Added initial cut at serialization framework, along with some basic tests and a stab at some docs. This is all a bit rough right now, so expect some bumps.
git-svn-id: http://code.djangoproject.com/svn/django/trunk@3225 bcc190cf-cafb-0310-a4f2-bffc1f526a37
This commit is contained in:
Jacob Kaplan-Moss
parent
414bc24e81
commit
4ea7a11659
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"""
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Interfaces for serializing Django objects.
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Usage::
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>>> from django.core import serializers
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>>> json = serializers.serialize("json", some_query_set)
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>>> objects = list(serializers.deserialize("json", json))
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To add your own serializers, use the SERIALIZATION_MODULES setting::
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SERIALIZATION_MODULES = {
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"csv" : "path.to.csv.serializer",
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"txt" : "path.to.txt.serializer",
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}
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"""
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from django.conf import settings
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# Built-in serializers
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BUILTIN_SERIALIZERS = {
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"xml" : "django.core.serializers.xml_serializer",
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}
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_serializers = {}
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def register_serializer(format, serializer_module):
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"""Register a new serializer by passing in a module name."""
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module = __import__(serializer_module, '', '', [''])
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_serializers[format] = module
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def unregister_serializer(format):
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"""Unregister a given serializer"""
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del _serializers[format]
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def get_serializer(format):
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if not _serializers:
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_load_serializers()
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return _serializers[format].Serializer
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def get_deserializer(format):
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if not _serializers:
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_load_serializers()
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return _serializers[format].Deserializer
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def serialize(format, queryset, **options):
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"""
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Serialize a queryset (or any iterator that returns database objects) using
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a certain serializer.
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"""
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s = get_serializer(format)()
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s.serialize(queryset, **options)
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return s.getvalue()
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def deserialize(format, stream_or_string):
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"""
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Deserialize a stream or a string. Returns an iterator that yields ``(obj,
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m2m_relation_dict)``, where ``obj`` is a instantiated -- but *unsaved* --
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object, and ``m2m_relation_dict`` is a dictionary of ``{m2m_field_name :
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list_of_related_objects}``.
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"""
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d = get_deserializer(format)
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return d(stream_or_string)
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def _load_serializers():
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"""
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Register built-in and settings-defined serializers. This is done lazily so
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that user code has a chance to (e.g.) set up custom settings without
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needing to be careful of import order.
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"""
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for format in BUILTIN_SERIALIZERS:
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register_serializer(format, BUILTIN_SERIALIZERS[format])
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if hasattr(settings, "SERIALIZATION_MODULES"):
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for format in settings.SERIALIZATION_MODULES:
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register_serializer(format, settings.SERIALIZATION_MODULES[format])
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"""
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Module for abstract serializer/unserializer base classes.
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"""
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try:
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from cStringIO import StringIO
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except ImportError:
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from StringIO import StringIO
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from django.db import models
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class SerializationError(Exception):
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"""Something bad happened during serialization."""
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pass
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class DeserializationError(Exception):
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"""Something bad happened during deserialization."""
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pass
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class Serializer(object):
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"""
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Abstract serializer base class.
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"""
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def serialize(self, queryset, **options):
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"""
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Serialize a queryset.
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"""
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self.options = options
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self.stream = options.get("stream", StringIO())
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self.start_serialization()
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for obj in queryset:
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self.start_object(obj)
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for field in obj._meta.fields:
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if field.rel is None:
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self.handle_field(obj, field)
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else:
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self.handle_fk_field(obj, field)
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for field in obj._meta.many_to_many:
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self.handle_m2m_field(obj, field)
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self.end_object(obj)
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self.end_serialization()
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return self.getvalue()
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def get_string_value(self, obj, field):
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"""
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Convert a field's value to a string.
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"""
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if isinstance(field, models.DateTimeField):
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value = getattr(obj, field.name).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
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elif isinstance(field, models.FileField):
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value = getattr(obj, "get_%s_url" % field.name, lambda: None)()
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else:
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value = field.flatten_data(follow=None, obj=obj).get(field.name, "")
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return str(value)
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def start_serialization(self):
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"""
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Called when serializing of the queryset starts.
