diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/operations.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
index fa20ca07f4..14402ec0a3 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
@@ -56,12 +56,13 @@ class MySQLOperations(DatabaseOperations, BaseSpatialOperations):
 
         lookup_info = self.geometry_functions.get(lookup_type, False)
         if lookup_info:
-            return "%s(%s, %s)" % (lookup_info, geo_col,
-                                   self.get_geom_placeholder(value, field.srid))
+            sql = "%s(%s, %s)" % (lookup_info, geo_col,
+                                  self.get_geom_placeholder(value, field.srid))
+            return sql, []
 
         # TODO: Is this really necessary? MySQL can't handle NULL geometries
         #  in its spatial indexes anyways.
         if lookup_type == 'isnull':
-            return "%s IS %sNULL" % (geo_col, (not value and 'NOT ' or ''))
+            return "%s IS %sNULL" % (geo_col, ('' if value else 'NOT ')), []
 
         raise TypeError("Got invalid lookup_type: %s" % repr(lookup_type))
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
index 4e42b4cf00..18697ac8c0 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ class OracleOperations(DatabaseOperations, BaseSpatialOperations):
                 return lookup_info.as_sql(geo_col, self.get_geom_placeholder(field, value))
         elif lookup_type == 'isnull':
             # Handling 'isnull' lookup type
-            return "%s IS %sNULL" % (geo_col, (not value and 'NOT ' or ''))
+            return "%s IS %sNULL" % (geo_col, ('' if value else 'NOT ')), []
 
         raise TypeError("Got invalid lookup_type: %s" % repr(lookup_type))
 
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ class OracleOperations(DatabaseOperations, BaseSpatialOperations):
     def spatial_ref_sys(self):
         from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.oracle.models import SpatialRefSys
         return SpatialRefSys
-    
+
     def modify_insert_params(self, placeholders, params):
         """Drop out insert parameters for NULL placeholder. Needed for Oracle Spatial
         backend due to #10888
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py
index aa23b974db..fe90343411 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ class PostGISOperations(DatabaseOperations, BaseSpatialOperations):
 
         elif lookup_type == 'isnull':
             # Handling 'isnull' lookup type
-            return "%s IS %sNULL" % (geo_col, (not value and 'NOT ' or ''))
+            return "%s IS %sNULL" % (geo_col, ('' if value else 'NOT ')), []
 
         raise TypeError("Got invalid lookup_type: %s" % repr(lookup_type))
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/operations.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/operations.py
index 773ac0b57d..d2d75c1fff 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/operations.py
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ class SpatiaLiteOperations(DatabaseOperations, BaseSpatialOperations):
             return op.as_sql(geo_col, self.get_geom_placeholder(field, geom))
         elif lookup_type == 'isnull':
             # Handling 'isnull' lookup type
-            return "%s IS %sNULL" % (geo_col, (not value and 'NOT ' or ''))
+            return "%s IS %sNULL" % (geo_col, ('' if value else 'NOT ')), []
 
         raise TypeError("Got invalid lookup_type: %s" % repr(lookup_type))
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/util.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/util.py
index 2fc9123d26..2612810659 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/util.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/util.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class SpatialOperation(object):
         self.extra = kwargs
 
     def as_sql(self, geo_col, geometry='%s'):
-        return self.sql_template % self.params(geo_col, geometry)
+        return self.sql_template % self.params(geo_col, geometry), []
 
     def params(self, geo_col, geometry):
         params = {'function' : self.function,
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/aggregates.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/aggregates.py
index 9fcbb516d6..ae848c0894 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/aggregates.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/aggregates.py
@@ -22,13 +22,15 @@ class GeoAggregate(Aggregate):
             raise ValueError('Geospatial aggregates only allowed on geometry fields.')
 
     def as_sql(self, qn, connection):
-        "Return the aggregate, rendered as SQL."
+        "Return the aggregate, rendered as SQL with parameters."
 
         if connection.ops.oracle:
             self.extra['tolerance'] = self.tolerance
 
+        params = []
+
         if hasattr(self.col, 'as_sql'):
-            field_name = self.col.as_sql(qn, connection)
+            field_name, params = self.col.as_sql(qn, connection)
         elif isinstance(self.col, (list, tuple)):
             field_name = '.'.join([qn(c) for c in self.col])
         else:
@@ -36,13 +38,13 @@ class GeoAggregate(Aggregate):
 
         sql_template, sql_function = connection.ops.spatial_aggregate_sql(self)
 
