Fixed #22313 -- Removed 'u' prefixes from documentation

docs/ref/contrib/syndication.txt

@@ -971,16 +971,16 @@ For example, to create an Atom 1.0 feed and print it to standard output::
     >>> from django.utils import feedgenerator
     >>> from datetime import datetime
     >>> f = feedgenerator.Atom1Feed(
-    ...     title=u"My Weblog",
+    ...     title="My Weblog",
-    ...     link=u"http://www.example.com/",
+    ...     link="http://www.example.com/",
-    ...     description=u"In which I write about what I ate today.",
+    ...     description="In which I write about what I ate today.",
-    ...     language=u"en",
+    ...     language="en",
-    ...     author_name=u"Myself",
+    ...     author_name="Myself",
-    ...     feed_url=u"http://example.com/atom.xml")
+    ...     feed_url="http://example.com/atom.xml")
-    >>> f.add_item(title=u"Hot dog today",
+    >>> f.add_item(title="Hot dog today",
-    ...     link=u"http://www.example.com/entries/1/",
+    ...     link="http://www.example.com/entries/1/",
     ...     pubdate=datetime.now(),
-    ...     description=u"<p>Today I had a Vienna Beef hot dog. It was pink, plump and perfect.</p>")
+    ...     description="<p>Today I had a Vienna Beef hot dog. It was pink, plump and perfect.</p>")
     >>> print(f.writeString('UTF-8'))
     <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
     <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="en">

docs/ref/forms/api.txt

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ Access the :attr:`~Form.errors` attribute to get a dictionary of error
 messages::
 
     >>> f.errors
-    {'sender': [u'Enter a valid email address.'], 'subject': [u'This field is required.']}
+    {'sender': ['Enter a valid email address.'], 'subject': ['This field is required.']}
 
 In this dictionary, the keys are the field names, and the values are lists of
 Unicode strings representing the error messages. The error messages are stored
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ it, you can access the clean data via its ``cleaned_data`` attribute::
     >>> f.is_valid()
     True
     >>> f.cleaned_data
-    {'cc_myself': True, 'message': u'Hi there', 'sender': u'foo@example.com', 'subject': u'hello'}
+    {'cc_myself': True, 'message': 'Hi there', 'sender': 'foo@example.com', 'subject': 'hello'}
 
 Note that any text-based field -- such as ``CharField`` or ``EmailField`` --
 always cleans the input into a Unicode string. We'll cover the encoding
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ only the valid fields::
     >>> f.is_valid()
     False
     >>> f.cleaned_data
-    {'cc_myself': True, 'message': u'Hi there'}
+    {'cc_myself': True, 'message': 'Hi there'}
 
 ``cleaned_data`` will always *only* contain a key for fields defined in the
 ``Form``, even if you pass extra data when you define the ``Form``. In this
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ but ``cleaned_data`` contains only the form's fields::
     >>> f.is_valid()
     True
     >>> f.cleaned_data # Doesn't contain extra_field_1, etc.
-    {'cc_myself': True, 'message': u'Hi there', 'sender': u'foo@example.com', 'subject': u'hello'}
+    {'cc_myself': True, 'message': 'Hi there', 'sender': 'foo@example.com', 'subject': 'hello'}
 
 When the ``Form`` is valid, ``cleaned_data`` will include a key and value for
 *all* its fields, even if the data didn't include a value for some optional
@@ -338,12 +338,12 @@ fields. In this example, the data dictionary doesn't include a value for the
     ...     first_name = CharField()
     ...     last_name = CharField()
     ...     nick_name = CharField(required=False)
-    >>> data = {'first_name': u'John', 'last_name': u'Lennon'}
+    >>> data = {'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon'}
     >>> f = OptionalPersonForm(data)
     >>> f.is_valid()
     True
     >>> f.cleaned_data
-    {'nick_name': u'', 'first_name': u'John', 'last_name': u'Lennon'}
+    {'nick_name': '', 'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon'}
 
 In this above example, the ``cleaned_data`` value for ``nick_name`` is set to an
 empty string, because ``nick_name`` is ``CharField``, and ``CharField``\s treat
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ containing one field::
 