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"""
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raise NotImplementedError
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def end_serialization(self):
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"""
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Called when serializing of the queryset ends.
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"""
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pass
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def start_object(self, obj):
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"""
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Called when serializing of an object starts.
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"""
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raise NotImplementedError
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def end_object(self, obj):
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"""
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Called when serializing of an object ends.
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"""
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pass
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def handle_field(self, obj, field):
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"""
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Called to handle each individual (non-relational) field on an object.
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"""
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raise NotImplementedError
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def handle_fk_field(self, obj, field):
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"""
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Called to handle a ForeignKey field.
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"""
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raise NotImplementedError
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def handle_m2m_field(self, obj, field):
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"""
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Called to handle a ManyToManyField.
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"""
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raise NotImplementedError
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def getvalue(self):
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"""
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Return the fully serialized queryset.
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"""
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return self.stream.getvalue()
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class Deserializer(object):
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"""
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Abstract base deserializer class.
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"""
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def __init__(self, stream_or_string, **options):
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"""
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Init this serializer given a stream or a string
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"""
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self.options = options
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if isinstance(stream_or_string, basestring):
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self.stream = StringIO(stream_or_string)
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else:
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self.stream = stream_or_string
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# hack to make sure that the models have all been loaded before
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# deserialization starts (otherwise subclass calls to get_model()
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# and friends might fail...)
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models.get_apps()
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def __iter__(self):
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return self
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def next(self):
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"""Iteration iterface -- return the next item in the stream"""
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raise NotImplementedError
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class DeserializedObject(object):
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"""
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A deserialzed model.
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Basically a container for holding the pre-saved deserialized data along
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with the many-to-many data saved with the object.
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Call ``save()`` to save the object (with the many-to-many data) to the
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database; call ``save(save_m2m=False)`` to save just the object fields
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(and not touch the many-to-many stuff.)
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"""
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def __init__(self, obj, m2m_data=None):
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self.object = obj
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self.m2m_data = m2m_data
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def __repr__(self):
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return "<DeserializedObject: %s>" % str(self.object)
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def save(self, save_m2m=True):
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self.object.save()
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if self.m2m_data and save_m2m:
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for accessor_name, object_list in self.m2m_data.items():
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setattr(self.object, accessor_name, object_list)
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# prevent a second (possibly accidental) call to save() from saving
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# the m2m data twice.
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self.m2m_data = None
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"""
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XML serializer.
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"""
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from xml.dom import pulldom
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from django.utils.xmlutils import SimplerXMLGenerator
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from django.core.serializers import base
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from django.db import models
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class Serializer(base.Serializer):
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"""
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Serializes a QuerySet to XML.
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"""
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def start_serialization(self):
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"""
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Start serialization -- open the XML document and the root element.
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"""
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self.xml = SimplerXMLGenerator(self.stream, self.options.get("encoding", "utf-8"))
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self.xml.startDocument()
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self.xml.startElement("django-objects", {"version" : "1.0"})
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def end_serialization(self):
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"""
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End serialization -- end the document.
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"""
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self.xml.endElement("django-objects")
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self.xml.endDocument()
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def start_object(self, obj):
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"""
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Called as each object is handled.
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"""
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if not hasattr(obj, "_meta"):
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raise base.SerializationError("Non-model object (%s) encountered during serialization" % type(obj))
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self.xml.startElement("object", {
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"pk" : str(obj._get_pk_val()),
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"model" : str(obj._meta),
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})
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def end_object(self, obj):
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"""
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Called after handling all fields for an object.
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"""
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self.xml.endElement("object")
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def handle_field(self, obj, field):
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"""
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Called to handle each field on an object (except for ForeignKeys and
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ManyToManyFields)
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"""
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self.xml.startElement("field", {
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"name" : field.name,
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"type" : field.get_internal_type()
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})
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# Get a "string version" of the object's data (this is handled by the
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# serializer base class). None is handled specially.
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value = self.get_string_value(obj, field)
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if value is None:
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self.xml.addQuickElement("None")
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else:
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self.xml.characters(str(value))
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self.xml.endElement("field")
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def handle_fk_field(self, obj, field):
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"""
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Called to handle a ForeignKey (we need to treat them slightly
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differently from regular fields).
