This is the result of Christopher Medrela's 2013 Summer of Code project.
Thanks also to Preston Holmes, Tim Graham, Anssi Kääriäinen, Florian
Apolloner, and Alex Gaynor for review notes along the way.
Also: Fixes#8579, fixes#3055, fixes#19844.
Originating WSGIRequests are now attached to the ``wsgi_request`` attribute of
the ``HttpResponse`` returned by the testing client.
Thanks rvdrijst for the suggestion.
The last component of the dotted path to the application module is
consistently referenced as the application "label". For instance it's
AppConfig.label. appname could be confused with AppConfig.name, which is
the full dotted path.
Small nitpicks. All column-related ALTER TABLE commands take an
exclusive table lock in PostgreSQL. The difference is that adding a
column without default doesn't cause a table rewrite, so the lock is
held only for a short time.
The time taken is more accurately proportional to table size, not row
count.
Thanks Curtis Malony and Florian Apolloner.
Squashed commit of the following:
commit 3380495e93
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Sat Nov 23 14:18:07 2013 +0100
Looked up the template_fragments cache at runtime.
commit 905a74f52b
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Sat Nov 23 14:19:48 2013 +0100
Removed all uses of create_cache.
Refactored the cache tests significantly.
Made it safe to override the CACHES setting.
commit 35e289fe92
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Sat Nov 23 12:23:57 2013 +0100
Removed create_cache function.
commit 8e274f747a
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Sat Nov 23 12:04:52 2013 +0100
Updated docs to describe a simplified cache backend API.
commit ee7eb0f73e
Author: Curtis Maloney <curtis@tinbrain.net>
Date: Sat Oct 19 09:49:24 2013 +1100
Fixed#21012 -- Thread-local caches, like databases.
Requests made with django.test.Client.login() and logout() respect
defaults defined in django.test.Client instantiation and are processed
through middleware.
Thanks to Loic for the reviews.
Corrected LANGUAGES documentation on how to translate language
names. Now using django.utils.translation.ugettext_lazy instead
of a dummy gettext() function.
Thanks to Salvatore for the report.
The EmailMessage documentation describes the initialization parameters
and states they 'can be set at any time prior to calling the send()
method.'. However, the 'headers' parameter's corresponding attribute is
called 'extra_headers'.
Add the trimmed option to the blocktrans tag to trim any newlines and
whitespace from its content.
This allows the developer to indent the blocktrans tag without adding
new lines and whitespace to the msgid in the PO file.
Thanks to mpessas for the initial patch and Dmitri Fedortchenko for the
report.
Scheme is handled correctly when making comparisons between two URLs. If
there isn't any scheme specified in the location where we are redirected to,
the original request's scheme is used. If present, the scheme in
``expected_url`` is the one used to make the comparations to.
* Safer for use in multiprocess environments
* Better random culling
* Cache files use less disk space
* Safer delete behavior
Also fixed#15806, fixed#15825.
All request methods of ``django.test.client.Client`` receive a ``secure``
argument that defaults to ``False`` indicating whether or not to make the
request through https.
Thanks Aymeric Augustin for the review.
Thanks dan at dlo.me for the initial patch.
- Added __pow__ and __rpow__ to ExpressionNode
- Added oracle and mysql specific power expressions
- Added used-defined power function for sqlite
The old 'django_language' variable will still be read from in order
to migrate users. The backwards-compatability shim will be removed in
Django 1.8.
Thanks to jdunck for the report and stugots for the initial patch.
The ModelForm docs suggested that fields defined declaratively override
default fields generated from the form Meta.
This is conceptually wrong, especially with inheritance in mind. Meta is
usually defined on the topmost ModelForm subclass, while fields can come
from anywhere in the MRO, especially base classes; therefore we suggested
that something defined in a base class override something from a subclass.
This patch rephrases the docs around the idea that Meta is used to generate
*missing* fields.
Refs #8620, #19617.
Thanks @mjtamlyn and @timgraham for the review.
Added ``--natural-foreign`` and ``--natural-primary`` options and
deprecated the ``--natural`` option to the ``dumpdata`` management
command.
Added ``use_natural_foreign_keys`` and ``use_natural_primary_keys``
arguments and deprecated the ``use_natural_keys`` argument to
``django.core.serializers.Serializer.serialize()``.
Thanks SmileyChris for the suggestion.
The package renaming restores the older package names (which were also the
documented package names). This doesn't affect test discovery because the
module in question doesn't contain any tests.
Thanks to Carl for the design discussion.