-        params = {
+        substitutions = {
             'function': sql_function,
             'field': field_name
         }
-        params.update(self.extra)
+        substitutions.update(self.extra)
 
-        return sql_template % params
+        return sql_template % substitutions, params
 
 class Collect(GeoAggregate):
     pass
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/compiler.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/compiler.py
index 5e4a504c72..b488f59362 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/compiler.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/compiler.py
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ class GeoSQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
         qn2 = self.connection.ops.quote_name
         result = ['(%s) AS %s' % (self.get_extra_select_format(alias) % col[0], qn2(alias))
                   for alias, col in six.iteritems(self.query.extra_select)]
+        params = []
         aliases = set(self.query.extra_select.keys())
         if with_aliases:
             col_aliases = aliases.copy()
@@ -63,7 +64,9 @@ class GeoSQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
                         aliases.add(r)
                         col_aliases.add(col[1])
                 else:
-                    result.append(col.as_sql(qn, self.connection))
+                    col_sql, col_params = col.as_sql(qn, self.connection)
+                    result.append(col_sql)
+                    params.extend(col_params)
 
                     if hasattr(col, 'alias'):
                         aliases.add(col.alias)
@@ -76,15 +79,13 @@ class GeoSQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
             aliases.update(new_aliases)
 
         max_name_length = self.connection.ops.max_name_length()
-        result.extend([
-                '%s%s' % (
-                    self.get_extra_select_format(alias) % aggregate.as_sql(qn, self.connection),
-                    alias is not None
-                        and ' AS %s' % qn(truncate_name(alias, max_name_length))
-                        or ''
-                    )
-                for alias, aggregate in self.query.aggregate_select.items()
-        ])
+        for alias, aggregate in self.query.aggregate_select.items():
+            agg_sql, agg_params = aggregate.as_sql(qn, self.connection)
+            if alias is None:
+                result.append(agg_sql)
+            else:
+                result.append('%s AS %s' % (agg_sql, qn(truncate_name(alias, max_name_length))))
+            params.extend(agg_params)
 
         # This loop customized for GeoQuery.
         for (table, col), field in self.query.related_select_cols:
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ class GeoSQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
                 col_aliases.add(col)
 
         self._select_aliases = aliases
-        return result
+        return result, params
 
     def get_default_columns(self, with_aliases=False, col_aliases=None,
             start_alias=None, opts=None, as_pairs=False, from_parent=None):
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/where.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/where.py
index ec078aebed..6ef34db0a3 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/where.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/where.py
@@ -44,8 +44,9 @@ class GeoWhereNode(WhereNode):
         lvalue, lookup_type, value_annot, params_or_value = child
         if isinstance(lvalue, GeoConstraint):
             data, params = lvalue.process(lookup_type, params_or_value, connection)
-            spatial_sql = connection.ops.spatial_lookup_sql(data, lookup_type, params_or_value, lvalue.field, qn)
-            return spatial_sql, params
+            spatial_sql, spatial_params = connection.ops.spatial_lookup_sql(
+                    data, lookup_type, params_or_value, lvalue.field, qn)
+            return spatial_sql, spatial_params + params
         else:
             return super(GeoWhereNode, self).make_atom(child, qn, connection)
 
diff --git a/django/db/models/query_utils.py b/django/db/models/query_utils.py
index c1a690a524..c82cc45617 100644
--- a/django/db/models/query_utils.py
+++ b/django/db/models/query_utils.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class QueryWrapper(object):
     parameters. Can be used to pass opaque data to a where-clause, for example.
     """
     def __init__(self, sql, params):
-        self.data = sql, params
+        self.data = sql, list(params)
 
     def as_sql(self, qn=None, connection=None):
         return self.data
diff --git a/django/db/models/sql/aggregates.py b/django/db/models/sql/aggregates.py
index 75a330f22a..3c8720210b 100644
--- a/django/db/models/sql/aggregates.py
+++ b/django/db/models/sql/aggregates.py
@@ -73,22 +73,23 @@ class Aggregate(object):
             self.col = (change_map.get(self.col[0], self.col[0]), self.col[1])
 
     def as_sql(self, qn, connection):
-        "Return the aggregate, rendered as SQL."
+        "Return the aggregate, rendered as SQL with parameters."
+        params = []
 
         if hasattr(self.col, 'as_sql'):
-            field_name = self.col.as_sql(qn, connection)
+            field_name, params = self.col.as_sql(qn, connection)
         elif isinstance(self.col, (list, tuple)):
             field_name = '.'.join([qn(c) for c in self.col])
         else:
             field_name = self.col
 