     >>> f = ContactForm()
     >>> f.as_p()
-    u'<p><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label> <input id="id_subject" type="text" name="subject" maxlength="100" /></p>\n<p><label for="id_message">Message:</label> <input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></p>\n<p><label for="id_sender">Sender:</label> <input type="text" name="sender" id="id_sender" /></p>\n<p><label for="id_cc_myself">Cc myself:</label> <input type="checkbox" name="cc_myself" id="id_cc_myself" /></p>'
+    '<p><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label> <input id="id_subject" type="text" name="subject" maxlength="100" /></p>\n<p><label for="id_message">Message:</label> <input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></p>\n<p><label for="id_sender">Sender:</label> <input type="text" name="sender" id="id_sender" /></p>\n<p><label for="id_cc_myself">Cc myself:</label> <input type="checkbox" name="cc_myself" id="id_cc_myself" /></p>'
     >>> print(f.as_p())
     <p><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label> <input id="id_subject" type="text" name="subject" maxlength="100" /></p>
     <p><label for="id_message">Message:</label> <input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></p>
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ flexibility::
 
     >>> f = ContactForm()
     >>> f.as_ul()
-    u'<li><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label> <input id="id_subject" type="text" name="subject" maxlength="100" /></li>\n<li><label for="id_message">Message:</label> <input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></li>\n<li><label for="id_sender">Sender:</label> <input type="email" name="sender" id="id_sender" /></li>\n<li><label for="id_cc_myself">Cc myself:</label> <input type="checkbox" name="cc_myself" id="id_cc_myself" /></li>'
+    '<li><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label> <input id="id_subject" type="text" name="subject" maxlength="100" /></li>\n<li><label for="id_message">Message:</label> <input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></li>\n<li><label for="id_sender">Sender:</label> <input type="email" name="sender" id="id_sender" /></li>\n<li><label for="id_cc_myself">Cc myself:</label> <input type="checkbox" name="cc_myself" id="id_cc_myself" /></li>'
     >>> print(f.as_ul())
     <li><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label> <input id="id_subject" type="text" name="subject" maxlength="100" /></li>
     <li><label for="id_message">Message:</label> <input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></li>
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ it calls its ``as_table()`` method behind the scenes::
 
     >>> f = ContactForm()
     >>> f.as_table()
-    u'<tr><th><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label></th><td><input id="id_subject" type="text" name="subject" maxlength="100" /></td></tr>\n<tr><th><label for="id_message">Message:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></td></tr>\n<tr><th><label for="id_sender">Sender:</label></th><td><input type="email" name="sender" id="id_sender" /></td></tr>\n<tr><th><label for="id_cc_myself">Cc myself:</label></th><td><input type="checkbox" name="cc_myself" id="id_cc_myself" /></td></tr>'
+    '<tr><th><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label></th><td><input id="id_subject" type="text" name="subject" maxlength="100" /></td></tr>\n<tr><th><label for="id_message">Message:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></td></tr>\n<tr><th><label for="id_sender">Sender:</label></th><td><input type="email" name="sender" id="id_sender" /></td></tr>\n<tr><th><label for="id_cc_myself">Cc myself:</label></th><td><input type="checkbox" name="cc_myself" id="id_cc_myself" /></td></tr>'
     >>> print(f.as_table())
     <tr><th><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label></th><td><input id="id_subject" type="text" name="subject" maxlength="100" /></td></tr>
     <tr><th><label for="id_message">Message:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></td></tr>
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ when printed::
     >>> print(f['message'])
     <input type="text" name="message" />
     >>> f['message'].errors
-    [u'This field is required.']
+    ['This field is required.']
     >>> print(f['message'].errors)
     <ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
     >>> f['subject'].errors

docs/ref/forms/fields.txt

@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ exception or returns the clean value::
     >>> from django import forms
     >>> f = forms.EmailField()
     >>> f.clean('foo@example.com')
-    u'foo@example.com'
+    'foo@example.com'
     >>> f.clean('invalid email address')
     Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
-    ValidationError: [u'Enter a valid email address.']
+    ValidationError: ['Enter a valid email address.']
 
 .. _core-field-arguments:
 
@@ -51,40 +51,40 @@ an empty value -- either ``None`` or the empty string (``""``) -- then
     >>> from django import forms
     >>> f = forms.CharField()
     >>> f.clean('foo')
-    u'foo'
+    'foo'
     >>> f.clean('')
     Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
-    ValidationError: [u'This field is required.']
+    ValidationError: ['This field is required.']
     >>> f.clean(None)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
-    ValidationError: [u'This field is required.']
+    ValidationError: ['This field is required.']
     >>> f.clean(' ')
-    u' '
+    ' '
     >>> f.clean(0)
-    u'0'
+    '0'
     >>> f.clean(True)
-    u'True'
+    'True'
     >>> f.clean(False)
-    u'False'
+    'False'
 