Squashed commit of the following:
commit 63ddb271a44df389b2c302e421fc17b7f0529755
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Sun Sep 29 22:51:00 2013 +0200
Clarified interactions between atomic and exceptions.
commit 2899ec299228217c876ba3aa4024e523a41c8504
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Sun Sep 22 22:45:32 2013 +0200
Fixed TransactionManagementError in tests.
Previous commit introduced an additional check to prevent running
queries in transactions that will be rolled back, which triggered a few
failures in the tests. In practice using transaction.atomic instead of
the low-level savepoint APIs was enough to fix the problems.
commit 4a639b059ea80aeb78f7f160a7d4b9f609b9c238
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Tue Sep 24 22:24:17 2013 +0200
Allowed nesting constraint_checks_disabled inside atomic.
Since MySQL handles transactions loosely, this isn't a problem.
commit 2a4ab1cb6e83391ff7e25d08479e230ca564bfef
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Sat Sep 21 18:43:12 2013 +0200
Prevented running queries in transactions that will be rolled back.
This avoids a counter-intuitive behavior in an edge case on databases
with non-atomic transaction semantics.
It prevents using savepoint_rollback() inside an atomic block without
calling set_rollback(False) first, which is backwards-incompatible in
tests.
Refs #21134.
commit 8e3db393853c7ac64a445b66e57f3620a3fde7b0
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Sun Sep 22 22:14:17 2013 +0200
Replaced manual savepoints by atomic blocks.
This ensures the rollback flag is handled consistently in internal APIs.
* Move the discussion of CachedStaticFilesStorage to the section about
HTTP. It's really about client-side caching. It doesn't fit with the
caching utilities from django.utils.functional.
* Tone down the warning against Pypy as per Alex' feedback. It's a valid
choice for advanced users who are comfortable using a non-standard
stack.
* Generally reworded the 'Using different versions of available software'
section.
* Some other minor adjustments to the document.
- Fixed some grammar and formatting mistakes
- Added the type and default for CULL_FREQUENCY
- Made the note on culling the entire cache more precise. (It's actually
slower on the filesystem backend.)
* override_settings may now be imported from django.test
* removed Approximate from django.test
* updated documentation for things importable from django.test
Thanks akaariai for the suggestion.
Added settings.SESSION_SERIALIZER which is the import path of a serializer
to use for sessions.
Thanks apollo13, carljm, shaib, akaariai, charettes, and dstufft for reviews.
Sphinx generates left single quotes for apostrophes after
code markup, when right single quotes are required. The
easiest way to fix this is just by inserting the unicode
character for a right single quote.
Instances of the problem were found by looking for
">‘" in the generated HTML.
Additionally this patch solves the orthogonal problem that specialized
`QuerySet` like `ValuesQuerySet` didn't inherit from the current `QuerySet`
type. This wasn't an issue until now because we didn't officially support
custom `QuerySet` but it became necessary with the introduction of this new
feature.
Thanks aaugustin, akaariai, carljm, charettes, mjtamlyn, shaib and timgraham
for the reviews.
Add support for Oracle, fix an issue with the repr of RawQuerySet,
add tests and documentations. Also added a 'supports_paramstyle_pyformat'
database feature, True by default, False for SQLite.
Thanks Donald Stufft for review of documentation.
This is useful:
- to force a rollback on the exit of an atomic block without having to
raise and catch an exception;
- to prevent a rollback after handling an exception manually.
uid is now base64 encoded in password reset URLs/views. A backwards compatible
password_reset_confirm view/URL will allow password reset links generated before
this change to continue to work. This view will be removed in Django 1.7.
Thanks jonash for the initial patch and claudep for the review.
The code examples should now work correctly.
The `get_context_data` method in the examples was changed when
necessary to adopt a singular style (get context with super(...),
add the extra keys to the dict then return it).
Thanks to Remco Wendt for the initial report and to Tim Graham
for the review.
Also moved its documentation to the 'advanced' section. It doesn't
belong to the 'overview'. Same for TransactionTestCase.reset_sequences.
When available_apps is set, after a TransactionTestCase, the database
is now totally empty. post_syncdb is fired at the beginning of the next
TransactionTestCase.
Refs #20483.
There was an inconsistency between how the label_tag for forms were
generated depending on which method was used: as_p, as_ul and as_table
contained code to append the label_suffix where as label_tag called on a
form field directly did NOT append the label_suffix. The code for
appending the label_suffix has been moved in to the label_tag code of
the field and the HTML generation code for as_p, as_ul and as_table now
calls this code as well.
