"""Rewrite assertion AST to produce nice error messages""" from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function import ast import _ast import errno import itertools import imp import marshal import os import re import struct import sys import types import py from _pytest.assertion import util # pytest caches rewritten pycs in __pycache__. if hasattr(imp, "get_tag"): PYTEST_TAG = imp.get_tag() + "-PYTEST" else: if hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info"): impl = "pypy" elif sys.platform == "java": impl = "jython" else: impl = "cpython" ver = sys.version_info PYTEST_TAG = "%s-%s%s-PYTEST" % (impl, ver[0], ver[1]) del ver, impl PYC_EXT = ".py" + (__debug__ and "c" or "o") PYC_TAIL = "." + PYTEST_TAG + PYC_EXT REWRITE_NEWLINES = sys.version_info[:2] != (2, 7) and sys.version_info < (3, 2) ASCII_IS_DEFAULT_ENCODING = sys.version_info[0] < 3 if sys.version_info >= (3, 5): ast_Call = ast.Call else: def ast_Call(a, b, c): return ast.Call(a, b, c, None, None) class AssertionRewritingHook(object): """PEP302 Import hook which rewrites asserts.""" def __init__(self, config): self.config = config self.fnpats = config.getini("python_files") self.session = None self.modules = {} self._rewritten_names = set() self._register_with_pkg_resources() self._must_rewrite = set() def set_session(self, session): self.session = session def find_module(self, name, path=None): state = self.config._assertstate state.trace("find_module called for: %s" % name) names = name.rsplit(".", 1) lastname = names[-1] pth = None if path is not None: # Starting with Python 3.3, path is a _NamespacePath(), which # causes problems if not converted to list. path = list(path) if len(path) == 1: pth = path[0] if pth is None: try: fd, fn, desc = imp.find_module(lastname, path) except ImportError: return None if fd is not None: fd.close() tp = desc[2] if tp == imp.PY_COMPILED: if hasattr(imp, "source_from_cache"): try: fn = imp.source_from_cache(fn) except ValueError: # Python 3 doesn't like orphaned but still-importable # .pyc files. fn = fn[:-1] else: fn = fn[:-1] elif tp != imp.PY_SOURCE: # Don't know what this is. return None else: fn = os.path.join(pth, name.rpartition(".")[2] + ".py") fn_pypath = py.path.local(fn) if not self._should_rewrite(name, fn_pypath, state): return None self._rewritten_names.add(name) # The requested module looks like a test file, so rewrite it. This is # the most magical part of the process: load the source, rewrite the # asserts, and load the rewritten source. We also cache the rewritten # module code in a special pyc. We must be aware of the possibility of # concurrent pytest processes rewriting and loading pycs. To avoid # tricky race conditions, we maintain the following invariant: The # cached pyc is always a complete, valid pyc. Operations on it must be # atomic. POSIX's atomic rename comes in handy. write = not sys.dont_write_bytecode cache_dir = os.path.join(fn_pypath.dirname, "__pycache__") if write: try: os.mkdir(cache_dir) except OSError: e = sys.exc_info()[1].errno if e == errno.EEXIST: # Either the __pycache__ directory already exists (the # common case) or it's blocked by a non-dir node. In the # latter case, we'll ignore it in _write_pyc. pass elif e in [errno.ENOENT, errno.ENOTDIR]: # One of the path components was not a directory, likely # because we're in a zip file. write = False elif e in [errno.EACCES, errno.EROFS, errno.EPERM]: state.trace("read only directory: %r" % fn_pypath.dirname) write = False else: raise cache_name = fn_pypath.basename[:-3] + PYC_TAIL pyc = os.path.join(cache_dir, cache_name) # Notice that even if we're in a read-only directory, I'm going # to check for a cached pyc. This may not be optimal... co = _read_pyc(fn_pypath, pyc, state.trace) if co is None: state.trace("rewriting %r" % (fn,)) source_stat, co = _rewrite_test(self.config, fn_pypath) if co is None: # Probably a SyntaxError in the test. return None if write: _make_rewritten_pyc(state, source_stat, pyc, co) else: state.trace("found cached rewritten pyc for %r" % (fn,)) self.modules[name] = co, pyc return self def _should_rewrite(self, name, fn_pypath, state): # always rewrite conftest files fn = str(fn_pypath) if fn_pypath.basename == 'conftest.py': state.trace("rewriting conftest file: %r" % (fn,)) return True if self.session is not None: if self.session.isinitpath(fn): state.trace("matched test file (was specified on cmdline): %r" % (fn,)) return True # modules not passed explicitly on the command line are only # rewritten if they match the naming convention for test files