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py.path
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.. contents::
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The 'py' lib provides a uniform high-level api to deal with filesystems
and filesystem-like interfaces: :api:`py.path`.  It aims to offer a central
object to fs-like object trees (reading from and writing to files, adding
files/directories, examining the types and structure, etc.), and out-of-the-box
provides a number of implementations of this API.

Path implementations provided by :api:`py.path`
===============================================

:api:`py.path.local`
--------------------

The first and most obvious of the implementations is a wrapper around a local
filesystem. It's just a bit nicer in usage than the regular Python APIs, and
of course all the functionality is bundled together rather than spread over a
number of modules.

Example usage, here we use the :api:`py.test.ensuretemp()` function to create
a :api:`py.path.local` object for us (which wraps a directory)::

  >>> import py
  >>> temppath = py.test.ensuretemp('py.path_documentation')
  >>> foopath = temppath.join('foo') # get child 'foo' (lazily)
  >>> foopath.check() # check if child 'foo' exists
  False
  >>> foopath.write('bar') # write some data to it
  >>> foopath.check()
  True
  >>> foopath.read()
  'bar'
  >>> foofile = foopath.open() # return a 'real' file object
  >>> foofile.read(1)
  'b'

:api:`py.path.svnurl` and :api:`py.path.svnwc`
----------------------------------------------

Two other :api:`py.path` implementations that the py lib provides wrap the
popular `Subversion`_ revision control system: the first (called 'svnurl')
by interfacing with a remote server, the second by wrapping a local checkout.
Both allow you to access relatively advanced features such as metadata and
versioning, and both in a way more user-friendly manner than existing other
solutions.

Some example usage of :api:`py.path.svnurl`::

  .. >>> import py
  .. >>> if not py.test.config.option.urlcheck: raise ValueError('skipchunk')
  >>> url = py.path.svnurl('http://codespeak.net/svn/py')
  >>> info = url.info()
  >>> info.kind
  'dir'
  >>> firstentry = url.log()[-1]
  >>> import time
  >>> time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d', time.gmtime(firstentry.date))
  '2004-10-02'

Example usage of :api:`py.path.svnwc`::

  .. >>> if not py.test.config.option.urlcheck: raise ValueError('skipchunk')
  >>> temp = py.test.ensuretemp('py.path_documentation')
  >>> wc = py.path.svnwc(temp.join('svnwc'))
  >>> wc.checkout('http://codespeak.net/svn/py/dist/py/path/local')
  >>> wc.join('local.py').check()
  True

.. _`Subversion`: http://subversion.tigris.org/

Common vs. specific API
=======================

All Path objects support a common set of operations, suitable
for many use cases and allowing to transparently switch the 
path object within an application (e.g. from "local" to "svnwc"). 
The common set includes functions such as `path.read()` to read all data 
from a file, `path.write()` to write data, `path.listdir()` to get a list 
of directory entries, `path.check()` to check if a node exists
and is of a particular type, `path.join()` to get
to a (grand)child, `path.visit()` to recursively walk through a node's
children, etc.  Only things that are not common on 'normal' filesystems (yet), 
such as handling metadata (e.g. the Subversion "properties") require
using specific APIs. 

Examples
---------------------------------

A quick 'cookbook' of small examples that will be useful 'in real life',
which also presents parts of the 'common' API, and shows some non-common
methods:

Searching `.txt` files 
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Search for a particular string inside all files with a .txt extension in a
specific directory.

::

  >>> dirpath = temppath.ensure('testdir', dir=True)
  >>> dirpath.join('textfile1.txt').write('foo bar baz')
  >>> dirpath.join('textfile2.txt').write('frob bar spam eggs')
  >>> subdir = dirpath.ensure('subdir', dir=True)
  >>> subdir.join('textfile1.txt').write('foo baz')
  >>> subdir.join('textfile2.txt').write('spam eggs spam foo bar spam')
  >>> results = []
  >>> for fpath in dirpath.visit('*.txt'):
  ...     if 'bar' in fpath.read():
  ...         results.append(fpath.basename)
  >>> results.sort()
  >>> results
  ['textfile1.txt', 'textfile2.txt', 'textfile2.txt']

Working with Paths 
++++++++++++++++++++

This example shows the :api:`py.path` features to deal with
filesystem paths Note that the filesystem is never touched,
all operations are performed on a string level (so the paths
don't have to exist, either)::