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"""
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self._start_relational_field(field)
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related = getattr(obj, field.name)
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if related is not None:
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self.xml.characters(str(related._get_pk_val()))
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else:
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self.xml.addQuickElement("None")
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self.xml.endElement("field")
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def handle_m2m_field(self, obj, field):
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"""
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Called to handle a ManyToManyField. Related objects are only
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serialized as references to the object's PK (i.e. the related *data*
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is not dumped, just the relation).
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"""
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self._start_relational_field(field)
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for relobj in getattr(obj, field.name).iterator():
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self.xml.addQuickElement("object", attrs={"pk" : str(relobj._get_pk_val())})
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self.xml.endElement("field")
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def _start_relational_field(self, field):
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"""
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Helper to output the <field> element for relational fields
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"""
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self.xml.startElement("field", {
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"name" : field.name,
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"rel" : field.rel.__class__.__name__,
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"to" : str(field.rel.to._meta),
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})
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class Deserializer(base.Deserializer):
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"""
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Deserialize XML.
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"""
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def __init__(self, stream_or_string, **options):
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super(Deserializer, self).__init__(stream_or_string, **options)
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self.encoding = self.options.get("encoding", "utf-8")
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self.event_stream = pulldom.parse(self.stream)
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def next(self):
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for event, node in self.event_stream:
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if event == "START_ELEMENT" and node.nodeName == "object":
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self.event_stream.expandNode(node)
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return self._handle_object(node)
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raise StopIteration
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def _handle_object(self, node):
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"""
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Convert an <object> node to a DeserializedObject.
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"""
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# Look up the model using the model loading mechanism. If this fails, bail.
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Model = self._get_model_from_node(node, "model")
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# Start building a data dictionary from the object. If the node is
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# missing the pk attribute, bail.
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pk = node.getAttribute("pk")
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if not pk:
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raise base.DeserializationError("<object> node is missing the 'pk' attribute")
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data = {Model._meta.pk.name : pk}
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# Also start building a dict of m2m data (this is saved as
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# {m2m_accessor_attribute : [list_of_related_objects]})
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m2m_data = {}
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# Deseralize each field.
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for field_node in node.getElementsByTagName("field"):
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# If the field is missing the name attribute, bail (are you
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# sensing a pattern here?)
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field_name = field_node.getAttribute("name")
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if not field_name:
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raise base.DeserializationError("<field> node is missing the 'name' attribute")
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# Get the field from the Model. This will raise a
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# FieldDoesNotExist if, well, the field doesn't exist, which will
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# be propagated correctly.
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field = Model._meta.get_field(field_name)
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# As is usually the case, relation fields get the special treatment.
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if field.rel and isinstance(field.rel, models.ManyToManyRel):
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m2m_data[field.name] = self._handle_m2m_field_node(field_node)
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elif field.rel and isinstance(field.rel, models.ManyToOneRel):
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data[field.name] = self._handle_fk_field_node(field_node)
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else:
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value = field.to_python(getInnerText(field_node).strip().encode(self.encoding))
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data[field.name] = value
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# Return a DeserializedObject so that the m2m data has a place to live.
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return base.DeserializedObject(Model(**data), m2m_data)
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def _handle_fk_field_node(self, node):
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"""
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Handle a <field> node for a ForeignKey
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"""
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# Try to set the foreign key by looking up the foreign related object.
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# If it doesn't exist, set the field to None (which might trigger
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# validation error, but that's expected).
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RelatedModel = self._get_model_from_node(node, "to")
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return RelatedModel.objects.get(pk=getInnerText(node).strip().encode(self.encoding))
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def _handle_m2m_field_node(self, node):
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"""
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Handle a <field> node for a ManyToManyField
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"""
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# Load the related model
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RelatedModel = self._get_model_from_node(node, "to")
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# Look up all the related objects. Using the in_bulk() lookup ensures
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# that missing related objects don't cause an exception
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related_ids = [c.getAttribute("pk").encode(self.encoding) for c in node.getElementsByTagName("object")]
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return RelatedModel._default_manager.in_bulk(related_ids).values()
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def _get_model_from_node(self, node, attr):
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"""
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Helper to look up a model from a <object model=...> or a <field
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rel=... to=...> node.