for pat in self.fnpats: if fn_pypath.fnmatch(pat): state.trace("matched test file %r" % (fn,)) return True for marked in self._must_rewrite: if name.startswith(marked): state.trace("matched marked file %r (from %r)" % (name, marked)) return True return False def mark_rewrite(self, *names): """Mark import names as needing to be re-written. The named module or package as well as any nested modules will be re-written on import. """ already_imported = set(names).intersection(set(sys.modules)) if already_imported: for name in already_imported: if name not in self._rewritten_names: self._warn_already_imported(name) self._must_rewrite.update(names) def _warn_already_imported(self, name): self.config.warn( 'P1', 'Module already imported so can not be re-written: %s' % name) def load_module(self, name): # If there is an existing module object named 'fullname' in # sys.modules, the loader must use that existing module. (Otherwise, # the reload() builtin will not work correctly.) if name in sys.modules: return sys.modules[name] co, pyc = self.modules.pop(name) # I wish I could just call imp.load_compiled here, but __file__ has to # be set properly. In Python 3.2+, this all would be handled correctly # by load_compiled. mod = sys.modules[name] = imp.new_module(name) try: mod.__file__ = co.co_filename # Normally, this attribute is 3.2+. mod.__cached__ = pyc mod.__loader__ = self py.builtin.exec_(co, mod.__dict__) except: if name in sys.modules: del sys.modules[name] raise return sys.modules[name] def is_package(self, name): try: fd, fn, desc = imp.find_module(name) except ImportError: return False if fd is not None: fd.close() tp = desc[2] return tp == imp.PKG_DIRECTORY @classmethod def _register_with_pkg_resources(cls): """ Ensure package resources can be loaded from this loader. May be called multiple times, as the operation is idempotent. """ try: import pkg_resources # access an attribute in case a deferred importer is present pkg_resources.__name__ except ImportError: return # Since pytest tests are always located in the file system, the # DefaultProvider is appropriate. pkg_resources.register_loader_type(cls, pkg_resources.DefaultProvider) def get_data(self, pathname): """Optional PEP302 get_data API. """ with open(pathname, 'rb') as f: return f.read() def _write_pyc(state, co, source_stat, pyc): # Technically, we don't have to have the same pyc format as # (C)Python, since these "pycs" should never be seen by builtin # import. However, there's little reason deviate, and I hope # sometime to be able to use imp.load_compiled to load them. (See # the comment in load_module above.) try: fp = open(pyc, "wb") except IOError: err = sys.exc_info()[1].errno state.trace("error writing pyc file at %s: errno=%s" % (pyc, err)) # we ignore any failure to write the cache file # there are many reasons, permission-denied, __pycache__ being a # file etc. return False try: fp.write(imp.get_magic()) mtime = int(source_stat.mtime) size = source_stat.size & 0xFFFFFFFF fp.write(struct.pack(">", ast.Add: "+", ast.Sub: "-", ast.Mult: "*", ast.Div: "/", ast.FloorDiv: "//", ast.Mod: "%%", # escaped for string formatting ast.Eq: "==", ast.NotEq: "!=", ast.Lt: "<", ast.LtE: "<=", ast.Gt: ">", ast.GtE: ">=", ast.Pow: "**", ast.Is: "is", ast.IsNot: "is not", ast.In: "in", ast.NotIn: "not in" } # Python 3.5+ compatibility try: binop_map[ast.MatMult] = "@" except AttributeError: pass # Python 3.4+ compatibility if hasattr(ast, "NameConstant"): _NameConstant = ast.NameConstant else: def _NameConstant(c): return ast.Name(str(c), ast.Load()) def set_location(node, lineno, col_offset): """Set node location information recursively.""" def _fix(node, lineno, col_offset): if "lineno" in node._attributes: node.lineno = lineno if "col_offset" in node._attributes: node.col_offset = col_offset for child in ast.iter_child_nodes(node): _fix(child, lineno, col_offset) _fix(node, lineno, col_offset) return node class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor): """Assertion rewriting implementation. The main entrypoint is to call .run() with an ast.Module instance, this will then find all the assert statements and re-write them to provide intermediate values and a detailed assertion error. See http://pybites.blogspot.be/2011/07/behind-scenes-of-pytests-new-assertion.html for an overview of how this works. The entry point here is .run() which will iterate over all the statements in an ast.Module and for each ast.Assert statement it finds call .visit() with it. Then .visit_Assert() takes over and is responsible for creating new