django/tests/migrations/test_commands.py

import datetime
import importlib
import io
import os
import sys
from unittest import mock

from django.apps import apps
from django.core.management import CommandError, call_command
from django.db import (
    ConnectionHandler, DatabaseError, connection, connections, models,
)
from django.db.backends.base.schema import BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor
from django.db.backends.utils import truncate_name
from django.db.migrations.exceptions import InconsistentMigrationHistory
from django.db.migrations.recorder import MigrationRecorder
from django.test import TestCase, override_settings, skipUnlessDBFeature

from .models import UnicodeModel, UnserializableModel
from .routers import TestRouter
from .test_base import MigrationTestBase


class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
    """
    Tests running the migrate command.
    """
    databases = {'default', 'other'}

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
    def test_migrate(self):
        """
        Tests basic usage of the migrate command.
        """
        # No tables are created
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
        # Run the migrations to 0001 only
        stdout = io.StringIO()
        call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0001', verbosity=1, stdout=stdout, no_color=True)
        stdout = stdout.getvalue()
        self.assertIn('Target specific migration: 0001_initial, from migrations', stdout)
        self.assertIn('Applying migrations.0001_initial... OK', stdout)
        # The correct tables exist
        self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
        self.assertTableExists("migrations_tribble")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
        # Run migrations all the way
        call_command("migrate", verbosity=0)
        # The correct tables exist
        self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
        self.assertTableExists("migrations_book")
        # Unmigrate everything
        stdout = io.StringIO()
        call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', verbosity=1, stdout=stdout, no_color=True)
        stdout = stdout.getvalue()
        self.assertIn('Unapply all migrations: migrations', stdout)
        self.assertIn('Unapplying migrations.0002_second... OK', stdout)
        # Tables are gone
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")

    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
        'django.contrib.auth',
        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app',
    ])
    def test_migrate_with_system_checks(self):
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command('migrate', skip_checks=False, no_color=True, stdout=out)
        self.assertIn('Apply all migrations: migrated_app', out.getvalue())

    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations', 'migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app_syncdb'])
    def test_app_without_migrations(self):
        msg = "App 'unmigrated_app_syncdb' does not have migrations."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
            call_command('migrate', app_label='unmigrated_app_syncdb')

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_clashing_prefix'})
    def test_ambiguous_prefix(self):
        msg = (
            "More than one migration matches 'a' in app 'migrations'. Please "
            "be more specific."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
            call_command('migrate', app_label='migrations', migration_name='a')

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations'})
    def test_unknown_prefix(self):
        msg = "Cannot find a migration matching 'nonexistent' from app 'migrations'."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
            call_command('migrate', app_label='migrations', migration_name='nonexistent')

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_initial_false"})
    def test_migrate_initial_false(self):
        """
        `Migration.initial = False` skips fake-initial detection.
        """
        # Make sure no tables are created
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
        # Run the migrations to 0001 only
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", verbosity=0)
        # Fake rollback
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0)
        # Make sure fake-initial detection does not run
        with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", fake_initial=True, verbosity=0)

        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", fake=True, verbosity=0)
        # Real rollback
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
        # Make sure it's all gone
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")

    @override_settings(
        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"},
        DATABASE_ROUTERS=['migrations.routers.TestRouter'],
    )
    def test_migrate_fake_initial(self):
        """
        --fake-initial only works if all tables created in the initial
        migration of an app exists. Database routers must be obeyed when doing
        that check.
        """
        # Make sure no tables are created
        for db in self.databases:
            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author", using=db)
            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble", using=db)
        # Run the migrations to 0001 only
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", verbosity=0)
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", verbosity=0, database="other")
        # Make sure the right tables exist
        self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
        # Also check the "other" database
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author", using="other")
        self.assertTableExists("migrations_tribble", using="other")

        # Fake a roll-back
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0)
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0, database="other")
        # Make sure the tables still exist
        self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
        self.assertTableExists("migrations_tribble", using="other")
        # Try to run initial migration
        with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", verbosity=0)
        # Run initial migration with an explicit --fake-initial
        out = io.StringIO()
        with mock.patch('django.core.management.color.supports_color', lambda *args: False):
            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", fake_initial=True, stdout=out, verbosity=1)
            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", fake_initial=True, verbosity=0, database="other")
        self.assertIn(
            "migrations.0001_initial... faked",
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )
        # Run migrations all the way
        call_command("migrate", verbosity=0)
        call_command("migrate", verbosity=0, database="other")
        # Make sure the right tables exist
        self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
        self.assertTableExists("migrations_book")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author", using="other")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble", using="other")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book", using="other")
        # Fake a roll-back
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0)
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0, database="other")
        # Make sure the tables still exist
        self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
        self.assertTableExists("migrations_book")
        # Try to run initial migration
        with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
            call_command("migrate", "migrations", verbosity=0)
        # Run initial migration with an explicit --fake-initial
        with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
            # Fails because "migrations_tribble" does not exist but needs to in
            # order to make --fake-initial work.
            call_command("migrate", "migrations", fake_initial=True, verbosity=0)
        # Fake an apply
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", fake=True, verbosity=0)
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", fake=True, verbosity=0, database="other")
        # Unmigrate everything
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0, database="other")
        # Make sure it's all gone
        for db in self.databases:
            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author", using=db)
            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble", using=db)
            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book", using=db)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('ignores_table_name_case')
    def test_migrate_fake_initial_case_insensitive(self):
        with override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
            'migrations': 'migrations.test_fake_initial_case_insensitive.initial',
        }):
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0001', verbosity=0)
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', fake=True, verbosity=0)

        with override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
            'migrations': 'migrations.test_fake_initial_case_insensitive.fake_initial',
        }):
            out = io.StringIO()
            call_command(
                'migrate',
                'migrations',
                '0001',
                fake_initial=True,
                stdout=out,
                verbosity=1,
                no_color=True,
            )
            self.assertIn(
                'migrations.0001_initial... faked',
                out.getvalue().lower(),
            )

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_fake_split_initial"})
    def test_migrate_fake_split_initial(self):
        """
        Split initial migrations can be faked with --fake-initial.
        """
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0002", verbosity=0)
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0)
        out = io.StringIO()
        with mock.patch('django.core.management.color.supports_color', lambda *args: False):
            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0002", fake_initial=True, stdout=out, verbosity=1)
        value = out.getvalue().lower()
        self.assertIn("migrations.0001_initial... faked", value)
        self.assertIn("migrations.0002_second... faked", value)
        # Fake an apply
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", fake=True, verbosity=0)
        # Unmigrate everything
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_conflict"})
    def test_migrate_conflict_exit(self):
        """
        migrate exits if it detects a conflict.
        """
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "Conflicting migrations detected"):
            call_command("migrate", "migrations")