This is a backwards incompatible change because users who have added the
label_suffix manually in their templates may now get double label_suffix
characters in their forms.
This can be used to make Django's test suite significantly faster by
reducing the number of models for which content types and permissions
must be created and tables must be flushed in each non-transactional
test.
It's documented for Django contributors and committers but it's branded
as a private API to preserve our freedom to change it in the future.
Most of the credit goes to Anssi. He got the idea and did the research.
Fixed#20483.
normalize_email should be called on the instance, not the class. This
has the same effect normally but is more helpful to subclassers. When
methods are called directly on the class, subclasses can't override
them.
SuspiciousOperations have been differentiated into subclasses, and
are now logged to a 'django.security.*' logger. SuspiciousOperations
that reach django.core.handlers.base.BaseHandler will now return a 400
instead of a 500.
Thanks to tiwoc for the report, and Carl Meyer and Donald Stufft
for review.
A decorator is easier to apply to CBVs. Backwards compatibility isn't an
issue here, except for people running on a recent clone of master.
Fixed a few minor problems in the transactions docs while I was there.
* py-bcrypt has not been updated in some time
* py-bcrypt does not support Python3
* py3k-bcrypt, a port of py-bcrypt to python3 is not compatible
with Django
* bcrypt is supported on all versions of Python that Django
supports
The origin statement "which could be ... or whatever" **misguides** many newbies like me.
In fact, the ``login`` function in ``contrib.auth`` stores ``user.pk`` in session, then ``get_user`` function in ``contrib.auth`` gets ``user.pk`` in session and then passes it to your custom ``get_user`` as ``user_id``.
Which means, ``user_id`` prarameter in your custom ``get_user`` has to be the primary key of ``User`` object, too.
Thanks to Preston Timmons for the bulk of the work on the patch, especially
updating Django's own test suite to comply with the requirements of the new
runner. Thanks also to Jannis Leidel and Mahdi Yusuf for earlier work on the
patch and the discovery runner.
Refs #11077, #17032, and #18670.
This also updates all dependent functionality, including modelform_factory
and modelformset_factory, and the generic views `ModelFormMixin`,
`CreateView` and `UpdateView` which gain a new `fields` attribute.
Previously, depending on the database backend or the cursor type,
you'd need to double the percent signs in the query before passing
it to cursor.execute. Now cursor.execute consistently need percent
doubling whenever params argument is not None (placeholder substitution
will happen).
Thanks Thomas Güttler for the report and Walter Doekes for his work
on the patch.
This is provided as a new "validate_max" formset_factory option defaulting to
False, since the non-validating behavior of max_num is longstanding, and there
is certainly code relying on it. (In fact, even the Django admin relies on it
for the case where there are more existing inlines than the given max_num). It
may be that at some point we want to deprecate validate_max=False and
eventually remove the option, but this commit takes no steps in that direction.
This also fixes the DoS-prevention absolute_max enforcement so that it causes a
form validation error rather than an IndexError, and ensures that absolute_max
is always 1000 more than max_num, to prevent surprising changes in behavior
with max_num close to absolute_max.
Lastly, this commit fixes the previous inconsistency between a regular formset
and a model formset in the precedence of max_num and initial data. Previously
in a regular formset, if the provided initial data was longer than max_num, it
was truncated; in a model formset, all initial forms would be displayed
regardless of max_num. Now regular formsets are the same as model formsets; all
initial forms are displayed, even if more than max_num. (But if validate_max is
True, submitting these forms will result in a "too many forms" validation
error!) This combination of behaviors was chosen to keep the max_num validation
simple and consistent, and avoid silent data loss due to truncation of initial
data.
Thanks to Preston for discussion of the design choices.
Thanks Anssi for haggling until I implemented this.
This change alleviates the need for atomic_if_autocommit. When
autocommit is disabled for a database, atomic will simply create and
release savepoints, and not commit anything. This honors the contract of
not doing any transaction management.
This change also makes the hack to allow using atomic within the legacy
transaction management redundant.
None of the above will work with SQLite, because of a flaw in the design
of the sqlite3 library. This is a known limitation that cannot be lifted
without unacceptable side effects eg. triggering arbitrary commits.
Replaced them with per-database options, for proper multi-db support.
Also toned down the recommendation to tie transactions to HTTP requests.
Thanks Jeremy for sharing his experience.
Squashed commit of:
commit 508ec9144b35c50794708225b496bde1eb5e60aa
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Tue Jan 29 22:50:55 2013 +0100
Tweaked default settings file.
* Explained why BASE_DIR exists.
* Added a link to the database configuration options, and put it in its
own section.