ast statements to replace the original assert statement: it re-writes the test of an assertion to provide intermediate values and replace it with an if statement which raises an assertion error with a detailed explanation in case the expression is false. For this .visit_Assert() uses the visitor pattern to visit all the AST nodes of the ast.Assert.test field, each visit call returning an AST node and the corresponding explanation string. During this state is kept in several instance attributes: :statements: All the AST statements which will replace the assert statement. :variables: This is populated by .variable() with each variable used by the statements so that they can all be set to None at the end of the statements. :variable_counter: Counter to create new unique variables needed by statements. Variables are created using .variable() and have the form of "@py_assert0". :on_failure: The AST statements which will be executed if the assertion test fails. This is the code which will construct the failure message and raises the AssertionError. :explanation_specifiers: A dict filled by .explanation_param() with %-formatting placeholders and their corresponding expressions to use in the building of an assertion message. This is used by .pop_format_context() to build a message. :stack: A stack of the explanation_specifiers dicts maintained by .push_format_context() and .pop_format_context() which allows to build another %-formatted string while already building one. This state is reset on every new assert statement visited and used by the other visitors. """ def __init__(self, module_path, config): super(AssertionRewriter, self).__init__() self.module_path = module_path self.config = config def run(self, mod): """Find all assert statements in *mod* and rewrite them.""" if not mod.body: # Nothing to do. return # Insert some special imports at the top of the module but after any # docstrings and __future__ imports. aliases = [ast.alias(py.builtin.builtins.__name__, "@py_builtins"), ast.alias("_pytest.assertion.rewrite", "@pytest_ar")] expect_docstring = True pos = 0 lineno = 0 for item in mod.body: if (expect_docstring and isinstance(item, ast.Expr) and isinstance(item.value, ast.Str)): doc = item.value.s if "PYTEST_DONT_REWRITE" in doc: # The module has disabled assertion rewriting. return lineno += len(doc) - 1 expect_docstring = False elif (not isinstance(item, ast.ImportFrom) or item.level > 0 or item.module != "__future__"): lineno = item.lineno break pos += 1 imports = [ast.Import([alias], lineno=lineno, col_offset=0) for alias in aliases] mod.body[pos:pos] = imports # Collect asserts. nodes = [mod] while nodes: node = nodes.pop() for name, field in ast.iter_fields(node): if isinstance(field, list): new = [] for i, child in enumerate(field): if isinstance(child, ast.Assert): # Transform assert. new.extend(self.visit(child)) else: new.append(child) if isinstance(child, ast.AST): nodes.append(child) setattr(node, name, new) elif (isinstance(field, ast.AST) and # Don't recurse into expressions as they can't contain # asserts. not isinstance(field, ast.expr)): nodes.append(field) def variable(self): """Get a new variable.""" # Use a character invalid in python identifiers to avoid clashing. name = "@py_assert" + str(next(self.variable_counter)) self.variables.append(name) return name def assign(self, expr): """Give *expr* a name.""" name = self.variable() self.statements.append(ast.Assign([ast.Name(name, ast.Store())], expr)) return ast.Name(name, ast.Load()) def display(self, expr): """Call py.io.saferepr on the expression.""" return self.helper("saferepr", expr) def helper(self, name, *args): """Call a helper in this module.""" py_name = ast.Name("@pytest_ar", ast.Load()) attr = ast.Attribute(py_name, "_" + name, ast.Load()) return ast_Call(attr, list(args), []) def builtin(self, name): """Return the builtin called *name*.""" builtin_name = ast.Name("@py_builtins", ast.Load()) return ast.Attribute(builtin_name, name, ast.Load()) def explanation_param(self, expr): """Return a new named %-formatting placeholder for expr. This creates a %-formatting placeholder for expr in the current formatting context, e.g. ``%(py0)s``. The placeholder and expr are placed in the current format context so that it can be used on the next call to .pop_format_context(). """ specifier = "py" + str(next(self.variable_counter)) self.explanation_specifiers[specifier] = expr return "%(" + specifier + ")s" def push_format_context(self): """Create a new formatting context. The format context is used for when an explanation