 To specify that a field is *not* required, pass ``required=False`` to the
 ``Field`` constructor::
 
     >>> f = forms.CharField(required=False)
     >>> f.clean('foo')
-    u'foo'
+    'foo'
     >>> f.clean('')
-    u''
+    ''
     >>> f.clean(None)
-    u''
+    ''
     >>> f.clean(0)
-    u'0'
+    '0'
     >>> f.clean(True)
-    u'True'
+    'True'
     >>> f.clean(False)
-    u'False'
+    'False'
 
 If a ``Field`` has ``required=False`` and you pass ``clean()`` an empty value,
 then ``clean()`` will return a *normalized* empty value rather than raising
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ validation if a particular field's value is not given. ``initial`` values are
     False
     # The form does *not* fall back to using the initial values.
     >>> f.errors
-    {'url': [u'This field is required.'], 'name': [u'This field is required.']}
+    {'url': ['This field is required.'], 'name': ['This field is required.']}
 
 Instead of a constant, you can also pass any callable::
 
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ want to override. For example, here is the default error message::
     >>> generic.clean('')
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
-    ValidationError: [u'This field is required.']
+    ValidationError: ['This field is required.']
 
 And here is a custom error message::
 
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ And here is a custom error message::
     >>> name.clean('')
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
-    ValidationError: [u'Please enter your name']
+    ValidationError: ['Please enter your name']
 
 In the `built-in Field classes`_ section below, each ``Field`` defines the
 error message keys it uses.
@@ -867,11 +867,11 @@ Slightly complex built-in ``Field`` classes
             >>> from django.forms import ComboField
             >>> f = ComboField(fields=[CharField(max_length=20), EmailField()])
             >>> f.clean('test@example.com')
-            u'test@example.com'
+            'test@example.com'
             >>> f.clean('longemailaddress@example.com')
             Traceback (most recent call last):
             ...
-            ValidationError: [u'Ensure this value has at most 20 characters (it has 28).']
+            ValidationError: ['Ensure this value has at most 20 characters (it has 28).']
 
 ``MultiValueField``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

docs/ref/forms/validation.txt

@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ sample) looks like this::
             subject = cleaned_data.get("subject")
 
             if cc_myself and subject and "help" not in subject:
-                msg = u"Must put 'help' in subject when cc'ing yourself."
+                msg = "Must put 'help' in subject when cc'ing yourself."
                 self.add_error('cc_myself', msg)
                 self.add_error('subject', msg)
 

docs/ref/forms/widgets.txt

@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ foundation for custom widgets.
             >>> from django import forms
             >>> name = forms.TextInput(attrs={'size': 10, 'title': 'Your name',})
             >>> name.render('name', 'A name')
-            u'<input title="Your name" type="text" name="name" value="A name" size="10" />'
+            '<input title="Your name" type="text" name="name" value="A name" size="10" />'
 
         .. versionchanged:: 1.8
 
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ foundation for custom widgets.
                 return [None, None, None]
 
             def format_output(self, rendered_widgets):
-                return u''.join(rendered_widgets)
+                return ''.join(rendered_widgets)
 
             def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name):
                 datelist = [

docs/ref/models/instances.txt

@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ For example::
         last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
         def __unicode__(self):
-            return u'%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
+            return '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
 If you define a ``__unicode__()`` method on your model and not a
 :meth:`~Model.__str__()` method, Django will automatically provide you with a
@@ -724,9 +724,9 @@ For example::
 
     class Person(models.Model):
         SHIRT_SIZES = (
-            (u'S', u'Small'),
+            ('S', 'Small'),
-            (u'M', u'Medium'),
+            ('M', 'Medium'),
-            (u'L', u'Large'),
+            ('L', 'Large'),
         )
         name = models.CharField(max_length=60)
         shirt_size = models.CharField(max_length=2, choices=SHIRT_SIZES)
@@ -736,9 +736,9 @@ For example::
     >>> p = Person(name="Fred Flintstone", shirt_size="L")
     >>> p.save()
     >>> p.shirt_size
-    u'L'
+    'L'
     >>> p.get_shirt_size_display()
-    u'Large'
+    'Large'
 
 .. method:: Model.get_next_by_FOO(\**kwargs)
 .. method:: Model.get_previous_by_FOO(\**kwargs)

docs/ref/models/querysets.txt

@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ A few subtleties that are worth mentioning:
   For example::
 
     >>> Entry.objects.values()
-    [{'blog_id': 1, 'headline': u'First Entry', ...}, ...]
+    [{'blog_id': 1, 'headline': 'First Entry', ...}, ...]
 