  >>> p1 = py.path.local('/foo/bar')
  >>> p2 = p1.join('baz/qux')
  >>> p2 == py.path.local('/foo/bar/baz/qux')
  True
  >>> sep = py.path.local.sep
  >>> p2.relto(p1).replace(sep, '/') # os-specific path sep in the string
  'baz/qux'
  >>> p2.bestrelpath(p1).replace(sep, '/')
  '../..'
  >>> p2.join(p2.bestrelpath(p1)) == p1 
  True
  >>> p3 = p1 / 'baz/qux' # the / operator allows joining, too
  >>> p2 == p3
  True
  >>> p4 = p1 + ".py"  
  >>> p4.basename == "bar.py"
  True
  >>> p4.ext == ".py"
  True
  >>> p4.purebasename == "bar"
  True

This should be possible on every implementation of :api:`py.path`, so
regardless of whether the implementation wraps a UNIX filesystem, a Windows
one, or a database or object tree, these functions should be available (each
with their own notion of path seperators and dealing with conversions, etc.).

Checking path types
+++++++++++++++++++++

Now we will show a bit about the powerful 'check()' method on paths, which
allows you to check whether a file exists, what type it is, etc.::

  >>> file1 = temppath.join('file1')
  >>> file1.check() # does it exist?
  False
  >>> file1 = file1.ensure(file=True) # 'touch' the file
  >>> file1.check()
  True
  >>> file1.check(dir=True) # is it a dir?
  False
  >>> file1.check(file=True) # or a file?
  True
  >>> file1.check(ext='.txt') # check the extension
  False
  >>> textfile = temppath.ensure('text.txt', file=True)
  >>> textfile.check(ext='.txt')
  True
  >>> file1.check(basename='file1') # we can use all the path's properties here
  True

Setting svn-properties 
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

As an example of 'uncommon' methods, we'll show how to read and write
properties in an :api:`py.path.svnwc` instance::

  .. >>> if not py.test.config.option.urlcheck: raise ValueError('skipchunk')
  >>> wc.propget('foo')
  ''
  >>> wc.propset('foo', 'bar')
  >>> wc.propget('foo')
  'bar'
  >>> len(wc.status().prop_modified) # our own props
  1
  >>> msg = wc.revert() # roll back our changes
  >>> len(wc.status().prop_modified)
  0

SVN authentication
++++++++++++++++++++++

Some uncommon functionality can also be provided as extensions, such as SVN
authentication::

  .. >>> if not py.test.config.option.urlcheck: raise ValueError('skipchunk')
  >>> auth = py.path.SvnAuth('anonymous', 'user', cache_auth=False,
  ...             interactive=False)
  >>> wc.auth = auth
  >>> wc.update() # this should work
  >>> path = wc.ensure('thisshouldnotexist.txt')
  >>> try:
  ...     path.commit('testing')
  ... except py.process.cmdexec.Error, e:
  ...     pass
  >>> 'authorization failed' in str(e)
  True

Known problems / limitations
===================================

* The SVN path objects require the "svn" command line,
  there is currently no support for python bindings. 
  Parsing the svn output can lead to problems, particularly
  regarding if you have a non-english "locales" setting. 

* While the path objects basically work on windows, 
  there is no attention yet on making unicode paths
  work or deal with the famous "8.3" filename issues. 

Future plans
============

The Subversion path implementations are based
on the `svn` command line, not on the bindings. 
It makes sense now to directly use the bindings. 

Moreover, it would be good, also considering 
`py.execnet`_ distribution of programs, to
be able to manipulate Windows Paths on Linux
and vice versa.  So we'd like to consider
refactoring the path implementations 
to provide this choice (and getting rid
of platform-dependencies as much as possible). 

There is some experimental small approach 
(:source:`py/path/gateway/`) aiming at having
a convenient Remote Path implementation
and some considerations about future 
works in the according :source:`py/path/gateway/TODO.txt`

There are various hacks out there to have
Memory-Filesystems and even path objects
being directly mountable under Linux (via `fuse`). 
However, the Path object implementations 
do not internally have a clean abstraction 
of going to the filesystem - so with some
refactoring it should become easier to 
have very custom Path objects, still offering
the quite full interface without requiring 
to know about all details of the full path 
implementation. 

.. _`py.execnet`: execnet.html