wants to have a variable value formatted in the assertion message. In this case the value required can be added using .explanation_param(). Finally .pop_format_context() is used to format a string of %-formatted values as added by .explanation_param(). """ self.explanation_specifiers = {} self.stack.append(self.explanation_specifiers) def pop_format_context(self, expl_expr): """Format the %-formatted string with current format context. The expl_expr should be an ast.Str instance constructed from the %-placeholders created by .explanation_param(). This will add the required code to format said string to .on_failure and return the ast.Name instance of the formatted string. """ current = self.stack.pop() if self.stack: self.explanation_specifiers = self.stack[-1] keys = [ast.Str(key) for key in current.keys()] format_dict = ast.Dict(keys, list(current.values())) form = ast.BinOp(expl_expr, ast.Mod(), format_dict) name = "@py_format" + str(next(self.variable_counter)) self.on_failure.append(ast.Assign([ast.Name(name, ast.Store())], form)) return ast.Name(name, ast.Load()) def generic_visit(self, node): """Handle expressions we don't have custom code for.""" assert isinstance(node, ast.expr) res = self.assign(node) return res, self.explanation_param(self.display(res)) def visit_Assert(self, assert_): """Return the AST statements to replace the ast.Assert instance. This re-writes the test of an assertion to provide intermediate values and replace it with an if statement which raises an assertion error with a detailed explanation in case the expression is false. """ if isinstance(assert_.test, ast.Tuple) and self.config is not None: fslocation = (self.module_path, assert_.lineno) self.config.warn('R1', 'assertion is always true, perhaps ' 'remove parentheses?', fslocation=fslocation) self.statements = [] self.variables = [] self.variable_counter = itertools.count() self.stack = [] self.on_failure = [] self.push_format_context() # Rewrite assert into a bunch of statements. top_condition, explanation = self.visit(assert_.test) # Create failure message. body = self.on_failure negation = ast.UnaryOp(ast.Not(), top_condition) self.statements.append(ast.If(negation, body, [])) if assert_.msg: assertmsg = self.helper('format_assertmsg', assert_.msg) explanation = "\n>assert " + explanation else: assertmsg = ast.Str("") explanation = "assert " + explanation template = ast.BinOp(assertmsg, ast.Add(), ast.Str(explanation)) msg = self.pop_format_context(template) fmt = self.helper("format_explanation", msg) err_name = ast.Name("AssertionError", ast.Load()) exc = ast_Call(err_name, [fmt], []) if sys.version_info[0] >= 3: raise_ = ast.Raise(exc, None) else: raise_ = ast.Raise(exc, None, None) body.append(raise_) # Clear temporary variables by setting them to None. if self.variables: variables = [ast.Name(name, ast.Store()) for name in self.variables] clear = ast.Assign(variables, _NameConstant(None)) self.statements.append(clear) # Fix line numbers. for stmt in self.statements: set_location(stmt, assert_.lineno, assert_.col_offset) return self.statements def visit_Name(self, name): # Display the repr of the name if it's a local variable or # _should_repr_global_name() thinks it's acceptable. locs = ast_Call(self.builtin("locals"), [], []) inlocs = ast.Compare(ast.Str(name.id), [ast.In()], [locs]) dorepr = self.helper("should_repr_global_name", name) test = ast.BoolOp(ast.Or(), [inlocs, dorepr]) expr = ast.IfExp(test, self.display(name), ast.Str(name.id)) return name, self.explanation_param(expr) def visit_BoolOp(self, boolop): res_var = self.variable() expl_list = self.assign(ast.List([], ast.Load())) app = ast.Attribute(expl_list, "append", ast.Load()) is_or = int(isinstance(boolop.op, ast.Or)) body = save = self.statements fail_save = self.on_failure levels = len(boolop.values) - 1 self.push_format_context() # Process each operand, short-circuting if needed. for i, v in enumerate(boolop.values): if i: fail_inner = [] # cond is set in a prior loop iteration below self.on_failure.append(ast.If(cond, fail_inner, [])) # noqa self.on_failure = fail_inner self.push_format_context() res, expl = self.visit(v) body.append(ast.Assign([ast.Name(res_var, ast.Store())], res)) expl_format = self.pop_format_context(ast.Str(expl)) call = ast_Call(app, [expl_format], []) self.on_failure.append(ast.Expr(call)) if i < levels: cond = res if is_or: cond = ast.UnaryOp(ast.Not(), cond) inner = [] self.statements.append(ast.If(cond, inner, [])) self.statements = body = inner self.statements = save self.on_failure = fail_save expl_template = self.helper("format_boolop", expl_list, ast.Num(is_or)) expl = self.pop_format_context(expl_template) return ast.Name(res_var, ast.Load()), self.explanation_param(expl) def visit_UnaryOp(self, unary): pattern = unary_map[unary.op.