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
    def test_showmigrations_list(self):
        """
        showmigrations --list  displays migrations and whether or not they're
        applied.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with mock.patch('django.core.management.color.supports_color', lambda *args: True):
            call_command("showmigrations", format='list', stdout=out, verbosity=0, no_color=False)
        self.assertEqual(
            '\x1b[1mmigrations\n\x1b[0m'
            ' [ ] 0001_initial\n'
            ' [ ] 0002_second\n',
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )

        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", verbosity=0)

        out = io.StringIO()
        # Giving the explicit app_label tests for selective `show_list` in the command
        call_command("showmigrations", "migrations", format='list', stdout=out, verbosity=0, no_color=True)
        self.assertEqual(
            'migrations\n'
            ' [x] 0001_initial\n'
            ' [ ] 0002_second\n',
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )
        out = io.StringIO()
        # Applied datetimes are displayed at verbosity 2+.
        call_command('showmigrations', 'migrations', stdout=out, verbosity=2, no_color=True)
        migration1 = MigrationRecorder(connection).migration_qs.get(app='migrations', name='0001_initial')
        self.assertEqual(
            'migrations\n'
            ' [x] 0001_initial (applied at %s)\n'
            ' [ ] 0002_second\n' % migration1.applied.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )
        # Cleanup by unmigrating everything
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_run_before"})
    def test_showmigrations_plan(self):
        """
        Tests --plan output of showmigrations command
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out)
        self.assertEqual(
            "[ ]  migrations.0001_initial\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.0003_third\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.0002_second\n",
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )

        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out, verbosity=2)
        self.assertEqual(
            "[ ]  migrations.0001_initial\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.0003_third ... (migrations.0001_initial)\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.0002_second ... (migrations.0001_initial, migrations.0003_third)\n",
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0003", verbosity=0)

        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out)
        self.assertEqual(
            "[x]  migrations.0001_initial\n"
            "[x]  migrations.0003_third\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.0002_second\n",
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )

        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out, verbosity=2)
        self.assertEqual(
            "[x]  migrations.0001_initial\n"
            "[x]  migrations.0003_third ... (migrations.0001_initial)\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.0002_second ... (migrations.0001_initial, migrations.0003_third)\n",
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )

        # Cleanup by unmigrating everything
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_plan'})
    def test_migrate_plan(self):
        """Tests migrate --plan output."""
        out = io.StringIO()
        # Show the plan up to the third migration.
        call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0003', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
        self.assertEqual(
            'Planned operations:\n'
            'migrations.0001_initial\n'
            '    Create model Salamander\n'
            '    Raw Python operation -> Grow salamander tail.\n'
            'migrations.0002_second\n'
            '    Create model Book\n'
            "    Raw SQL operation -> ['SELECT * FROM migrations_book']\n"
            'migrations.0003_third\n'
            '    Create model Author\n'
            "    Raw SQL operation -> ['SELECT * FROM migrations_author']\n",
            out.getvalue()
        )
        try:
            # Migrate to the third migration.
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0003', verbosity=0)
            out = io.StringIO()
            # Show the plan for when there is nothing to apply.
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0003', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
            self.assertEqual(
                'Planned operations:\n'
                '  No planned migration operations.\n',
                out.getvalue()
            )
            out = io.StringIO()
            # Show the plan for reverse migration back to 0001.
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0001', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
            self.assertEqual(
                'Planned operations:\n'
                'migrations.0003_third\n'
                '    Undo Create model Author\n'
                "    Raw SQL operation -> ['SELECT * FROM migrations_book']\n"
                'migrations.0002_second\n'
                '    Undo Create model Book\n'
                "    Raw SQL operation -> ['SELECT * FROM migrations_salamand…\n",
                out.getvalue()
            )
            out = io.StringIO()
            # Show the migration plan to fourth, with truncated details.
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0004', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
            self.assertEqual(
                'Planned operations:\n'
                'migrations.0004_fourth\n'
                '    Raw SQL operation -> SELECT * FROM migrations_author WHE…\n',
                out.getvalue()
            )
            # Show the plan when an operation is irreversible.
            # Migrate to the fourth migration.
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0004', verbosity=0)
            out = io.StringIO()
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0003', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
            self.assertEqual(
                'Planned operations:\n'
                'migrations.0004_fourth\n'
                '    Raw SQL operation -> IRREVERSIBLE\n',
                out.getvalue()
            )
            out = io.StringIO()
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0005', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
            # Operation is marked as irreversible only in the revert plan.
            self.assertEqual(
                'Planned operations:\n'
                'migrations.0005_fifth\n'
                '    Raw Python operation\n'
                '    Raw Python operation\n'
                '    Raw Python operation -> Feed salamander.\n',
                out.getvalue()
            )
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0005', verbosity=0)
            out = io.StringIO()
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0004', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
            self.assertEqual(
                'Planned operations:\n'
                'migrations.0005_fifth\n'
                '    Raw Python operation -> IRREVERSIBLE\n'
                '    Raw Python operation -> IRREVERSIBLE\n'
                '    Raw Python operation\n',
                out.getvalue()
            )
        finally:
            # Cleanup by unmigrating everything: fake the irreversible, then
            # migrate all to zero.
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0003', fake=True, verbosity=0)
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', verbosity=0)

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_empty'})
    def test_showmigrations_no_migrations(self):
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command('showmigrations', stdout=out, no_color=True)
        self.assertEqual('migrations\n (no migrations)\n', out.getvalue().lower())

    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app'])
    def test_showmigrations_unmigrated_app(self):
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command('showmigrations', 'unmigrated_app', stdout=out, no_color=True)
        self.assertEqual('unmigrated_app\n (no migrations)\n', out.getvalue().lower())

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_empty"})
    def test_showmigrations_plan_no_migrations(self):
        """
        Tests --plan output of showmigrations command without migrations
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command('showmigrations', format='plan', stdout=out, no_color=True)
        self.assertEqual('(no migrations)\n', out.getvalue().lower())

        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command('showmigrations', format='plan', stdout=out, verbosity=2, no_color=True)
        self.assertEqual('(no migrations)\n', out.getvalue().lower())

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex"})
    def test_showmigrations_plan_squashed(self):
        """
        Tests --plan output of showmigrations command with squashed migrations.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out)
        self.assertEqual(
            "[ ]  migrations.1_auto\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.2_auto\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.3_squashed_5\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.6_auto\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.7_auto\n",
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )

        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out, verbosity=2)
        self.assertEqual(
            "[ ]  migrations.1_auto\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.2_auto ... (migrations.1_auto)\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.3_squashed_5 ... (migrations.2_auto)\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.6_auto ... (migrations.3_squashed_5)\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.7_auto ... (migrations.6_auto)\n",
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )

        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "3_squashed_5", verbosity=0)

        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out)
        self.assertEqual(
            "[x]  migrations.1_auto\n"
            "[x]  migrations.2_auto\n"
            "[x]  migrations.3_squashed_5\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.6_auto\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.7_auto\n",
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )

        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out, verbosity=2)
        self.assertEqual(
            "[x]  migrations.1_auto\n"
            "[x]  migrations.2_auto ... (migrations.1_auto)\n"
            "[x]  migrations.3_squashed_5 ... (migrations.2_auto)\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.6_auto ... (migrations.3_squashed_5)\n"
            "[ ]  migrations.7_auto ... (migrations.6_auto)\n",
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )

    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.mutate_state_b',
        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.alter_fk.author_app',
        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.alter_fk.book_app',
    ])
    def test_showmigrations_plan_single_app_label(self):
        """
        `showmigrations --plan app_label` output with a single app_label.
        """
        # Single app with no dependencies on other apps.
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command('showmigrations', 'mutate_state_b', format='plan', stdout=out)
        self.assertEqual(
            '[ ]  mutate_state_b.0001_initial\n'
            '[ ]  mutate_state_b.0002_add_field\n',
            out.getvalue()
        )
        # Single app with dependencies.
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command('showmigrations', 'author_app', format='plan', stdout=out)
        self.assertEqual(
            '[ ]  author_app.0001_initial\n'
            '[ ]  book_app.0001_initial\n'
            '[ ]  author_app.0002_alter_id\n',
            out.getvalue()
        )
        # Some migrations already applied.
        call_command('migrate', 'author_app', '0001', verbosity=0)
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command('showmigrations', 'author_app', format='plan', stdout=out)
        self.assertEqual(
            '[X]  author_app.0001_initial\n'
            '[ ]  book_app.0001_initial\n'
            '[ ]  author_app.0002_alter_id\n',
            out.getvalue()
        )
        # Cleanup by unmigrating author_app.
        call_command('migrate', 'author_app', 'zero', verbosity=0)

    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.mutate_state_b',
        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.alter_fk.author_app',
        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.alter_fk.book_app',
    ])
    def test_showmigrations_plan_multiple_app_labels(self):
        """
        `showmigrations --plan app_label` output with multiple app_labels.
        """
        # Multiple apps: author_app depends on book_app; mutate_state_b doesn't
        # depend on other apps.
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command('showmigrations', 'mutate_state_b', 'author_app', format='plan', stdout=out)
        self.assertEqual(
            '[ ]  author_app.0001_initial\n'
            '[ ]  book_app.0001_initial\n'
            '[ ]  author_app.0002_alter_id\n'
            '[ ]  mutate_state_b.0001_initial\n'
            '[ ]  mutate_state_b.0002_add_field\n',
            out.getvalue()
        )
        # Multiple apps: args order shouldn't matter (the same result is
        # expected as above).
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command('showmigrations', 'author_app', 'mutate_state_b', format='plan', stdout=out)
        self.assertEqual(
            '[ ]  author_app.0001_initial\n'
            '[ ]  book_app.0001_initial\n'
            '[ ]  author_app.0002_alter_id\n'
            '[ ]  mutate_state_b.0001_initial\n'
            '[ ]  mutate_state_b.0002_add_field\n',
            out.getvalue()
        )

    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app'])
    def test_showmigrations_plan_app_label_no_migrations(self):
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command('showmigrations', 'unmigrated_app', format='plan', stdout=out, no_color=True)
        self.assertEqual('(no migrations)\n', out.getvalue())

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
    def test_sqlmigrate_forwards(self):
        """
        sqlmigrate outputs forward looking SQL.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("sqlmigrate", "migrations", "0001", stdout=out)
        output = out.getvalue().lower()

        index_tx_start = output.find(connection.ops.start_transaction_sql().lower())
        index_op_desc_author = output.find('-- create model author')
        index_create_table = output.find('create table')
        index_op_desc_tribble = output.find('-- create model tribble')
        index_op_desc_unique_together = output.find('-- alter unique_together')
        index_tx_end = output.find(connection.ops.end_transaction_sql().lower())

        if connection.features.can_rollback_ddl:
            self.assertGreater(index_tx_start, -1, "Transaction start not found")
            self.assertGreater(
                index_tx_end, index_op_desc_unique_together,
                "Transaction end not found or found before operation description (unique_together)"
            )

        self.assertGreater(
            index_op_desc_author, index_tx_start,
            "Operation description (author) not found or found before transaction start"
        )
        self.assertGreater(
            index_create_table, index_op_desc_author,
            "CREATE TABLE not found or found before operation description (author)"
        )
        self.assertGreater(
            index_op_desc_tribble, index_create_table,
            "Operation description (tribble) not found or found before CREATE TABLE (author)"
        )
        self.assertGreater(
            index_op_desc_unique_together, index_op_desc_tribble,
            "Operation description (unique_together) not found or found before operation description (tribble)"
        )

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
    def test_sqlmigrate_backwards(self):
        """
        sqlmigrate outputs reverse looking SQL.
        """
        # Cannot generate the reverse SQL unless we've applied the migration.
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", verbosity=0)

        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("sqlmigrate", "migrations", "0001", stdout=out, backwards=True)
        output = out.getvalue().lower()

        index_tx_start = output.find(connection.ops.start_transaction_sql().lower())
        index_op_desc_unique_together = output.find('-- alter unique_together')
        index_op_desc_tribble = output.find('-- create model tribble')
        index_op_desc_author = output.find('-- create model author')
        index_drop_table = output.rfind('drop table')
        index_tx_end = output.find(connection.ops.end_transaction_sql().lower())

        if connection.features.can_rollback_ddl:
            self.assertGreater(index_tx_start, -1, "Transaction start not found")
            self.assertGreater(
                index_tx_end, index_op_desc_unique_together,
                "Transaction end not found or found before DROP TABLE"
            )
        self.assertGreater(
            index_op_desc_unique_together, index_tx_start,
            "Operation description (unique_together) not found or found before transaction start"
        )
        self.assertGreater(
            index_op_desc_tribble, index_op_desc_unique_together,
            "Operation description (tribble) not found or found before operation description (unique_together)"
        )
        self.assertGreater(
            index_op_desc_author, index_op_desc_tribble,
            "Operation description (author) not found or found before operation description (tribble)"
        )

        self.assertGreater(
            index_drop_table, index_op_desc_author,
            "DROP TABLE not found or found before operation description (author)"
        )