* Moved sensitive settings that must be changed for production at the
top.
commit 6515fd2f1aa73a86dc8dbd2ccf512ddb6b140d57
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Tue Jan 29 14:35:21 2013 +0100
Documented the simplified app & project templates in the changelog.
commit 2c5b576c2ea91d84273a019b3d0b3b8b4da72f23
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Tue Jan 29 13:59:27 2013 +0100
Minor fixes in tutorials 5 and 6.
commit 55a51531be8104f21b3cca3f6bf70b0a7139a041
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Tue Jan 29 13:51:11 2013 +0100
Updated tutorial 2 for the new project template.
commit 29ddae87bdaecff12dd31b16b000c01efbde9e20
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Tue Jan 29 11:58:54 2013 +0100
Updated tutorial 1 for the new project template.
commit 0ecb9f6e2514cfd26a678a280d471433375101a3
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Tue Jan 29 11:29:13 2013 +0100
Adjusted the default URLconf detection to account for the admin.
It's now enabled by default.
commit 5fb4da0d3d09dac28dd94e3fde92b9d4335c0565
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Tue Jan 29 10:36:55 2013 +0100
Added security warnings for the most sensitive settings.
commit 718d84bd8ac4a42fb4b28ec93965de32680f091e
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 23:24:06 2013 +0100
Used an absolute path for the SQLite database.
This ensures the settings file works regardless of which directory
django-admin.py / manage.py is invoked from.
BASE_DIR got a +1 from a BDFL and another core dev. It doesn't involve
the concept of a "Django project"; it's just a convenient way to express
relative paths within the source code repository for non-Python files.
Thanks Jacob Kaplan-Moss for the suggestion.
commit 1b559b4bcda622e10909b68fe5cab90db6727dd9
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 23:22:40 2013 +0100
Removed STATIC_ROOT from the default settings template.
It isn't necessary in development, and it confuses beginners to no end.
Thanks Carl Meyer for the suggestion.
commit a55f141a500bb7c9a1bc259bbe1954c13b199671
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 23:21:43 2013 +0100
Removed MEDIA_ROOT/URL from default settings template.
Many sites will never deal with user-uploaded files, and MEDIA_ROOT is
complicated to explain.
Thanks Carl Meyer for the suggestion.
commit 44bf2f2441420fd9429ee9fe1f7207f92dd87e70
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 22:22:09 2013 +0100
Removed logging config.
This configuration is applied regardless of the value of LOGGING;
duplicating it in LOGGING is confusing.
commit eac747e848eaed65fd5f6f254f0a7559d856f88f
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 22:05:31 2013 +0100
Enabled the locale middleware by default.
USE_I18N is True by default, and doesn't work well without
LocaleMiddleware.
commit d806c62b2d00826dc2688c84b092627b8d571cab
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 22:03:16 2013 +0100
Enabled clickjacking protection by default.
commit 99152c30e6a15003f0b6737dc78e87adf462aacb
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 22:01:48 2013 +0100
Reorganized settings in logical sections, and trimmed comments.
commit d37ffdfcb24b7e0ec7cc113d07190f65fb12fb8a
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 16:54:11 2013 +0100
Avoided misleading TEMPLATE_DEBUG = DEBUG.
According to the docs TEMPLATE_DEBUG works only when DEBUG = True.
commit 15d9478d3a9850e85841e7cf09cf83050371c6bf
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 16:46:25 2013 +0100
Removed STATICFILES_FINDERS/TEMPLATE_LOADERS from default settings file.
Only developers with special needs ever need to change these settings.
commit 574da0eb5bfb4570883756914b4dbd7e20e1f61e
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 16:45:01 2013 +0100
Removed STATICFILES/TEMPLATES_DIRS from default settings file.
The current best practice is to put static files and templates in
applications, for easier testing and deployment.
commit 8cb18dbe56629aa1be74718a07e7cc66b4f9c9f0
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 16:24:16 2013 +0100
Removed settings related to email reporting from default settings file.
While handy for small scale projects, it isn't exactly a best practice.
commit 8ecbfcb3638058f0c49922540f874a7d802d864f
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Tue Jan 29 18:54:43 2013 +0100
Documented how to enable the sites framework.
commit 23fc91a6fa67d91ddd9d71b1c3e0dc26bdad9841
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 16:28:59 2013 +0100
Disabled the sites framework by default.
RequestSite does the job for single-domain websites.
commit c4d82eb8afc0eb8568bf9c4d12644272415e3960
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Tue Jan 29 00:08:33 2013 +0100
Added a default admin.py to the application template.
