Reworked custom lookups docs.
Mostly just formatting and rewording, but also replaced the example using ``YearExtract`` to use an example which is unlikely to ever be possible directly in the ORM.
This commit is contained in:
Marc Tamlyn
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Custom lookups
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==============
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.. versionadded:: 1.7
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.. module:: django.db.models.lookups
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:synopsis: Custom lookups
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.. currentmodule:: django.db.models
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By default Django offers a wide variety of different lookups for filtering
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(for example, `exact` and `icontains`). This documentation explains how to
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write custom lookups and how to alter the working of existing lookups. In
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addition how to transform field values is explained. fFor example how to
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extract the year from a DateField. By writing a custom `YearExtract`
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transformer it is possible to filter on the transformed value, for example::
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Author.objects.filter(birthdate__year__lte=1981)
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Currently transformers are only available in filtering. So, it is not possible
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to use it in other parts of the ORM, for example this will not work::
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Author.objects.values_list('birthdate__year')
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By default Django offers a wide variety of :ref:`built-in lookups
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<field-lookups>` for filtering (for example, ``exact`` and ``icontains``). This
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documentation explains how to write custom lookups and how to alter the working
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of existing lookups.
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A simple Lookup example
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Lets start with a simple custom lookup. We will write a custom lookup `ne`
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which works opposite to `exact`. A `Author.objects.filter(name__ne='Jack')`
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will translate to::
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Let's start with a simple custom lookup. We will write a custom lookup ``ne``
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which works opposite to ``exact``. ``Author.objects.filter(name__ne='Jack')``
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will translate to the SQL::
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"author"."name" <> 'Jack'
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A custom lookup will need an implementation and Django needs to be told
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the existence of the lookup. The implementation for this lookup will be
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simple to write::
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This SQL is backend independent, so we don't need to worry about different
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databases.
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There are two steps to making this work. Firstly we need to implement the
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lookup, then we need to tell Django about it. The implementation is quite
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straightforwards::
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from django.db.models import Lookup
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@ -45,131 +41,165 @@ simple to write::
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params = lhs_params + rhs_params
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return '%s <> %s' % (lhs, rhs), params
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To register the `NotEqual` lookup we will just need to call register_lookup
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on the field class we want the lookup to be available::
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To register the ``NotEqual`` lookup we will just need to call
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``register_lookup`` on the field class we want the lookup to be available. In
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this case, the lookup makes sense on all ``Field`` subclasses, so we register
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it with ``Field`` directly::
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from django.db.models.fields import Field
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Field.register_lookup(NotEqual)
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Now Field and all its subclasses have a NotEqual lookup.
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We can now use ``foo__ne`` for any field ``foo``. You will need to ensure that
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this registration happens before you try to create any querysets using it. You
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could place the implementation in a ``models.py`` file, or register the lookup
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in the ``ready()`` method of an ``AppConfig``.
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The first notable thing about `NotEqual` is the lookup_name. This name must
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be supplied, and it is used by Django in the register_lookup() call so that
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Django knows to associate `ne` to the NotEqual implementation.
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`
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An Lookup works against two values, lhs and rhs. The abbreviations stand for
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left-hand side and right-hand side. The lhs is usually a field reference,
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but it can be anything implementing the query expression API. The
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rhs is the value given by the user. In the example `name__ne=Jack`, the
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lhs is reference to Author's name field and Jack is the value.
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Taking a closer look at the implementation, the first required attribute is
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``lookup_name``. This allows the ORM to understand how to interpret ``name__ne``
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and use ``NotEqual`` to generate the SQL. By convention, these names are always
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lowercase strings containing only letters, but the only hard requirement is
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that it must not contain the string ``__``.
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The lhs and rhs are turned into values that are possible to use in SQL.
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In the example above lhs is turned into "author"."name", [], and rhs is
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turned into "%s", ['Jack']. The lhs is just raw string without parameters
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but the rhs is turned into a query parameter 'Jack'.
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A ``Lookup`` works against two values, ``lhs`` and ``rhs``, standing for
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left-hand side and right-hand side. The left-hand side is usually a field
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reference, but it can be anything implementing the :ref:`query expression API
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<query-expression>`. The right-hand is the value given by the user. In the
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example ``Author.objects.filter(name__ne='Jack')``, the left-hand side is a
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reference to the ``name`` field of the ``Author`` model, and ``'Jack'`` is the
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right-hand side.
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Finally we combine the lhs and rhs by adding ` <> ` in between of them,
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and supply all the parameters for the query.
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We call ``process_lhs`` and ``process_rhs`` to convert them into the values we
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need for SQL. In the above example, ``process_lhs`` returns
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``('"author"."name"', [])`` and ``process_rhs`` returns ``('"%s"', ['Jack'])``.
