitemap.html'
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}),
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path('custom-sitemap-<section>.xml', views.sitemap, {
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'sitemaps': sitemaps,
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'template_name': 'custom_sitemap.html'
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}, name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
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]
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These views return :class:`~django.template.response.TemplateResponse`
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instances which allow you to easily customize the response data before
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rendering. For more details, see the :doc:`TemplateResponse documentation
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</ref/template-response>`.
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Context variables
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-----------------
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When customizing the templates for the
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:func:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index` and
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:func:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap` views, you can rely on the
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following context variables.
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Index
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-----
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The variable ``sitemaps`` is a list of absolute URLs to each of the sitemaps.
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Sitemap
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-------
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The variable ``urlset`` is a list of URLs that should appear in the
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sitemap. Each URL exposes attributes as defined in the
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:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class:
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- ``alternates``
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- ``changefreq``
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- ``item``
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- ``lastmod``
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- ``location``
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- ``priority``
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The ``alternates`` attribute is available when :attr:`~Sitemap.i18n` and
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:attr:`~Sitemap.alternates` are enabled. It is a list of other language
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versions, including the optional :attr:`~Sitemap.x_default` fallback, for each
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URL. Each alternate is a dictionary with ``location`` and ``lang_code`` keys.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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The ``alternates`` attribute was added.
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The ``item`` attribute has been added for each URL to allow more flexible
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customization of the templates, such as `Google news sitemaps`_. Assuming
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Sitemap's :attr:`~Sitemap.items()` would return a list of items with
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``publication_data`` and a ``tags`` field something like this would
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generate a Google News compatible sitemap:
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.. code-block:: xml+django
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<urlset
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xmlns="https://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9"
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xmlns:news="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-news/0.9">
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{% spaceless %}
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{% for url in urlset %}
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<url>
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<loc>{{ url.location }}</loc>
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{% if url.lastmod %}<lastmod>{{ url.lastmod|date:"Y-m-d" }}</lastmod>{% endif %}
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{% if url.changefreq %}<changefreq>{{ url.changefreq }}</changefreq>{% endif %}
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{% if url.priority %}<priority>{{ url.priority }}</priority>{% endif %}
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<news:news>
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{% if url.item.publication_date %}<news:publication_date>{{ url.item.publication_date|date:"Y-m-d" }}</news:publication_date>{% endif %}
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{% if url.item.tags %}<news:keywords>{{ url.item.tags }}</news:keywords>{% endif %}
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</news:news>
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</url>
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{% endfor %}
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{% endspaceless %}
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</urlset>
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.. _`Google news sitemaps`: https://support.google.com/news/publisher/answer/74288?hl=en
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Pinging Google
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==============
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You may want to "ping" Google when your sitemap changes, to let it know to
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reindex your site. The sitemaps framework provides a function to do just
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that: :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.ping_google()`.
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.. function:: ping_google(sitemap_url=None, ping_url=PING_URL, sitemap_uses_https=True)
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``ping_google`` takes these optional arguments:
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* ``sitemap_url`` - The absolute path to your site's sitemap (e.g.,
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:file:`'/sitemap.xml'`). If this argument isn't provided, ``ping_google``
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will attempt to figure out your sitemap by performing a reverse lookup in
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your URLconf.
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* ``ping_url`` - Defaults to Google's Ping Tool:
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https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/ping.
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* ``sitemap_uses_https`` - Set to ``False`` if your site uses ``http``
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rather than ``https``.
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:func:`ping_google` raises the exception
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``django.contrib.sitemaps.SitemapNotFound`` if it cannot determine your
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sitemap URL.
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.. admonition:: Register with Google first!
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The :func:`ping_google` command only works if you have registered your
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site with `Google Webmaster Tools`_.
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.. _`Google Webmaster Tools`: https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/
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One useful way to call :func:`ping_google` is from a model's ``save()``
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method::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import ping_google
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class Entry(models.Model):
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# ...
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def save(self, force_insert=False, force_update=False):
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super().save(force_insert, force_update)
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try:
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ping_google()
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except Exception:
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# Bare 'except' because we could get a variety
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# of HTTP-related exceptions.
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pass
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A more efficient solution, however, would be to call :func:`ping_google` from a
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cron script, or some other scheduled task. The function makes an HTTP request
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to Google's servers, so you may not want to introduce that network overhead
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each time you call ``save()``.
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Pinging Google via ``manage.py``
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--------------------------------
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.. django-admin:: ping_google [sitemap_url]
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Once the sitemaps application is added to your project, you may also
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ping Google using the ``ping_google`` management command::
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python manage.py ping_google [/sitemap.xml]
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.. django-admin-option:: --sitemap-uses-http
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Use this option if your sitemap uses ``http`` rather than ``https``.
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