     >>> Entry.objects.values('blog')
     [{'blog': 1}, ...]
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ respective field passed into the ``values_list()`` call — so the first item is
 the first field, etc. For example::
 
     >>> Entry.objects.values_list('id', 'headline')
-    [(1, u'First entry'), ...]
+    [(1, 'First entry'), ...]
 
 If you only pass in a single field, you can also pass in the ``flat``
 parameter. If ``True``, this will mean the returned results are single values,

docs/ref/request-response.txt

@@ -425,9 +425,9 @@ a subclass of dictionary. Exceptions are outlined here:
           >>> q = q.copy() # to make it mutable
           >>> q.update({'a': '2'})
           >>> q.getlist('a')
-          [u'1', u'2']
+          ['1', '2']
           >>> q['a'] # returns the last
-          [u'2']
+          ['2']
 
 .. method:: QueryDict.items()
 
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ a subclass of dictionary. Exceptions are outlined here:
 
            >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')
            >>> q.items()
-           [(u'a', u'3')]
+           [('a', '3')]
 
 .. method:: QueryDict.iteritems()
 
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ a subclass of dictionary. Exceptions are outlined here:
 
            >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')
            >>> q.values()
-           [u'3']
+           ['3']
 
 .. method:: QueryDict.itervalues()
 
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ In addition, ``QueryDict`` has the following methods:
 
         >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')
         >>> q.lists()
-        [(u'a', [u'1', u'2', u'3'])]
+        [('a', ['1', '2', '3'])]
 
 .. method:: QueryDict.pop(key)
 
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ In addition, ``QueryDict`` has the following methods:
 
         >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3', mutable=True)
         >>> q.pop('a')
-        [u'1', u'2', u'3']
+        ['1', '2', '3']
 
 .. method:: QueryDict.popitem()
 
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ In addition, ``QueryDict`` has the following methods:
 
         >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3', mutable=True)
         >>> q.popitem()
-        (u'a', [u'1', u'2', u'3'])
+        ('a', ['1', '2', '3'])
 
 .. method:: QueryDict.dict()
 
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ In addition, ``QueryDict`` has the following methods:
 
         >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=3&a=5')
         >>> q.dict()
-        {u'a': u'5'}
+        {'a': '5'}
 
 .. method:: QueryDict.urlencode([safe])
 

docs/ref/templates/builtins.txt

@@ -1794,8 +1794,8 @@ For example::
     {{ value|make_list }}
 
 If ``value`` is the string ``"Joel"``, the output would be the list
-``[u'J', u'o', u'e', u'l']``. If ``value`` is ``123``, the output will be the
+``['J', 'o', 'e', 'l']``. If ``value`` is ``123``, the output will be the
-list ``[u'1', u'2', u'3']``.
+list ``['1', '2', '3']``.
 
 .. templatefilter:: phone2numeric
 

docs/ref/unicode.txt

@@ -201,9 +201,9 @@ like that.
 
 An example might clarify things here::
 
-    >>> urlquote(u'Paris & Orléans')
+    >>> urlquote('Paris & Orléans')
-    u'Paris%20%26%20Orl%C3%A9ans'
+    'Paris%20%26%20Orl%C3%A9ans'
-    >>> iri_to_uri(u'/favorites/François/%s' % urlquote('Paris & Orléans'))
+    >>> iri_to_uri('/favorites/François/%s' % urlquote('Paris & Orléans'))
     '/favorites/Fran%C3%A7ois/Paris%20%26%20Orl%C3%A9ans'
 
 If you look carefully, you can see that the portion that was generated by
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ above_. For example::
     from django.utils.http import urlquote
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        url = u'/person/%s/?x=0&y=0' % urlquote(self.location)
+        url = '/person/%s/?x=0&y=0' % urlquote(self.location)
         return iri_to_uri(url)
 
 This function returns a correctly encoded URL even if ``self.location`` is

docs/ref/urlresolvers.txt

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ You can use ``kwargs`` instead of ``args``. For example::
     The string returned by ``reverse()`` is already
     :ref:`urlquoted <uri-and-iri-handling>`. For example::
 
-        >>> reverse('cities', args=[u'Orléans'])
+        >>> reverse('cities', args=['Orléans'])
         '.../Orl%C3%A9ans/'
 