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In this example there were no parameters for the left hand side, but this would
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depend on the object we have, so we still need to include them in the
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parameters we return.
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A Lookup needs to implement a limited part of query expression API. See
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the query expression API for details.
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Finally we combine the parts into a SQL expression with ``<>``, and supply all
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the parameters for the query. We then return a tuple containing the generated
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SQL string and the parameters.
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A simple transformer example
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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We will next write a simple transformer. The transformer will be called
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`YearExtract`. It can be used to extract the year part from `DateField`.
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The custom lookup above is great, but in some cases you may want to be able to
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chain lookups together. For example, let's suppose we are building an
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application where we want to make use of the ``abs()`` operator.
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We have an ``Experiment`` model which records a start value, end value and the
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change (start - end). We would like to find all experiments where the change
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was equal to a certain amount (``Experiment.objects.filter(change__abs=27)``),
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or where it did not exceede a certain amount
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(``Experiment.objects.filter(change__abs__lt=27)``).
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Lets start by writing the implementation::
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.. note::
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This example is somewhat contrived, but it demonstrates nicely the range of
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functionality which is possible in a database backend independent manner,
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and without duplicating functionality already in Django.
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We will start by writing a ``AbsoluteValue`` transformer. This will use the SQL
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function ``ABS()`` to transform the value before comparison::
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from django.db.models import Extract
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class YearExtract(Extract):
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lookup_name = 'year'
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output_type = IntegerField()
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class AbsoluteValue(Extract):
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lookup_name = 'abs'
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def as_sql(self, qn, connection):
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lhs, params = qn.compile(self.lhs)
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return "EXTRACT(YEAR FROM %s)" % lhs, params
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return "ABS(%s)" % lhs, params
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Next, lets register it for `DateField`::
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Next, lets register it for ``IntegerField``::
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from django.db.models import DateField
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DateField.register_lookup(YearExtract)
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from django.db.models import IntegerField
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IntegerField.register_lookup(AbsoluteValue)
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Now any DateField in your project will have `year` transformer. For example
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the following query::
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We can now run the queris we had before.
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``Experiment.objects.filter(change__abs=27)`` will generate the following SQL::
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Author.objects.filter(birthdate__year__lte=1981)
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SELECT ... WHERE ABS("experiments"."change") = 27
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would translate to the following query on PostgreSQL::
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By using ``Extract`` instead of ``Lookup`` it means we are able to chain
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further lookups afterwards. So
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``Experiment.objects.filter(change__abs__lt=27)`` will generate the following
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SQL::
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SELECT ...
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FROM "author"
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WHERE EXTRACT(YEAR FROM "author"."birthdate") <= 1981
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SELECT ... WHERE ABS("experiments"."change") < 27
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An YearExtract class works only against self.lhs. Usually the lhs is
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transformed in some way. Further lookups and extracts work against the
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transformed value.
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Subclasses of ``Extract`` usually only operate on the left-hand side of the
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expression. Further lookups will work on the transformed value. Note that in
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this case where there is no other lookup specified, Django interprets
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``change__abs=27`` as ``change__abs__exact=27``.
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Note the definition of output_type in the `YearExtract`. The output_type is
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a field instance. It informs Django that the Extract class transformed the
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type of the value to an int. This is currently used only to check which
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lookups the extract has.
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When looking for which lookups are allowable after the ``Extract`` has been
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applied, Django uses the ``output_type`` attribute. We didn't need to specify
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this here as it didn't change, but supposing we were applying ``AbsoluteValue``
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to some field which represents a more complex type (for example a point
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relative to an origin, or a complex number) then we may have wanted to specify
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``output_type = FloatField``, which will ensure that further lookups like
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``abs__lte`` behave as they would for a ``FloatField``.
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The used SQL in this example works on most databases. Check you database
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vendor's documentation to see if EXTRACT(year from date) is supported.
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Writing an efficient abs__lt lookup
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Writing an efficient year__exact lookup
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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When using the above written ``abs`` lookup, the SQL produced will not use
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indexes efficiently in some cases. In particular, when we use
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``change__abs__lt=27``, this is equivalent to ``change__gt=-27`` AND
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``change__lt=27``. (For the ``lte`` case we could use the SQL ``BETWEEN``).
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When using the above written `year` lookup, the SQL produced will not use
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indexes efficiently. We will fix that by writing a custom `exact` lookup
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for YearExtract. For example if the user filters on
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`birthdate__year__exact=1981`, then we want to produce the following SQL::
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So we would like ``Experiment.objects.filter(change__abs__lt=27)`` to generate
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the following SQL::
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birthdate >= to_date('1981-01-01') AND birthdate <= to_date('1981-12-31')
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SELECT .. WHERE "experiments"."change" < 27 AND "experiments"."change" > -27
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The implementation is::
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from django.db.models import Lookup
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class YearExact(Lookup):
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lookup_name = 'exact'
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class AbsoluteValueLessThan(Lookup):
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lookup_name = 'lt'
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def as_sql(self, qn, connection):
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lhs, lhs_params = qn.compile(self.lhs.lhs)
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rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(qn, connection)
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params = lhs_params + rhs_params + lhs_params + rhs_params
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return '%s >= to_date(%s || '-01-01') AND %s <= to_date(%s || '-12-31') % (lhs, rhs, lhs, rhs), params
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return '%s > %s AND %s < -%s % (lhs, rhs, lhs, rhs), params
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YearExtract.register_lookup(YearExact)
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AbsoluteValue.register_lookup(AbsoluteValueLessThan)
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There are a couple of notable things going on. First, `YearExact` isn't
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calling process_lhs(). Instead it skips and compiles directly the lhs used by
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self.lhs. The reason this is done is to skip `YearExtract` from adding the
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EXTRACT clause to the query. Referring directly to self.lhs.lhs is safe as
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`YearExact` can be accessed only from `year__exact` lookup, that is the lhs
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is always `YearExtract`.
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There are a couple of notable things going on. First, ``AbsoluteValueLessThan``
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isn't calling ``process_lhs()``. Instead it skips the transformation of the
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``lhs`` done by ``AbsoluteValue`` and uses the original ``lhs``. That is, we
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want to get ``27`` not ``ABS(27)``. Referring directly to ``self.lhs.lhs`` is
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safe as ``AbsoluteValueLessThan`` can be accessed only from the
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``AbsoluteValue`` lookup, that is the ``lhs`` is always an instance of
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``AbsoluteValue``.
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Next, as both the lhs and rhs are used multiple times in the query the params
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need to contain lhs_params and rhs_params multiple times.
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Notice also that as both sides are used multiple times in the query the params
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need to contain ``lhs_params`` and ``rhs_params`` multiple times.
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The final query does string manipulation directly in the database. The reason
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for doing this is that if the self.rhs is something else than a plain integer
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value (for exampel a `F()` reference) we can't do the transformations in
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Python.
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The final query does the inversion (``27`` to ``-27``) directly in the
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database. The reason for doing this is that if the self.rhs is something else
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than a plain integer value (for example an ``F()`` reference) we can't do the
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transformations in Python.
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.. note::
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In fact, most lookups with ``__abs`` could be implemented as range queries
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like this, and on most database backend it is likely to be more sensible to
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do so as you can make use of the indexes. However with PostgreSQL you may
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want to add an index on ``abs(change)`` which would allow these queries to
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be very efficient.
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Writing alternative implemenatations for existing lookups
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Sometimes different database vendors require different SQL for the same
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operation. For this example we will rewrite a custom implementation for
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MySQL for the NotEqual operator. Instead of `<>` we will be using `!=`
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operator.
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MySQL for the NotEqual operator. Instead of ``<>`` we will be using ``!=``
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operator. (Note that in reality almost all databases support both, including
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all the official databases supported by Django).
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There are two ways to do this. The first is to write a subclass with a
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as_mysql() method and registering the subclass over the original class::
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We can change the behaviour on a specific backend by creating a subclass of
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``NotEqual`` with a ``as_mysql`` method::
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class MySQLNotEqual(NotEqual):
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def as_mysql(self, qn, connection):
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@ -179,80 +209,92 @@ as_mysql() method and registering the subclass over the original class::
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return '%s != %s' % (lhs, rhs), params
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Field.register_lookup(MySQLNotExact)
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The alternate is to monkey-patch the existing class in place::
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We can then register it with ``Field``. It takes the place of the original
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``NotEqual`` class as it has
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def as_mysql(self, qn, connection):
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lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(qn, connection)
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rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(qn, connection)
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params = lhs_params + rhs_params
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return '%s != %s' % (lhs, rhs), params
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NotEqual.as_mysql = as_mysql
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When compiling a query, Django first looks for ``as_%s % connection.vendor``
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methods, and then falls back to ``as_sql``. The vendor names for the in-built
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backends are ``sqlite``, ``postgresql``, ``oracle`` and ``mysql``.
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The subclass way allows one to override methods of the lookup if needed. The
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monkey-patch way allows writing different implementations for the same class
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in different locations of the project.
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.. note::
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If for some reason you need to change the lookup just for a specific query,
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you can do that and reregister the original lookup afterwards. However you
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need to be careful to ensure that your patch is in place until the queryset
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is evaluated, not just created.
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The way Django knows to call as_mysql() instead of as_sql() is as follows.
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When qn.compile(notequal_instance) is called, Django first checks if there
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is a method named 'as_%s' % connection.vendor. If that method doesn't exist,
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the as_sql() will be called.
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The vendor names for Django's in-built backends are 'sqlite', 'postgresql',
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'oracle' and 'mysql'.
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The Lookup API
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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An lookup has attributes lhs and rhs. The lhs is something implementing the
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query expression API and the rhs is either a plain value, or something that
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needs to be compiled into SQL. Examples of SQL-compiled values include `F()`
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references and usage of `QuerySets` as value.
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A lookup needs to define lookup_name as a class level attribute. This is used
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when registering lookups.
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A lookup has three public methods. The as_sql(qn, connection) method needs
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to produce a query string and parameters used by the query string. The qn has
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a method compile() which can be used to compile self.lhs. However usually it
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is better to call self.process_lhs(qn, connection) instead, which returns
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query string and parameters for the lhs. Similary process_rhs(qn, connection)
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returns query string and parameters for the rhs.
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.. _query-expression:
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The Query Expression API
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A lookup can assume that the lhs responds to the query expression API.
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Currently direct field references, aggregates and `Extract` instances respond
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Currently direct field references, aggregates and ``Extract`` instances respond
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to this API.
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.. method:: as_sql(qn, connection)
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Responsible for producing the query string and parameters for the expression.
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The qn has a compile() method that can be used to compile other expressions.
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The connection is the connection used to execute the query. The
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connection.vendor attribute can be used to return different query strings
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for different backends.
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Responsible for producing the query string and parameters for the
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expression. The ``qn`` has a ``compile()`` method that can be used to
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compile other expressions. The ``connection`` is the connection used to
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execute the query.
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Calling expression.as_sql() directly is usually an error - instead
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qn.compile(expression) should be used. The qn.compile() method will take
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care of calling vendor-specific methods of the expression.
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Calling expression.as_sql() directly is usually incorrect - instead
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qn.compile(expression) should be used. The qn.compile() method will take
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care of calling vendor-specific methods of the expression.
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.. method:: as_vendorname(qn, connection)
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Works like as_sql() method. When an expression is compiled by qn.compile()
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Django will first try to call as_vendorname(), where vendorname is the vendor
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name of the backend used for executing the query. The vendorname is one of
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'postgresql', 'oracle', 'sqlite' or 'mysql' for Django's inbuilt backends.
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Works like ``as_sql()`` method. When an expression is compiled by
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``qn.compile()``, Django will first try to call ``as_vendorname()``, where
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vendorname is the vendor name of the backend used for executing the query.
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The vendorname is one of ``postgresql``, ``oracle``, ``sqlite`` or
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``mysql`` for Django's built-in backends.
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.. method:: get_lookup(lookup_name)::
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.. method:: get_lookup(lookup_name)
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The get_lookup() method is used to fetch lookups. By default the lookup
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is fetched from the expression's output type, but it is possible to override
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this method to alter that behaviour.
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The ``get_lookup()`` method is used to fetch lookups. By default the lookup
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is fetched from the expression's output type, but it is possible to
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override this method to alter that behaviour.
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.. attribute:: output_type
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The output_type attribute is used by the get_lookup() method to check for
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lookups. The output_type should be a field instance.
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The ``output_type`` attribute is used by the ``get_lookup()`` method to check for
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lookups. The output_type should be a field.
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Note that this documentation lists only the public methods of the API.
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Lookup reference
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: Lookup
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In addition to the attributes and methods below, lookups also support
|
||||
``as_sql`` and ``as_vendorname`` from the query expression API.
|
||||
|
||||
.. attribute:: lhs
|
||||
|
||||
The ``lhs`` (left-hand side) of a lookup tells us what we are comparing the
|
||||
rhs to. It is an object which implements the query expression API. This is
|
||||
likely to be a field, an aggregate or a subclass of ``Extract``.
|
||||
|
||||
.. attribute:: rhs
|
||||
|
||||
The ``rhs`` (right-hand side) of a lookup is the value we are comparing the
|
||||
left hand side to. It may be a plain value, or something which compiles
|
||||
into SQL, for example an ``F()`` object or a ``Queryset``.
|
||||
|
||||
.. attribute:: lookup_name
|
||||
|
||||
This class level attribute is used when registering lookups. It determines
|
||||
the name used in queries to triger this lookup. For example, ``contains``
|
||||
or ``exact``. This should not contain the string ``__``.
|
||||
|
||||
.. method:: process_lhs(qn, connection)
|
||||
|
||||
This returns a tuple of ``(lhs_string, lhs_params)``. In some cases you may
|
||||
wish to compile ``lhs`` directly in your ``as_sql`` methods using
|
||||
``qn.compile(self.lhs)``.
|
||||
|
||||
.. method:: process_rhs(qn, connection)
|
||||
|
||||
Behaves the same as ``process_lhs`` but acts on the right-hand side.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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Reference in New Issue