Thanks Ryan D Hiebert for the suggestion.
commit 4071dc771e5c44b1c5ebb9beecefb164ae465e22
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 10:59:49 2013 +0100
Enabled the admin by default.
Everyone uses the admin.
commit c807a31f8d89e7e7fd97380e3023f7983a8b6fcb
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 10:57:05 2013 +0100
Removed admindocs from default project template.
commit 09e4ce0e652a97da1a9e285046a91c8ad7a9189c
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 16:32:52 2013 +0100
Added links to the settings documentation.
commit 5b8f5eaef364eb790fcde6f9e86f7d266074cca8
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 11:06:54 2013 +0100
Used a significant example for URLconf includes.
commit 908e91d6fcee2a3cb51ca26ecdf12a6a24e69ef8
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 16:22:31 2013 +0100
Moved code comments about WSGI to docs, and rewrote said docs.
commit 50417e51996146f891d08ca8b74dcc736a581932
Author: Aymeric Augustin <aymeric.augustin@m4x.org>
Date: Mon Jan 28 15:51:50 2013 +0100
Normalized the default application template.
Removed the default test that 1 + 1 = 2, because it's been committed
way too many times, in too many projects.
Added an import of `render` for views, because the first view will
often be:
def home(request):
return render(request, "mysite/home.html")
They are simply ignored now. This allows for a more correct behavior when
they are placed before translatable constructs on the same line.
Previously, the latter were wrongly ignored because the former were
preserved when converting template code to the internal Python-syntax
form later fed to xgettext but Python has no ``/* ... */``-style
comments.
Also, special comments directed to translators are now only taken in
account when they are located at the end of a line. e.g.::
{# Translators: ignored #}{% trans "Literal A" %}{# Translators: valid, associated with "Literal B" below #}
{% trans "Literal B" %}
Behavior of ``{% comment %}...{% endcomment %}``tags remains unchanged.
Thanks juneih at redpill-linpro dot com for the report and Claude for
his work on the issue.
Tom Atkins
Andrew Godwin
Baptiste Mispelon
Tim Graham
Russell Keith-Magee
Claude Paroz
Unai Zalakain
Frank Tobia
Aymeric Augustin
ijl
Tianyi Wang
Alasdair Nicol
Marti Raudsepp
Chris Jerdonek
johannes-gehrs
Christian Schmitt
Frank Wiles
Ramiro Morales
Alex Gaynor
Simon Charette
Raphael Jasjukaitis
Curtis Maloney
Loic Bistuer
mlissner
Bernardo Pires
Cody Scott
Tom Scholl
Bouke Haarsma
Anssi Kääriäinen
Sylvain Bellemare
Jaap Roes
Antoine Catton
SusanTan
Florian Hahn
Marc Tamlyn
Sorcha Bowler
Tai Lee
Dan Loewenherz
Michael Manfre
Daley Chetwynd
Åke Forslund
Michael DiBernardo
evildmp
Markus Amalthea Magnuson
yokomizor
Berker Peksag
Kevin Christopher Henry
Juan Catalano
e0ne
Eric Boersma
CHI Cheng
Phaneendra Chiruvella
Krzysztof Jurewicz
Jan Böcker
Mel Collins
ersran9
Leandro Regueiro
Dominic Rodger
Justin Michalicek
minusf
Jannis Leidel
Julien Phalip
Matt Deacalion Stevens
Sergio Oliveira
David Binetti
Joeri Bekker
Benjamin Kagia
James Bennett
Tomáš Ehrlich
Ben Firshman
Shai Berger
Simon Meers
Erik Romijn
Danilo Bargen
Wilfred Hughes
Gabe Jackson
Kenny Rachuonyo
Jacob Kaplan-Moss
Gavin Wahl
yishaibeeri
Preston Holmes
Panagiotis H.M. Issaris
Ryan Kaskel
leandrafinger
Silvan Spross
postrational
Marc Egli
Łukasz Langa
Erik Romijn
Jacob Burch
Florian Apolloner
Stefan hr Berder
Donald Stufft
zhongqi
Carl Meyer
Luke Plant
Mike Fogel
Christopher Allen-Poole
Ana Krivokapic
Thomas Thurman
Juan Catalano
Nimesh Ghelani
Andrew Gorcester
Pablo Sanfilippo
Tobias Carlander
Tim Graham
Ben Konrath
Zbigniew Siciarz
Tomek Paczkowski
Horst Gutmann
Stefan "hr" Berder
Alex Hunley
JonLoy
Nick Sandford