     Applying further encoding (such as :meth:`~django.utils.http.urlquote` or

docs/ref/utils.txt

@@ -295,14 +295,14 @@ Sample usage::
 
     >>> from django.utils import feedgenerator
     >>> feed = feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed(
-    ...     title=u"Poynter E-Media Tidbits",
+    ...     title="Poynter E-Media Tidbits",
-    ...     link=u"http://www.poynter.org/column.asp?id=31",
+    ...     link="http://www.poynter.org/column.asp?id=31",
-    ...     description=u"A group Weblog by the sharpest minds in online media/journalism/publishing.",
+    ...     description="A group Weblog by the sharpest minds in online media/journalism/publishing.",
-    ...     language=u"en",
+    ...     language="en",
     ... )
     >>> feed.add_item(
     ...     title="Hello",
-    ...     link=u"http://www.holovaty.com/test/",
+    ...     link="http://www.holovaty.com/test/",
     ...     description="Testing."
     ... )
     >>> with open('test.rss', 'w') as fp:
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ escaping HTML.
 
     .. code-block:: python
 
-        mark_safe(u"%s <b>%s</b> %s" % (some_html,
+        mark_safe("%s <b>%s</b> %s" % (some_html,
                                         escape(some_text),
                                         escape(some_other_text),
                                         ))
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ escaping HTML.
 
     .. code-block:: python
 
-        format_html(u"{0} <b>{1}</b> {2}",
+        format_html("{0} <b>{1}</b> {2}",
                     mark_safe(some_html), some_text, some_other_text)
 
     This has the advantage that you don't need to apply :func:`escape` to each

docs/ref/validators.txt

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ For example, here's a validator that only allows even numbers::
 
     def validate_even(value):
         if value % 2 != 0:
-            raise ValidationError(u'%s is not an even number' % value)
+            raise ValidationError('%s is not an even number' % value)
 
 You can add this to a model field via the field's :attr:`~django.db.models.Field.validators`
 argument::

docs/topics/db/models.txt

@@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ ones:
         >>> p = Person(name="Fred Flintstone", shirt_size="L")
         >>> p.save()
         >>> p.shirt_size
-        u'L'
+        'L'
         >>> p.get_shirt_size_display()
-        u'Large'
+        'Large'
 
 :attr:`~Field.default`
     The default value for the field. This can be a value or a callable
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ querying the ``Membership`` model::
     >>> ringos_membership.date_joined
     datetime.date(1962, 8, 16)
     >>> ringos_membership.invite_reason
-    u'Needed a new drummer.'
+    'Needed a new drummer.'
 
 Another way to access the same information is by querying the
 :ref:`many-to-many reverse relationship<m2m-reverse-relationships>` from a
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ Another way to access the same information is by querying the
     >>> ringos_membership.date_joined
     datetime.date(1962, 8, 16)
     >>> ringos_membership.invite_reason
-    u'Needed a new drummer.'
+    'Needed a new drummer.'
 
 
 One-to-one relationships

docs/topics/files.txt

@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ the details of the attached photo::
     >>> car.photo
     <ImageFieldFile: chevy.jpg>
     >>> car.photo.name
-    u'cars/chevy.jpg'
+    'cars/chevy.jpg'
     >>> car.photo.path
-    u'/media/cars/chevy.jpg'
+    '/media/cars/chevy.jpg'
     >>> car.photo.url
-    u'http://media.example.com/cars/chevy.jpg'
+    'http://media.example.com/cars/chevy.jpg'
 
 This object -- ``car.photo`` in the example -- is a ``File`` object, which means
 it has all the methods and attributes described below.
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ useful -- you can use the global default storage system::
 
     >>> path = default_storage.save('/path/to/file', ContentFile('new content'))
     >>> path
-    u'/path/to/file'
+    '/path/to/file'
 
     >>> default_storage.size(path)
     11

docs/topics/forms/formsets.txt

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ example::
     >>> from myapp.forms import ArticleForm
     >>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, extra=2)
     >>> formset = ArticleFormSet(initial=[
-    ...     {'title': u'Django is now open source',
+    ...     {'title': 'Django is now open source',
     ...      'pub_date': datetime.date.today(),}
     ... ])
 
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ all forms in the formset::
     >>> from myapp.forms import ArticleForm
     >>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm)
     >>> data = {
-    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': u'1',
+    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': u'0',
+    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': u'',
+    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
     ... }
     >>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
     >>> formset.is_valid()
@@ -149,19 +149,19 @@ formset is smart enough to ignore extra forms that were not changed. If we
 provide an invalid article::
 