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"""
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model_identifier = node.getAttribute(attr)
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if not model_identifier:
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raise base.DeserializationError(
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"<%s> node is missing the required '%s' attribute" \
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% (node.nodeName, attr))
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try:
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Model = models.get_model(*model_identifier.split("."))
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except TypeError:
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Model = None
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if Model is None:
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raise base.DeserializationError(
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"<%s> node has invalid model identifier: '%s'" % \
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(node.nodeName, model_identifier))
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return Model
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def getInnerText(node):
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"""
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Get all the inner text of a DOM node (recursively).
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"""
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# inspired by http://mail.python.org/pipermail/xml-sig/2005-March/011022.html
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inner_text = []
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for child in node.childNodes:
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if child.nodeType == child.TEXT_NODE or child.nodeType == child.CDATA_SECTION_NODE:
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inner_text.append(child.data)
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elif child.nodeType == child.ELEMENT_NODE:
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inner_text.extend(getInnerText(child))
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else:
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pass
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return "".join(inner_text)
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@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
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==========================
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Serializing Django objects
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==========================
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.. note::
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This API is currently under heavy development and may change --
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perhaps drastically -- in the future.
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You have been warned.
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Django's serialization framework provides a mechanism for "translating" Django
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objects into other formats. Usually these other formats will be text-based and
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used for sending Django objects over a wire, but it's possible for a
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serializer to handle any format (text-based or not).
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Serializing data
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----------------
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||||
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At the highest level, serializing data is a very simple operation::
|
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|
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from django.core import serializers
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data = serializers.serialize("xml", SomeModel.objects.all())
|
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|
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The arguments to the ``serialize`` function are the format to serialize the
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data to (see `Serialization formats`_) and a QuerySet_ to serialize.
|
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(Actually, the second argument can be any iterator that yields Django objects,
|
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but it'll almost always be a QuerySet).
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|
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.. _QuerySet: ../db_api/#retrieving-objects
|
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|
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You can also use a serializer object directly::
|
||||
|
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xml_serializer = serializers.get_serializer("xml")
|
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xml_serializer.serialize(queryset)
|
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data = xml_serializer.getvalue()
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|
||||
This is useful if you want to serialize data directly to a file-like object
|
||||
(which includes a HTTPResponse_)::
|
||||
|
||||
out = open("file.xml", "w")
|
||||
xml_serializer.serialize(SomeModel.objects.all(), stream=out)
|
||||
|
||||
.. _HTTPResponse: ../request_response/#httpresponse-objects
|
||||
|
||||
Deserializing data
|
||||
------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Deserializing data is also a fairly simple operation::
|
||||
|
||||
for obj in serializers.deserialize("xml", data):
|
||||
do_something_with(obj)
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, the ``deserialize`` function takes the same format argument as
|
||||
``serialize``, a string or stream of data, and returns an iterator.
|
||||
|
||||
However, here it gets slightly complicated. The objects returned by the
|
||||
``deserialize`` iterator *aren't* simple Django objects. Instead, they are
|
||||
special ``DeserializedObject`` instances that wrap a created -- but unsaved --
|
||||
object and any associated relationship data.
|
||||
|
||||
Calling ``DeserializedObject.save()`` saves the object to the database.
|
||||
|
||||
This ensures that deserializing is a non-destructive operation even if the
|
||||
data in your serialized representation doesn't match what's currently in the
|
||||
database. Usually, working with these ``DeserializedObject`` instances looks
|
||||
something like::
|
||||
|
||||
for deserialized_object in serializers.deserialize("xml", data):
|
||||
if object_should_be_saved(deserialized_object):
|
||||
obj.save()
|
||||
|
||||
In other words, the usual use is to examine the deserialized objects to make
|
||||
sure that they are "appropriate" for saving before doing so. Of course, if you trust your data source you could just save the object and move on.
|
||||
|
||||
The Django object itself can be inspected as ``deserialized_object.object``.
|
||||
|
||||
Serialization formats
|
||||
---------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Django "ships" with a few included serializers, and there's a simple API for creating and registering your own...
|
||||
|
||||
.. note::
|
||||
|
||||
... which will be documented once the API is stable :)
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
|||
"""
|
||||
XXX. Serialization
|
||||
|
||||
``django.core.serializers`` provides interfaces to converting Django querysets
|
||||
to and from "flat" data (i.e. strings).