        # Cleanup by unmigrating everything
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_non_atomic"})
    def test_sqlmigrate_for_non_atomic_migration(self):
        """
        Transaction wrappers aren't shown for non-atomic migrations.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("sqlmigrate", "migrations", "0001", stdout=out)
        output = out.getvalue().lower()
        queries = [q.strip() for q in output.splitlines()]
        if connection.ops.start_transaction_sql():
            self.assertNotIn(connection.ops.start_transaction_sql().lower(), queries)
        self.assertNotIn(connection.ops.end_transaction_sql().lower(), queries)

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations'})
    def test_sqlmigrate_for_non_transactional_databases(self):
        """
        Transaction wrappers aren't shown for databases that don't support
        transactional DDL.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with mock.patch.object(connection.features, 'can_rollback_ddl', False):
            call_command('sqlmigrate', 'migrations', '0001', stdout=out)
        output = out.getvalue().lower()
        queries = [q.strip() for q in output.splitlines()]
        start_transaction_sql = connection.ops.start_transaction_sql()
        if start_transaction_sql:
            self.assertNotIn(start_transaction_sql.lower(), queries)
        self.assertNotIn(connection.ops.end_transaction_sql().lower(), queries)

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_no_operations'})
    def test_migrations_no_operations(self):
        err = io.StringIO()
        call_command('sqlmigrate', 'migrations', '0001_initial', stderr=err)
        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), 'No operations found.\n')

    @override_settings(
        INSTALLED_APPS=[
            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app",
            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_unapplied_app",
            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app",
        ],
    )
    def test_regression_22823_unmigrated_fk_to_migrated_model(self):
        """
        Assuming you have 3 apps, `A`, `B`, and `C`, such that:

        * `A` has migrations
        * `B` has a migration we want to apply
        * `C` has no migrations, but has an FK to `A`

        When we try to migrate "B", an exception occurs because the
        "B" was not included in the ProjectState that is used to detect
        soft-applied migrations (#22823).
        """
        call_command("migrate", "migrated_unapplied_app", stdout=io.StringIO())

        # unmigrated_app.SillyModel has a foreign key to 'migrations.Tribble',
        # but that model is only defined in a migration, so the global app
        # registry never sees it and the reference is left dangling. Remove it
        # to avoid problems in subsequent tests.
        del apps._pending_operations[('migrations', 'tribble')]

    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app_syncdb'])
    def test_migrate_syncdb_deferred_sql_executed_with_schemaeditor(self):
        """
        For an app without migrations, editor.execute() is used for executing
        the syncdb deferred SQL.
        """
        stdout = io.StringIO()
        with mock.patch.object(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor, 'execute') as execute:
            call_command('migrate', run_syncdb=True, verbosity=1, stdout=stdout, no_color=True)
            create_table_count = len([call for call in execute.mock_calls if 'CREATE TABLE' in str(call)])
            self.assertEqual(create_table_count, 2)
            # There's at least one deferred SQL for creating the foreign key
            # index.
            self.assertGreater(len(execute.mock_calls), 2)
        stdout = stdout.getvalue()
        self.assertIn('Synchronize unmigrated apps: unmigrated_app_syncdb', stdout)
        self.assertIn('Creating tables...', stdout)
        table_name = truncate_name('unmigrated_app_syncdb_classroom', connection.ops.max_name_length())
        self.assertIn('Creating table %s' % table_name, stdout)

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations'})
    def test_migrate_syncdb_app_with_migrations(self):
        msg = "Can't use run_syncdb with app 'migrations' as it has migrations."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', run_syncdb=True, verbosity=0)

    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app_syncdb',
        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app_simple',
    ])
    def test_migrate_syncdb_app_label(self):
        """
        Running migrate --run-syncdb with an app_label only creates tables for
        the specified app.
        """
        stdout = io.StringIO()
        with mock.patch.object(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor, 'execute') as execute:
            call_command('migrate', 'unmigrated_app_syncdb', run_syncdb=True, stdout=stdout)
            create_table_count = len([call for call in execute.mock_calls if 'CREATE TABLE' in str(call)])
            self.assertEqual(create_table_count, 2)
            self.assertGreater(len(execute.mock_calls), 2)
            self.assertIn('Synchronize unmigrated app: unmigrated_app_syncdb', stdout.getvalue())

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"})
    def test_migrate_record_replaced(self):
        """
        Running a single squashed migration should record all of the original
        replaced migrations as run.
        """
        recorder = MigrationRecorder(connection)
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", verbosity=0)
        call_command("showmigrations", "migrations", stdout=out, no_color=True)
        self.assertEqual(
            'migrations\n'
            ' [x] 0001_squashed_0002 (2 squashed migrations)\n',
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )
        applied_migrations = recorder.applied_migrations()
        self.assertIn(("migrations", "0001_initial"), applied_migrations)
        self.assertIn(("migrations", "0002_second"), applied_migrations)
        self.assertIn(("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002"), applied_migrations)
        # Rollback changes
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"})
    def test_migrate_record_squashed(self):
        """
        Running migrate for a squashed migration should record as run
        if all of the replaced migrations have been run (#25231).
        """
        recorder = MigrationRecorder(connection)
        recorder.record_applied("migrations", "0001_initial")
        recorder.record_applied("migrations", "0002_second")
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("migrate", "migrations", verbosity=0)
        call_command("showmigrations", "migrations", stdout=out, no_color=True)
        self.assertEqual(
            'migrations\n'
            ' [x] 0001_squashed_0002 (2 squashed migrations)\n',
            out.getvalue().lower()
        )
        self.assertIn(
            ("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002"),
            recorder.applied_migrations()
        )
        # No changes were actually applied so there is nothing to rollback

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations'})
    def test_migrate_inconsistent_history(self):
        """
        Running migrate with some migrations applied before their dependencies
        should not be allowed.
        """
        recorder = MigrationRecorder(connection)
        recorder.record_applied("migrations", "0002_second")
        msg = "Migration migrations.0002_second is applied before its dependency migrations.0001_initial"
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(InconsistentMigrationHistory, msg):
            call_command("migrate")
        applied_migrations = recorder.applied_migrations()
        self.assertNotIn(("migrations", "0001_initial"), applied_migrations)


class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
    """
    Tests running the makemigrations command.
    """

    def setUp(self):
        super().setUp()
        self._old_models = apps.app_configs['migrations'].models.copy()

    def tearDown(self):
        apps.app_configs['migrations'].models = self._old_models
        apps.all_models['migrations'] = self._old_models
        apps.clear_cache()
        super().tearDown()

    def test_files_content(self):
        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_unicodemodel")
        apps.register_model('migrations', UnicodeModel)
        with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", verbosity=0)

            # Check for empty __init__.py file in migrations folder
            init_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "__init__.py")
            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(init_file))

            with open(init_file) as fp:
                content = fp.read()
            self.assertEqual(content, '')

            # Check for existing 0001_initial.py file in migration folder
            initial_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py")
            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(initial_file))

            with open(initial_file, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
                content = fp.read()
                self.assertIn('migrations.CreateModel', content)
                self.assertIn('initial = True', content)

                self.assertIn('úñí©óðé µóðéø', content)  # Meta.verbose_name
                self.assertIn('úñí©óðé µóðéøß', content)  # Meta.verbose_name_plural
                self.assertIn('ÚÑÍ¢ÓÐÉ', content)  # title.verbose_name
                self.assertIn('“Ðjáñgó”', content)  # title.default

    def test_makemigrations_order(self):
        """
        makemigrations should recognize number-only migrations (0001.py).
        """
        module = 'migrations.test_migrations_order'
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module=module) as migration_dir:
            if hasattr(importlib, 'invalidate_caches'):
                # importlib caches os.listdir() on some platforms like macOS
                # (#23850).
                importlib.invalidate_caches()
            call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', '--empty', '-n', 'a', '-v', '0')
            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(migration_dir, '0002_a.py')))

    def test_makemigrations_empty_connections(self):
        empty_connections = ConnectionHandler({'default': {}})
        with mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.makemigrations.connections', new=empty_connections):
            # with no apps
            out = io.StringIO()
            call_command('makemigrations', stdout=out)
            self.assertIn('No changes detected', out.getvalue())
            # with an app
            with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
                call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', verbosity=0)
                init_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '__init__.py')
                self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(init_file))

    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations', 'migrations2'])
    def test_makemigrations_consistency_checks_respect_routers(self):
        """
        The history consistency checks in makemigrations respect
        settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS.
        """
        def patched_has_table(migration_recorder):
            if migration_recorder.connection is connections['other']:
                raise Exception('Other connection')
            else:
                return mock.DEFAULT

        self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_unicodemodel')
        apps.register_model('migrations', UnicodeModel)
        with mock.patch.object(
                MigrationRecorder, 'has_table',
                autospec=True, side_effect=patched_has_table) as has_table:
            with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", verbosity=0)
                initial_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py")
                self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(initial_file))
                self.assertEqual(has_table.call_count, 1)  # 'default' is checked

                # Router says not to migrate 'other' so consistency shouldn't
                # be checked.
                with self.settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=['migrations.routers.TestRouter']):
                    call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', verbosity=0)
                self.assertEqual(has_table.call_count, 2)  # 'default' again

                # With a router that doesn't prohibit migrating 'other',
                # consistency is checked.
                with self.settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=['migrations.routers.DefaultOtherRouter']):
                    with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, 'Other connection'):
                        call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', verbosity=0)
                self.assertEqual(has_table.call_count, 4)  # 'default' and 'other'

                # With a router that doesn't allow migrating on any database,
                # no consistency checks are made.
                with self.settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=['migrations.routers.TestRouter']):
                    with mock.patch.object(TestRouter, 'allow_migrate', return_value=False) as allow_migrate:
                        call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', verbosity=0)
                allow_migrate.assert_any_call('other', 'migrations', model_name='UnicodeModel')
                # allow_migrate() is called with the correct arguments.
                self.assertGreater(len(allow_migrate.mock_calls), 0)
                called_aliases = set()
                for mock_call in allow_migrate.mock_calls:
                    _, call_args, call_kwargs = mock_call
                    connection_alias, app_name = call_args
                    called_aliases.add(connection_alias)
                    # Raises an error if invalid app_name/model_name occurs.
                    apps.get_app_config(app_name).get_model(call_kwargs['model_name'])
                self.assertEqual(called_aliases, set(connections))
                self.assertEqual(has_table.call_count, 4)

    def test_failing_migration(self):
        # If a migration fails to serialize, it shouldn't generate an empty file. #21280
        apps.register_model('migrations', UnserializableModel)

        with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Cannot serialize'):
                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", verbosity=0)

            initial_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py")
            self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(initial_file))

    def test_makemigrations_conflict_exit(self):
        """
        makemigrations exits if it detects a conflict.
        """
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict"):
            with self.assertRaises(CommandError) as context:
                call_command("makemigrations")
        exception_message = str(context.exception)
        self.assertIn(
            'Conflicting migrations detected; multiple leaf nodes '
            'in the migration graph:',
            exception_message
        )
        self.assertIn('0002_second', exception_message)
        self.assertIn('0002_conflicting_second', exception_message)
        self.assertIn('in migrations', exception_message)
        self.assertIn("To fix them run 'python manage.py makemigrations --merge'", exception_message)

    def test_makemigrations_merge_no_conflict(self):
        """
        makemigrations exits if in merge mode with no conflicts.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
            call_command("makemigrations", merge=True, stdout=out)
        self.assertIn("No conflicts detected to merge.", out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_empty_no_app_specified(self):
        """
        makemigrations exits if no app is specified with 'empty' mode.
        """
        msg = 'You must supply at least one app label when using --empty.'
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
            call_command("makemigrations", empty=True)

    def test_makemigrations_empty_migration(self):
        """
        makemigrations properly constructs an empty migration.
        """
        with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", empty=True, verbosity=0)

            # Check for existing 0001_initial.py file in migration folder
            initial_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py")
            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(initial_file))

            with open(initial_file, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
                content = fp.read()

                # Remove all whitespace to check for empty dependencies and operations
                content = content.replace(' ', '')
                self.assertIn('dependencies=[\n]', content)
                self.assertIn('operations=[\n]', content)

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": None})
    def test_makemigrations_disabled_migrations_for_app(self):
        """
        makemigrations raises a nice error when migrations are disabled for an
        app.
        """
        msg = (
            "Django can't create migrations for app 'migrations' because migrations "
            "have been disabled via the MIGRATION_MODULES setting."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", empty=True, verbosity=0)

    def test_makemigrations_no_changes_no_apps(self):
        """
        makemigrations exits when there are no changes and no apps are specified.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        call_command("makemigrations", stdout=out)
        self.assertIn("No changes detected", out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_no_changes(self):
        """
        makemigrations exits when there are no changes to an app.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"):
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", stdout=out)
        self.assertIn("No changes detected in app 'migrations'", out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_no_apps_initial(self):
        """
        makemigrations should detect initial is needed on empty migration
        modules if no app provided.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_empty"):
            call_command("makemigrations", stdout=out)
        self.assertIn("0001_initial.py", out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_no_init(self):
        """Migration directories without an __init__.py file are allowed."""
        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations_no_init'):
            call_command('makemigrations', stdout=out)
        self.assertIn('0001_initial.py', out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_migrations_announce(self):
        """
        makemigrations announces the migration at the default verbosity level.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module():
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", stdout=out)
        self.assertIn("Migrations for 'migrations'", out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_no_common_ancestor(self):
        """
        makemigrations fails to merge migrations with no common ancestor.
        """
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as context:
            with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_ancestor"):
                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", merge=True)
        exception_message = str(context.exception)
        self.assertIn("Could not find common ancestor of", exception_message)
        self.assertIn("0002_second", exception_message)
        self.assertIn("0002_conflicting_second", exception_message)

    def test_makemigrations_interactive_reject(self):
        """
        makemigrations enters and exits interactive mode properly.
        """
        # Monkeypatch interactive questioner to auto reject
        with mock.patch('builtins.input', mock.Mock(return_value='N')):
            with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", name="merge", merge=True, interactive=True, verbosity=0)
                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
                self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(merge_file))

    def test_makemigrations_interactive_accept(self):
        """
        makemigrations enters interactive mode and merges properly.
        """
        # Monkeypatch interactive questioner to auto accept
        with mock.patch('builtins.input', mock.Mock(return_value='y')):
            out = io.StringIO()
            with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", name="merge", merge=True, interactive=True, stdout=out)
                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
                self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(merge_file))
            self.assertIn("Created new merge migration", out.getvalue())

    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.utils.datetime')
    def test_makemigrations_default_merge_name(self, mock_datetime):
        mock_datetime.datetime.now.return_value = datetime.datetime(2016, 1, 2, 3, 4)
        with mock.patch('builtins.input', mock.Mock(return_value='y')):
            out = io.StringIO()
            with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", merge=True, interactive=True, stdout=out)
                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge_20160102_0304.py')
                self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(merge_file))
            self.assertIn("Created new merge migration", out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_non_interactive_not_null_addition(self):
        """
        Non-interactive makemigrations fails when a default is missing on a
        new not-null field.
        """
        class SillyModel(models.Model):
            silly_field = models.BooleanField(default=False)
            silly_int = models.IntegerField()

            class Meta:
                app_label = "migrations"

        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
            with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"):
                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=False, stdout=out)

    def test_makemigrations_non_interactive_not_null_alteration(self):
        """
        Non-interactive makemigrations fails when a default is missing on a
        field changed to not-null.
        """
        class Author(models.Model):
            name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
            slug = models.SlugField()
            age = models.IntegerField(default=0)

            class Meta:
                app_label = "migrations"

        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=False, stdout=out)
        self.assertIn("Alter field slug on author", out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_non_interactive_no_model_rename(self):
        """
        makemigrations adds and removes a possible model rename in
        non-interactive mode.
        """
        class RenamedModel(models.Model):
            silly_field = models.BooleanField(default=False)

            class Meta:
                app_label = "migrations"

        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"):
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=False, stdout=out)
        self.assertIn("Delete model SillyModel", out.getvalue())
        self.assertIn("Create model RenamedModel", out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_non_interactive_no_field_rename(self):
        """
        makemigrations adds and removes a possible field rename in
        non-interactive mode.
        """
        class SillyModel(models.Model):
            silly_rename = models.BooleanField(default=False)

            class Meta:
                app_label = "migrations"

        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"):
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=False, stdout=out)
        self.assertIn("Remove field silly_field from sillymodel", out.getvalue())
        self.assertIn("Add field silly_rename to sillymodel", out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_handle_merge(self):
        """
        makemigrations properly merges the conflicting migrations with --noinput.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", name="merge", merge=True, interactive=False, stdout=out)
            merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(merge_file))
        output = out.getvalue()
        self.assertIn("Merging migrations", output)
        self.assertIn("Branch 0002_second", output)
        self.assertIn("Branch 0002_conflicting_second", output)
        self.assertIn("Created new merge migration", output)

    def test_makemigration_merge_dry_run(self):
        """
        makemigrations respects --dry-run option when fixing migration
        conflicts (#24427).
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
            call_command(
                "makemigrations", "migrations", name="merge", dry_run=True,
                merge=True, interactive=False, stdout=out,
            )
            merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
            self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(merge_file))
        output = out.getvalue()
        self.assertIn("Merging migrations", output)
        self.assertIn("Branch 0002_second", output)
        self.assertIn("Branch 0002_conflicting_second", output)
        self.assertNotIn("Created new merge migration", output)

    def test_makemigration_merge_dry_run_verbosity_3(self):
        """
        `makemigrations --merge --dry-run` writes the merge migration file to
        stdout with `verbosity == 3` (#24427).
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
            call_command(
                "makemigrations", "migrations", name="merge", dry_run=True,
                merge=True, interactive=False, stdout=out, verbosity=3,
            )
            merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
            self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(merge_file))
        output = out.getvalue()
        self.assertIn("Merging migrations", output)
        self.assertIn("Branch 0002_second", output)
        self.assertIn("Branch 0002_conflicting_second", output)
        self.assertNotIn("Created new merge migration", output)

        # Additional output caused by verbosity 3
        # The complete merge migration file that would be written
        self.assertIn("class Migration(migrations.Migration):", output)
        self.assertIn("dependencies = [", output)
        self.assertIn("('migrations', '0002_second')", output)
        self.assertIn("('migrations', '0002_conflicting_second')", output)
        self.assertIn("operations = [", output)
        self.assertIn("]", output)

    def test_makemigrations_dry_run(self):
        """
        `makemigrations --dry-run` should not ask for defaults.
        """
        class SillyModel(models.Model):
            silly_field = models.BooleanField(default=False)
            silly_date = models.DateField()  # Added field without a default

            class Meta:
                app_label = "migrations"

        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"):
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", dry_run=True, stdout=out)
        # Output the expected changes directly, without asking for defaults
        self.assertIn("Add field silly_date to sillymodel", out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_dry_run_verbosity_3(self):
        """
        Allow `makemigrations --dry-run` to output the migrations file to
        stdout (with verbosity == 3).
        """
        class SillyModel(models.Model):
            silly_field = models.BooleanField(default=False)
            silly_char = models.CharField(default="")

            class Meta:
                app_label = "migrations"

        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"):
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", dry_run=True, stdout=out, verbosity=3)

        # Normal --dry-run output
        self.assertIn("- Add field silly_char to sillymodel", out.getvalue())

        # Additional output caused by verbosity 3
        # The complete migrations file that would be written
        self.assertIn("class Migration(migrations.Migration):", out.getvalue())
        self.assertIn("dependencies = [", out.getvalue())
        self.assertIn("('migrations', '0001_initial'),", out.getvalue())
        self.assertIn("migrations.AddField(", out.getvalue())
        self.assertIn("model_name='sillymodel',", out.getvalue())
        self.assertIn("name='silly_char',", out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_migrations_modules_path_not_exist(self):
        """
        makemigrations creates migrations when specifying a custom location
        for migration files using MIGRATION_MODULES if the custom path
        doesn't already exist.
        """
        class SillyModel(models.Model):
            silly_field = models.BooleanField(default=False)

            class Meta:
                app_label = "migrations"

        out = io.StringIO()
        migration_module = "migrations.test_migrations_path_doesnt_exist.foo.bar"
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module=migration_module) as migration_dir:
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", stdout=out)

            # Migrations file is actually created in the expected path.
            initial_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py")
            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(initial_file))

        # Command output indicates the migration is created.
        self.assertIn(" - Create model SillyModel", out.getvalue())

    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'some.nonexistent.path'})
    def test_makemigrations_migrations_modules_nonexistent_toplevel_package(self):
        msg = (
            'Could not locate an appropriate location to create migrations '
            'package some.nonexistent.path. Make sure the toplevel package '
            'exists and can be imported.'
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
            call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', empty=True, verbosity=0)

    def test_makemigrations_interactive_by_default(self):
        """
        The user is prompted to merge by default if there are conflicts and
        merge is True. Answer negative to differentiate it from behavior when
        --noinput is specified.
        """
        # Monkeypatch interactive questioner to auto reject
        out = io.StringIO()
        with mock.patch('builtins.input', mock.Mock(return_value='N')):
            with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", name="merge", merge=True, stdout=out)
                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
                # This will fail if interactive is False by default
                self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(merge_file))
            self.assertNotIn("Created new merge migration", out.getvalue())

    @override_settings(
        INSTALLED_APPS=[
            "migrations",
            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.unspecified_app_with_conflict"])
    def test_makemigrations_unspecified_app_with_conflict_no_merge(self):
        """
        makemigrations does not raise a CommandError when an unspecified app
        has conflicting migrations.
        """
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"):
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", merge=False, verbosity=0)

    @override_settings(
        INSTALLED_APPS=[
            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app",
            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.unspecified_app_with_conflict"])
    def test_makemigrations_unspecified_app_with_conflict_merge(self):
        """
        makemigrations does not create a merge for an unspecified app even if
        it has conflicting migrations.
        """
        # Monkeypatch interactive questioner to auto accept
        with mock.patch('builtins.input', mock.Mock(return_value='y')):
            out = io.StringIO()
            with self.temporary_migration_module(app_label="migrated_app") as migration_dir:
                call_command("makemigrations", "migrated_app", name="merge", merge=True, interactive=True, stdout=out)
                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
                self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(merge_file))
            self.assertIn("No conflicts detected to merge.", out.getvalue())

    @override_settings(
        INSTALLED_APPS=[
            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app",
            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.conflicting_app_with_dependencies"])
    def test_makemigrations_merge_dont_output_dependency_operations(self):
        """
        makemigrations --merge does not output any operations from apps that
        don't belong to a given app.
        """
        # Monkeypatch interactive questioner to auto accept
        with mock.patch('builtins.input', mock.Mock(return_value='N')):
            out = io.StringIO()
            with mock.patch('django.core.management.color.supports_color', lambda *args: False):
                call_command(
                    "makemigrations", "conflicting_app_with_dependencies",
                    merge=True, interactive=True, stdout=out
                )
            val = out.getvalue().lower()
            self.assertIn('merging conflicting_app_with_dependencies\n', val)
            self.assertIn(
                '  branch 0002_conflicting_second\n'
                '    - create model something\n',
                val
            )
            self.assertIn(
                '  branch 0002_second\n'
                '    - delete model tribble\n'
                '    - remove field silly_field from author\n'
                '    - add field rating to author\n'
                '    - create model book\n',
                val
            )

    def test_makemigrations_with_custom_name(self):
        """
        makemigrations --name generate a custom migration name.
        """
        with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:

            def cmd(migration_count, migration_name, *args):
                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", "--verbosity", "0", "--name", migration_name, *args)
                migration_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "%s_%s.py" % (migration_count, migration_name))
                # Check for existing migration file in migration folder
                self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(migration_file))
                with open(migration_file, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
                    content = fp.read()
                    content = content.replace(" ", "")
                return content

            # generate an initial migration
            migration_name_0001 = "my_initial_migration"
            content = cmd("0001", migration_name_0001)
            self.assertIn("dependencies=[\n]", content)

            # importlib caches os.listdir() on some platforms like macOS
            # (#23850).
            if hasattr(importlib, 'invalidate_caches'):
                importlib.invalidate_caches()

            # generate an empty migration
            migration_name_0002 = "my_custom_migration"
            content = cmd("0002", migration_name_0002, "--empty")
            self.assertIn("dependencies=[\n('migrations','0001_%s'),\n]" % migration_name_0001, content)
            self.assertIn("operations=[\n]", content)

    def test_makemigrations_with_invalid_custom_name(self):
        msg = 'The migration name must be a valid Python identifier.'
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
            call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', '--name', 'invalid name', '--empty')

    def test_makemigrations_check(self):
        """
        makemigrations --check should exit with a non-zero status when
        there are changes to an app requiring migrations.
        """
        with self.temporary_migration_module():
            with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
                call_command("makemigrations", "--check", "migrations", verbosity=0)

        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"):
            call_command("makemigrations", "--check", "migrations", verbosity=0)

    def test_makemigrations_migration_path_output(self):
        """
        makemigrations should print the relative paths to the migrations unless
        they are outside of the current tree, in which case the absolute path
        should be shown.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        apps.register_model('migrations', UnicodeModel)
        with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", stdout=out)
            self.assertIn(os.path.join(migration_dir, '0001_initial.py'), out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_migration_path_output_valueerror(self):
        """
        makemigrations prints the absolute path if os.path.relpath() raises a
        ValueError when it's impossible to obtain a relative path, e.g. on
        Windows if Django is installed on a different drive than where the
        migration files are created.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
            with mock.patch('os.path.relpath', side_effect=ValueError):
                call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', stdout=out)
        self.assertIn(os.path.join(migration_dir, '0001_initial.py'), out.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_inconsistent_history(self):
        """
        makemigrations should raise InconsistentMigrationHistory exception if
        there are some migrations applied before their dependencies.
        """
        recorder = MigrationRecorder(connection)
        recorder.record_applied('migrations', '0002_second')
        msg = "Migration migrations.0002_second is applied before its dependency migrations.0001_initial"
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
            with self.assertRaisesMessage(InconsistentMigrationHistory, msg):
                call_command("makemigrations")