__class__] operand_res, operand_expl = self.visit(unary.operand) res = self.assign(ast.UnaryOp(unary.op, operand_res)) return res, pattern % (operand_expl,) def visit_BinOp(self, binop): symbol = binop_map[binop.op.__class__] left_expr, left_expl = self.visit(binop.left) right_expr, right_expl = self.visit(binop.right) explanation = "(%s %s %s)" % (left_expl, symbol, right_expl) res = self.assign(ast.BinOp(left_expr, binop.op, right_expr)) return res, explanation def visit_Call_35(self, call): """ visit `ast.Call` nodes on Python3.5 and after """ new_func, func_expl = self.visit(call.func) arg_expls = [] new_args = [] new_kwargs = [] for arg in call.args: res, expl = self.visit(arg) arg_expls.append(expl) new_args.append(res) for keyword in call.keywords: res, expl = self.visit(keyword.value) new_kwargs.append(ast.keyword(keyword.arg, res)) if keyword.arg: arg_expls.append(keyword.arg + "=" + expl) else: # **args have `arg` keywords with an .arg of None arg_expls.append("**" + expl) expl = "%s(%s)" % (func_expl, ', '.join(arg_expls)) new_call = ast.Call(new_func, new_args, new_kwargs) res = self.assign(new_call) res_expl = self.explanation_param(self.display(res)) outer_expl = "%s\n{%s = %s\n}" % (res_expl, res_expl, expl) return res, outer_expl def visit_Starred(self, starred): # From Python 3.5, a Starred node can appear in a function call res, expl = self.visit(starred.value) return starred, '*' + expl def visit_Call_legacy(self, call): """ visit `ast.Call nodes on 3.4 and below` """ new_func, func_expl = self.visit(call.func) arg_expls = [] new_args = [] new_kwargs = [] new_star = new_kwarg = None for arg in call.args: res, expl = self.visit(arg) new_args.append(res) arg_expls.append(expl) for keyword in call.keywords: res, expl = self.visit(keyword.value) new_kwargs.append(ast.keyword(keyword.arg, res)) arg_expls.append(keyword.arg + "=" + expl) if call.starargs: new_star, expl = self.visit(call.starargs) arg_expls.append("*" + expl) if call.kwargs: new_kwarg, expl = self.visit(call.kwargs) arg_expls.append("**" + expl) expl = "%s(%s)" % (func_expl, ', '.join(arg_expls)) new_call = ast.Call(new_func, new_args, new_kwargs, new_star, new_kwarg) res = self.assign(new_call) res_expl = self.explanation_param(self.display(res)) outer_expl = "%s\n{%s = %s\n}" % (res_expl, res_expl, expl) return res, outer_expl # ast.Call signature changed on 3.5, # conditionally change which methods is named # visit_Call depending on Python version if sys.version_info >= (3, 5): visit_Call = visit_Call_35 else: visit_Call = visit_Call_legacy def visit_Attribute(self, attr): if not isinstance(attr.ctx, ast.Load): return self.generic_visit(attr) value, value_expl = self.visit(attr.value) res = self.assign(ast.Attribute(value, attr.attr, ast.Load())) res_expl = self.explanation_param(self.display(res)) pat = "%s\n{%s = %s.%s\n}" expl = pat % (res_expl, res_expl, value_expl, attr.attr) return res, expl def visit_Compare(self, comp): self.push_format_context() left_res, left_expl = self.visit(comp.left) if isinstance(comp.left, (_ast.Compare, _ast.BoolOp)): left_expl = "({0})".format(left_expl) res_variables = [self.variable() for i in range(len(comp.ops))] load_names = [ast.Name(v, ast.Load()) for v in res_variables] store_names = [ast.Name(v, ast.Store()) for v in res_variables] it = zip(range(len(comp.ops)), comp.ops, comp.comparators) expls = [] syms = [] results = [left_res] for i, op, next_operand in it: next_res, next_expl = self.visit(next_operand) if isinstance(next_operand, (_ast.Compare, _ast.BoolOp)): next_expl = "({0})".format(next_expl) results.append(next_res) sym = binop_map[op.__class__] syms.append(ast.Str(sym)) expl = "%s %s %s" % (left_expl, sym, next_expl) expls.append(ast.Str(expl)) res_expr = ast.Compare(left_res, [op], [next_res]) self.statements.append(ast.Assign([store_names[i]], res_expr)) left_res, left_expl = next_res, next_expl # Use pytest.assertion.util._reprcompare if that's available. expl_call = self.helper("call_reprcompare", ast.Tuple(syms, ast.Load()), ast.Tuple(load_names, ast.Load()), ast.Tuple(expls, ast.Load()), ast.Tuple(results, ast.Load())) if len(comp.ops) > 1: res = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), load_names) else: res = load_names[0] return res, self.explanation_param(self.pop_format_context(expl_call))