-        params = {
+        substitutions = {
             'function': self.sql_function,
             'field': field_name
         }
-        params.update(self.extra)
+        substitutions.update(self.extra)
 
-        return self.sql_template % params
+        return self.sql_template % substitutions, params
 
 
 class Avg(Aggregate):
diff --git a/django/db/models/sql/compiler.py b/django/db/models/sql/compiler.py
index 306b40e801..1f53810755 100644
--- a/django/db/models/sql/compiler.py
+++ b/django/db/models/sql/compiler.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class SQLCompiler(object):
         # as the pre_sql_setup will modify query state in a way that forbids
         # another run of it.
         self.refcounts_before = self.query.alias_refcount.copy()
-        out_cols = self.get_columns(with_col_aliases)
+        out_cols, s_params = self.get_columns(with_col_aliases)
         ordering, ordering_group_by = self.get_ordering()
 
         distinct_fields = self.get_distinct()
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ class SQLCompiler(object):
             result.append(self.connection.ops.distinct_sql(distinct_fields))
 
         result.append(', '.join(out_cols + self.query.ordering_aliases))
+        params.extend(s_params)
 
         result.append('FROM')
         result.extend(from_)
@@ -164,9 +165,10 @@ class SQLCompiler(object):
 
     def get_columns(self, with_aliases=False):
         """
-        Returns the list of columns to use in the select statement. If no
-        columns have been specified, returns all columns relating to fields in
-        the model.
+        Returns the list of columns to use in the select statement, as well as
+        a list any extra parameters that need to be included. If no columns
+        have been specified, returns all columns relating to fields in the
+        model.
 
         If 'with_aliases' is true, any column names that are duplicated
         (without the table names) are given unique aliases. This is needed in
@@ -175,6 +177,7 @@ class SQLCompiler(object):
         qn = self.quote_name_unless_alias
         qn2 = self.connection.ops.quote_name
         result = ['(%s) AS %s' % (col[0], qn2(alias)) for alias, col in six.iteritems(self.query.extra_select)]
+        params = []
         aliases = set(self.query.extra_select.keys())
         if with_aliases:
             col_aliases = aliases.copy()
@@ -204,7 +207,9 @@ class SQLCompiler(object):
                         aliases.add(r)
                         col_aliases.add(col[1])
                 else:
-                    result.append(col.as_sql(qn, self.connection))
+                    col_sql, col_params = col.as_sql(qn, self.connection)
+                    result.append(col_sql)
+                    params.extend(col_params)
 
                     if hasattr(col, 'alias'):
                         aliases.add(col.alias)
@@ -217,15 +222,13 @@ class SQLCompiler(object):
             aliases.update(new_aliases)
 
         max_name_length = self.connection.ops.max_name_length()
-        result.extend([
-            '%s%s' % (
-                aggregate.as_sql(qn, self.connection),
-                alias is not None
-                    and ' AS %s' % qn(truncate_name(alias, max_name_length))
-                    or ''
-            )
-            for alias, aggregate in self.query.aggregate_select.items()
-        ])
+        for alias, aggregate in self.query.aggregate_select.items():
+            agg_sql, agg_params = aggregate.as_sql(qn, self.connection)
+            if alias is None:
+                result.append(agg_sql)
+            else:
+                result.append('%s AS %s' % (agg_sql, qn(truncate_name(alias, max_name_length))))
+            params.extend(agg_params)
 
         for (table, col), _ in self.query.related_select_cols:
             r = '%s.%s' % (qn(table), qn(col))
@@ -240,7 +243,7 @@ class SQLCompiler(object):
                 col_aliases.add(col)
 
         self._select_aliases = aliases
-        return result
+        return result, params
 
     def get_default_columns(self, with_aliases=False, col_aliases=None,
             start_alias=None, opts=None, as_pairs=False, from_parent=None):
@@ -545,14 +548,16 @@ class SQLCompiler(object):
             seen = set()
             cols = self.query.group_by + select_cols
             for col in cols:
+                col_params = ()
                 if isinstance(col, (list, tuple)):
                     sql = '%s.%s' % (qn(col[0]), qn(col[1]))
                 elif hasattr(col, 'as_sql'):
-                    sql = col.as_sql(qn, self.connection)
+                    sql, col_params = col.as_sql(qn, self.connection)
                 else:
                     sql = '(%s)' % str(col)
                 if sql not in seen:
                     result.append(sql)
+                    params.extend(col_params)
                     seen.add(sql)
 
             # Still, we need to add all stuff in ordering (except if the backend can
@@ -991,15 +996,17 @@ class SQLAggregateCompiler(SQLCompiler):
         if qn is None:
             qn = self.quote_name_unless_alias
 
-        sql = ('SELECT %s FROM (%s) subquery' % (
-            ', '.join([
-                aggregate.as_sql(qn, self.connection)
-                for aggregate in self.query.aggregate_select.values()
-            ]),
-            self.query.subquery)
-        )
-        params = self.query.sub_params
-        return (sql, params)
+        sql, params = [], []
+        for aggregate in self.query.aggregate_select.values():
+            agg_sql, agg_params = aggregate.as_sql(qn, self.connection)
+            sql.append(agg_sql)
+            params.extend(agg_params)
+        sql = ', '.join(sql)
+        params = tuple(params)
+
+        sql = 'SELECT %s FROM (%s) subquery' % (sql, self.query.subquery)
+        params = params + self.query.sub_params
+        return sql, params
 
 class SQLDateCompiler(SQLCompiler):
     def results_iter(self):
diff --git a/django/db/models/sql/datastructures.py b/django/db/models/sql/datastructures.py
index 96e1ddcdfb..51d4410f59 100644
--- a/django/db/models/sql/datastructures.py
+++ b/django/db/models/sql/datastructures.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class Date(object):
             col = '%s.%s' % tuple([qn(c) for c in self.col])
         else:
             col = self.col
-        return getattr(connection.ops, self.trunc_func)(self.lookup_type, col)
+        return getattr(connection.ops, self.trunc_func)(self.lookup_type, col), []
 
 class DateTime(Date):
     """
diff --git a/django/db/models/sql/expressions.py b/django/db/models/sql/expressions.py
index a4c1d85c65..2a5008f067 100644
--- a/django/db/models/sql/expressions.py
+++ b/django/db/models/sql/expressions.py
@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ class SQLEvaluator(object):
         if col is None:
             raise ValueError("Given node not found")
         if hasattr(col, 'as_sql'):
-            return col.as_sql(qn, connection), ()
+            return col.as_sql(qn, connection)
         else:
-            return '%s.%s' % (qn(col[0]), qn(col[1])), ()
+            return '%s.%s' % (qn(col[0]), qn(col[1])), []
 
     def evaluate_date_modifier_node(self, node, qn, connection):
         timedelta = node.children.pop()
diff --git a/django/db/models/sql/where.py b/django/db/models/sql/where.py
index 3735ff0e8c..a61bc0b929 100644
--- a/django/db/models/sql/where.py
+++ b/django/db/models/sql/where.py
@@ -172,10 +172,10 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
 
         if isinstance(lvalue, tuple):
             # A direct database column lookup.
-            field_sql = self.sql_for_columns(lvalue, qn, connection)
+            field_sql, field_params = self.sql_for_columns(lvalue, qn, connection), []
         else:
             # A smart object with an as_sql() method.
-            field_sql = lvalue.as_sql(qn, connection)
+            field_sql, field_params = lvalue.as_sql(qn, connection)
 
         is_datetime_field = value_annotation is datetime.datetime
         cast_sql = connection.ops.datetime_cast_sql() if is_datetime_field else '%s'
@@ -186,6 +186,8 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
         else:
             extra = ''
 
+        params = field_params + params
+
         if (len(params) == 1 and params[0] == '' and lookup_type == 'exact'
             and connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls):
             lookup_type = 'isnull'
@@ -245,7 +247,7 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
         """
         Returns the SQL fragment used for the left-hand side of a column
         constraint (for example, the "T1.foo" portion in the clause
-        "WHERE ... T1.foo = 6").
+        "WHERE ... T1.foo = 6") and a list of parameters.
         """
         table_alias, name, db_type = data
         if table_alias:
@@ -338,7 +340,7 @@ class ExtraWhere(object):
 
     def as_sql(self, qn=None, connection=None):
         sqls = ["(%s)" % sql for sql in self.sqls]
-        return " AND ".join(sqls), tuple(self.params or ())
+        return " AND ".join(sqls), list(self.params or ())
 
     def clone(self):
         return self