    @mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='1')
    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.sys.stdin', mock.MagicMock(encoding=sys.getdefaultencoding()))
    def test_makemigrations_auto_now_add_interactive(self, *args):
        """
        makemigrations prompts the user when adding auto_now_add to an existing
        model.
        """
        class Entry(models.Model):
            title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
            creation_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

            class Meta:
                app_label = 'migrations'

        # Monkeypatch interactive questioner to auto accept
        with mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.sys.stdout', new_callable=io.StringIO) as prompt_stdout:
            out = io.StringIO()
            with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_auto_now_add'):
                call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=True, stdout=out)
            output = out.getvalue()
            prompt_output = prompt_stdout.getvalue()
            self.assertIn("You can accept the default 'timezone.now' by pressing 'Enter'", prompt_output)
            self.assertIn("Add field creation_date to entry", output)


class SquashMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
    """
    Tests running the squashmigrations command.
    """

    def test_squashmigrations_squashes(self):
        """
        squashmigrations squashes migrations.
        """
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations") as migration_dir:
            call_command("squashmigrations", "migrations", "0002", interactive=False, verbosity=0)

            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_squashed_0002_second.py")
            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(squashed_migration_file))

    def test_squashmigrations_initial_attribute(self):
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations") as migration_dir:
            call_command("squashmigrations", "migrations", "0002", interactive=False, verbosity=0)

            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_squashed_0002_second.py")
            with open(squashed_migration_file, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
                content = fp.read()
                self.assertIn("initial = True", content)

    def test_squashmigrations_optimizes(self):
        """
        squashmigrations optimizes operations.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
            call_command("squashmigrations", "migrations", "0002", interactive=False, verbosity=1, stdout=out)
        self.assertIn("Optimized from 8 operations to 2 operations.", out.getvalue())

    def test_ticket_23799_squashmigrations_no_optimize(self):
        """
        squashmigrations --no-optimize doesn't optimize operations.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
            call_command("squashmigrations", "migrations", "0002",
                         interactive=False, verbosity=1, no_optimize=True, stdout=out)
        self.assertIn("Skipping optimization", out.getvalue())

    def test_squashmigrations_valid_start(self):
        """
        squashmigrations accepts a starting migration.
        """
        out = io.StringIO()
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes") as migration_dir:
            call_command("squashmigrations", "migrations", "0002", "0003",
                         interactive=False, verbosity=1, stdout=out)

            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0002_second_squashed_0003_third.py")
            with open(squashed_migration_file, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
                content = fp.read()
                self.assertIn("        ('migrations', '0001_initial')", content)
                self.assertNotIn("initial = True", content)
        out = out.getvalue()
        self.assertNotIn(" - 0001_initial", out)
        self.assertIn(" - 0002_second", out)
        self.assertIn(" - 0003_third", out)

    def test_squashmigrations_invalid_start(self):
        """
        squashmigrations doesn't accept a starting migration after the ending migration.
        """
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"):
            msg = (
                "The migration 'migrations.0003_third' cannot be found. Maybe "
                "it comes after the migration 'migrations.0002_second'"
            )
            with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
                call_command("squashmigrations", "migrations", "0003", "0002", interactive=False, verbosity=0)

    def test_squashed_name_with_start_migration_name(self):
        """--squashed-name specifies the new migration's name."""
        squashed_name = 'squashed_name'
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations') as migration_dir:
            call_command(
                'squashmigrations', 'migrations', '0001', '0002',
                squashed_name=squashed_name, interactive=False, verbosity=0,
            )
            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0001_%s.py' % squashed_name)
            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(squashed_migration_file))

    def test_squashed_name_without_start_migration_name(self):
        """--squashed-name also works if a start migration is omitted."""
        squashed_name = 'squashed_name'
        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations") as migration_dir:
            call_command(
                'squashmigrations', 'migrations', '0001',
                squashed_name=squashed_name, interactive=False, verbosity=0,
            )
            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0001_%s.py' % squashed_name)
            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(squashed_migration_file))


class AppLabelErrorTests(TestCase):
    """
    This class inherits TestCase because MigrationTestBase uses
    `available_apps = ['migrations']` which means that it's the only installed
    app. 'django.contrib.auth' must be in INSTALLED_APPS for some of these
    tests.
    """
    nonexistent_app_error = "No installed app with label 'nonexistent_app'."
    did_you_mean_auth_error = (
        "No installed app with label 'django.contrib.auth'. Did you mean "
        "'auth'?"
    )

    def test_makemigrations_nonexistent_app_label(self):
        err = io.StringIO()
        with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
            call_command('makemigrations', 'nonexistent_app', stderr=err)
        self.assertIn(self.nonexistent_app_error, err.getvalue())

    def test_makemigrations_app_name_specified_as_label(self):
        err = io.StringIO()
        with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
            call_command('makemigrations', 'django.contrib.auth', stderr=err)
        self.assertIn(self.did_you_mean_auth_error, err.getvalue())

    def test_migrate_nonexistent_app_label(self):
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, self.nonexistent_app_error):
            call_command('migrate', 'nonexistent_app')

    def test_migrate_app_name_specified_as_label(self):
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, self.did_you_mean_auth_error):
            call_command('migrate', 'django.contrib.auth')

    def test_showmigrations_nonexistent_app_label(self):
        err = io.StringIO()
        with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
            call_command('showmigrations', 'nonexistent_app', stderr=err)
        self.assertIn(self.nonexistent_app_error, err.getvalue())

    def test_showmigrations_app_name_specified_as_label(self):
        err = io.StringIO()
        with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
            call_command('showmigrations', 'django.contrib.auth', stderr=err)
        self.assertIn(self.did_you_mean_auth_error, err.getvalue())

    def test_sqlmigrate_nonexistent_app_label(self):
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, self.nonexistent_app_error):
            call_command('sqlmigrate', 'nonexistent_app', '0002')

    def test_sqlmigrate_app_name_specified_as_label(self):
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, self.did_you_mean_auth_error):
            call_command('sqlmigrate', 'django.contrib.auth', '0002')

    def test_squashmigrations_nonexistent_app_label(self):
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, self.nonexistent_app_error):
            call_command('squashmigrations', 'nonexistent_app', '0002')

    def test_squashmigrations_app_name_specified_as_label(self):
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, self.did_you_mean_auth_error):
            call_command('squashmigrations', 'django.contrib.auth', '0002')