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
from django.db import models
|
||||
|
||||
class Category(models.Model):
|
||||
name = models.CharField(maxlength=20)
|
||||
|
||||
class Meta:
|
||||
ordering = ('name',)
|
||||
|
||||
def __str__(self):
|
||||
return self.name
|
||||
|
||||
class Author(models.Model):
|
||||
name = models.CharField(maxlength=20)
|
||||
|
||||
class Meta:
|
||||
ordering = ('name',)
|
||||
|
||||
def __str__(self):
|
||||
return self.name
|
||||
|
||||
class Article(models.Model):
|
||||
author = models.ForeignKey(Author)
|
||||
headline = models.CharField(maxlength=50)
|
||||
pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
|
||||
categories = models.ManyToManyField(Category)
|
||||
|
||||
class Meta:
|
||||
ordering = ('pub_date',)
|
||||
|
||||
def __str__(self):
|
||||
return self.headline
|
||||
|
||||
API_TESTS = """
|
||||
# Create some data:
|
||||
>>> from datetime import datetime
|
||||
>>> sports = Category(name="Sports")
|
||||
>>> music = Category(name="Music")
|
||||
>>> op_ed = Category(name="Op-Ed")
|
||||
>>> sports.save(); music.save(); op_ed.save()
|
||||
|
||||
>>> joe = Author(name="Joe")
|
||||
>>> jane = Author(name="Jane")
|
||||
>>> joe.save(); jane.save()
|
||||
|
||||
>>> a1 = Article(
|
||||
... author = jane,
|
||||
... headline = "Poker has no place on ESPN",
|
||||
... pub_date = datetime(2006, 6, 16, 11, 00))
|
||||
>>> a2 = Article(
|
||||
... author = joe,
|
||||
... headline = "Time to reform copyright",
|
||||
... pub_date = datetime(2006, 6, 16, 13, 00))
|
||||
>>> a1.save(); a2.save()
|
||||
>>> a1.categories = [sports, op_ed]
|
||||
>>> a2.categories = [music, op_ed]
|
||||
|
||||
# Serialize a queryset to XML
|
||||
>>> from django.core import serializers
|
||||
>>> xml = serializers.serialize("xml", Article.objects.all())
|
||||
|
||||
# The output is valid XML
|
||||
>>> from xml.dom import minidom
|
||||
>>> dom = minidom.parseString(xml)
|
||||
|
||||
# Deserializing has a similar interface, except that special DeserializedObject
|
||||
# instances are returned. This is because data might have changed in the
|
||||
# database since the data was serialized (we'll simulate that below).
|
||||
>>> for obj in serializers.deserialize("xml", xml):
|
||||
... print obj
|
||||
<DeserializedObject: Poker has no place on ESPN>
|
||||
<DeserializedObject: Time to reform copyright>
|
||||
|
||||
# Deserializing data with different field values doesn't change anything in the
|
||||
# database until we call save():
|
||||
>>> xml = xml.replace("Poker has no place on ESPN", "Poker has no place on television")
|
||||
>>> objs = list(serializers.deserialize("xml", xml))
|
||||
|
||||
# Even those I deserialized, the database hasn't been touched
|
||||
>>> Article.objects.all()
|
||||
[<Article: Poker has no place on ESPN>, <Article: Time to reform copyright>]
|
||||
|
||||
# But when I save, the data changes as you might except.
|
||||
>>> objs[0].save()
|
||||
>>> Article.objects.all()
|
||||
[<Article: Poker has no place on television>, <Article: Time to reform copyright>]
|
||||
|
||||
"""
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue