diff --git a/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py b/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py
index 617068a21c..51ad2be002 100644
--- a/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py
+++ b/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py
@@ -245,6 +245,6 @@ class WSGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
         status = '%s %s' % (response.status_code, status_text)
         response_headers = [(str(k), str(v)) for k, v in response.items()]
         for c in response.cookies.values():
-            response_headers.append((b'Set-Cookie', str(c.output(header=''))))
+            response_headers.append((str('Set-Cookie'), str(c.output(header=''))))
         start_response(smart_str(status), response_headers)
         return response
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py
index 0a97449789..0880079189 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py
@@ -54,15 +54,15 @@ def adapt_datetime_with_timezone_support(value):
             default_timezone = timezone.get_default_timezone()
             value = timezone.make_aware(value, default_timezone)
         value = value.astimezone(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
-    return value.isoformat(b" ")
+    return value.isoformat(str(" "))
 
-Database.register_converter(b"bool", lambda s: str(s) == '1')
-Database.register_converter(b"time", parse_time)
-Database.register_converter(b"date", parse_date)
-Database.register_converter(b"datetime", parse_datetime_with_timezone_support)
-Database.register_converter(b"timestamp", parse_datetime_with_timezone_support)
-Database.register_converter(b"TIMESTAMP", parse_datetime_with_timezone_support)
-Database.register_converter(b"decimal", util.typecast_decimal)
+Database.register_converter(str("bool"), lambda s: str(s) == '1')
+Database.register_converter(str("time"), parse_time)
+Database.register_converter(str("date"), parse_date)
+Database.register_converter(str("datetime"), parse_datetime_with_timezone_support)
+Database.register_converter(str("timestamp"), parse_datetime_with_timezone_support)
+Database.register_converter(str("TIMESTAMP"), parse_datetime_with_timezone_support)
+Database.register_converter(str("decimal"), util.typecast_decimal)
 Database.register_adapter(datetime.datetime, adapt_datetime_with_timezone_support)
 Database.register_adapter(decimal.Decimal, util.rev_typecast_decimal)
 if Database.version_info >= (2, 4, 1):
diff --git a/django/db/models/base.py b/django/db/models/base.py
index 002e2aff65..8dd5bf864f 100644
--- a/django/db/models/base.py
+++ b/django/db/models/base.py
@@ -63,12 +63,12 @@ class ModelBase(type):
 
         new_class.add_to_class('_meta', Options(meta, **kwargs))
         if not abstract:
-            new_class.add_to_class('DoesNotExist', subclass_exception(b'DoesNotExist',
+            new_class.add_to_class('DoesNotExist', subclass_exception(str('DoesNotExist'),
                     tuple(x.DoesNotExist
                           for x in parents if hasattr(x, '_meta') and not x._meta.abstract)
                     or (ObjectDoesNotExist,),
                     module, attached_to=new_class))
-            new_class.add_to_class('MultipleObjectsReturned', subclass_exception(b'MultipleObjectsReturned',
+            new_class.add_to_class('MultipleObjectsReturned', subclass_exception(str('MultipleObjectsReturned'),
                     tuple(x.MultipleObjectsReturned
                           for x in parents if hasattr(x, '_meta') and not x._meta.abstract)
                     or (MultipleObjectsReturned,),
diff --git a/django/forms/formsets.py b/django/forms/formsets.py
index 240cf71f43..1ec8340462 100644
--- a/django/forms/formsets.py
+++ b/django/forms/formsets.py
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ def formset_factory(form, formset=BaseFormSet, extra=1, can_order=False,
     attrs = {'form': form, 'extra': extra,
              'can_order': can_order, 'can_delete': can_delete,
              'max_num': max_num}
-    return type(form.__name__ + b'FormSet', (formset,), attrs)
+    return type(form.__name__ + str('FormSet'), (formset,), attrs)
 
 def all_valid(formsets):
     """Returns true if every formset in formsets is valid."""
diff --git a/django/forms/models.py b/django/forms/models.py
index 4d56f1d38a..b5939b6be3 100644
--- a/django/forms/models.py
+++ b/django/forms/models.py
@@ -389,10 +389,10 @@ def modelform_factory(model, form=ModelForm, fields=None, exclude=None,
     parent = (object,)
     if hasattr(form, 'Meta'):
         parent = (form.Meta, object)
-    Meta = type(b'Meta', parent, attrs)
+    Meta = type(str('Meta'), parent, attrs)
 
     # Give this new form class a reasonable name.
-    class_name = model.__name__ + b'Form'
+    class_name = model.__name__ + str('Form')
 
     # Class attributes for the new form class.
     form_class_attrs = {
diff --git a/django/http/__init__.py b/django/http/__init__.py
index 19b581f5cb..4c2db74890 100644
--- a/django/http/__init__.py
+++ b/django/http/__init__.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ _cookie_encodes_correctly = http_cookies.SimpleCookie().value_encode(';') == (';
 # See ticket #13007, http://bugs.python.org/issue2193 and http://trac.edgewall.org/ticket/2256
 _tc = http_cookies.SimpleCookie()
 try:
-    _tc.load(b'foo:bar=1')
+    _tc.load(str('foo:bar=1'))
     _cookie_allows_colon_in_names = True
 except http_cookies.CookieError:
     _cookie_allows_colon_in_names = False