django/docs/howto/static-files/index.txt

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====================================================
Managing static files (e.g. images, JavaScript, CSS)
====================================================
Websites generally need to serve additional files such as images, JavaScript,
or CSS. In Django, we refer to these files as "static files". Django provides
:mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles` to help you manage them.
This page describes how you can serve these static files.
Configuring static files
========================
1. Make sure that ``django.contrib.staticfiles`` is included in your
:setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`.
2. In your settings file, define :setting:`STATIC_URL`, for example::
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
3. In your templates, either hardcode the url like
``/static/my_app/example.jpg`` or, preferably, use the :ttag:`static`
template tag to build the URL for the given relative path by using the
configured :setting:`STATICFILES_STORAGE` storage (this makes it much easier
when you want to switch to a content delivery network (CDN) for serving
static files).
.. _staticfiles-in-templates:
.. code-block:: html+django
{% load static %}
<img src="{% static "my_app/example.jpg" %}" alt="My image"/>
4. Store your static files in a folder called ``static`` in your app. For
example ``my_app/static/my_app/example.jpg``.
.. admonition:: Serving the files
In addition to these configuration steps, you'll also need to actually
serve the static files.
During development, if you use :mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles`, this will
be done automatically by :djadmin:`runserver` when :setting:`DEBUG` is set
to ``True`` (see :func:`django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve`).
This method is **grossly inefficient** and probably **insecure**,
so it is **unsuitable for production**.
See :doc:`/howto/static-files/deployment` for proper strategies to serve
static files in production environments.
Your project will probably also have static assets that aren't tied to a
particular app. In addition to using a ``static/`` directory inside your apps,
you can define a list of directories (:setting:`STATICFILES_DIRS`) in your
settings file where Django will also look for static files. For example::
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static"),
'/var/www/static/',
]
See the documentation for the :setting:`STATICFILES_FINDERS` setting for
details on how ``staticfiles`` finds your files.
.. admonition:: Static file namespacing
Now we *might* be able to get away with putting our static files directly
in ``my_app/static/`` (rather than creating another ``my_app``
subdirectory), but it would actually be a bad idea. Django will use the
first static file it finds whose name matches, and if you had a static file
with the same name in a *different* application, Django would be unable to
distinguish between them. We need to be able to point Django at the right
one, and the easiest way to ensure this is by *namespacing* them. That is,
by putting those static files inside *another* directory named for the
application itself.
.. _serving-static-files-in-development:
Serving static files during development
=======================================
If you use :mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles` as explained above,
:djadmin:`runserver` will do this automatically when :setting:`DEBUG` is set
to ``True``. If you don't have ``django.contrib.staticfiles`` in
:setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`, you can still manually serve static files using the
:func:`django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve` view.
This is not suitable for production use! For some common deployment
strategies, see :doc:`/howto/static-files/deployment`.
For example, if your :setting:`STATIC_URL` is defined as ``/static/``, you can do
this by adding the following snippet to your urls.py::
from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static
urlpatterns = [
# ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...
] + static(settings.STATIC_URL, document_root=settings.STATIC_ROOT)
.. note::
This helper function works only in debug mode and only if
the given prefix is local (e.g. ``/static/``) and not a URL (e.g.
``http://static.example.com/``).
Also this helper function only serves the actual :setting:`STATIC_ROOT`
folder; it doesn't perform static files discovery like
:mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles`.
.. _serving-uploaded-files-in-development:
Serving files uploaded by a user during development
===================================================
During development, you can serve user-uploaded media files from
:setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` using the :func:`django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve`
view.
This is not suitable for production use! For some common deployment
strategies, see :doc:`/howto/static-files/deployment`.
For example, if your :setting:`MEDIA_URL` is defined as ``/media/``, you can do
this by adding the following snippet to your urls.py::
from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static
urlpatterns = [
# ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...
] + static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)
.. note::
This helper function works only in debug mode and only if
the given prefix is local (e.g. ``/media/``) and not a URL (e.g.
``http://media.example.com/``).
.. _staticfiles-testing-support:
Testing
=======
When running tests that use actual HTTP requests instead of the built-in
testing client (i.e. when using the built-in :class:`LiveServerTestCase
<django.test.LiveServerTestCase>`) the static assets need to be served along
the rest of the content so the test environment reproduces the real one as
faithfully as possible, but ``LiveServerTestCase`` has only very basic static
file-serving functionality: It doesn't know about the finders feature of the
``staticfiles`` application and assumes the static content has already been
collected under :setting:`STATIC_ROOT`.
Because of this, ``staticfiles`` ships its own
:class:`django.contrib.staticfiles.testing.StaticLiveServerTestCase`, a subclass
of the built-in one that has the ability to transparently serve all the assets
during execution of these tests in a way very similar to what we get at
development time with ``DEBUG = True``, i.e. without having to collect them
using :djadmin:`collectstatic` first.
Deployment
==========
:mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles` provides a convenience management command
for gathering static files in a single directory so you can serve them easily.
1. Set the :setting:`STATIC_ROOT` setting to the directory from which you'd
like to serve these files, for example::
STATIC_ROOT = "/var/www/example.com/static/"
2. Run the :djadmin:`collectstatic` management command::
$ python manage.py collectstatic
This will copy all files from your static folders into the
:setting:`STATIC_ROOT` directory.
3. Use a web server of your choice to serve the
files. :doc:`/howto/static-files/deployment` covers some common deployment
strategies for static files.
Learn more
==========
This document has covered the basics and some common usage patterns. For
complete details on all the settings, commands, template tags, and other pieces
included in :mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles`, see :doc:`the staticfiles
reference </ref/contrib/staticfiles>`.