     >>> data = {
-    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': u'2',
+    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': u'0',
+    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': u'',
+    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-    ...     'form-0-title': u'Test',
+    ...     'form-0-title': 'Test',
-    ...     'form-0-pub_date': u'1904-06-16',
+    ...     'form-0-pub_date': '1904-06-16',
-    ...     'form-1-title': u'Test',
+    ...     'form-1-title': 'Test',
-    ...     'form-1-pub_date': u'', # <-- this date is missing but required
+    ...     'form-1-pub_date': '', # <-- this date is missing but required
     ... }
     >>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
     >>> formset.is_valid()
     False
     >>> formset.errors
-    [{}, {'pub_date': [u'This field is required.']}]
+    [{}, {'pub_date': ['This field is required.']}]
 
 As we can see, ``formset.errors`` is a list whose entries correspond to the
 forms in the formset. Validation was performed for each of the two forms, and
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ To check how many errors there are in the formset, we can use the
 
     >>> # Using the previous example
     >>> formset.errors
-    [{}, {'pub_date': [u'This field is required.']}]
+    [{}, {'pub_date': ['This field is required.']}]
     >>> len(formset.errors)
     2
     >>> formset.total_error_count()
@@ -186,11 +186,11 @@ We can also check if form data differs from the initial data (i.e. the form was
 sent without any data)::
 
     >>> data = {
-    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': u'1',
+    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': u'0',
+    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': u'',
+    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-    ...     'form-0-title': u'',
+    ...     'form-0-title': '',
-    ...     'form-0-pub_date': u'',
+    ...     'form-0-pub_date': '',
     ... }
     >>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
     >>> formset.has_changed()
@@ -209,13 +209,13 @@ collection of forms contained in the formset. If you don't provide
 this management data, an exception will be raised::
 
     >>> data = {
-    ...     'form-0-title': u'Test',
+    ...     'form-0-title': 'Test',
-    ...     'form-0-pub_date': u'',
+    ...     'form-0-pub_date': '',
     ... }
     >>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
-    django.forms.utils.ValidationError: [u'ManagementForm data is missing or has been tampered with']
+    django.forms.utils.ValidationError: ['ManagementForm data is missing or has been tampered with']
 
 It is used to keep track of how many form instances are being displayed. If
 you are adding new forms via JavaScript, you should increment the count fields
@@ -273,13 +273,13 @@ is where you define your own validation that works at the formset level::
 
     >>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, formset=BaseArticleFormSet)
     >>> data = {
-    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': u'2',
+    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': u'0',
+    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': u'',
+    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-    ...     'form-0-title': u'Test',
+    ...     'form-0-title': 'Test',
-    ...     'form-0-pub_date': u'1904-06-16',
+    ...     'form-0-pub_date': '1904-06-16',
-    ...     'form-1-title': u'Test',
+    ...     'form-1-title': 'Test',
-    ...     'form-1-pub_date': u'1912-06-23',
+    ...     'form-1-pub_date': '1912-06-23',
     ... }
     >>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
     >>> formset.is_valid()
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ is where you define your own validation that works at the formset level::
     >>> formset.errors
     [{}, {}]
     >>> formset.non_form_errors()
-    [u'Articles in a set must have distinct titles.']
+    ['Articles in a set must have distinct titles.']
 
 The formset ``clean`` method is called after all the ``Form.clean`` methods
 have been called. The errors will be found using the ``non_form_errors()``
@@ -314,14 +314,14 @@ deletion, is less than or equal to ``max_num``.
     >>> from myapp.forms import ArticleForm
     >>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, max_num=1, validate_max=True)
     >>> data = {
-    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': u'2',
+    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': u'0',
+    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-    ...     'form-MIN_NUM_FORMS': u'',
+    ...     'form-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '',
-    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': u'',
+    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-    ...     'form-0-title': u'Test',
+    ...     'form-0-title': 'Test',
-    ...     'form-0-pub_date': u'1904-06-16',
+    ...     'form-0-pub_date': '1904-06-16',
-    ...     'form-1-title': u'Test 2',
+    ...     'form-1-title': 'Test 2',
-    ...     'form-1-pub_date': u'1912-06-23',
+    ...     'form-1-pub_date': '1912-06-23',
     ... }
     >>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
     >>> formset.is_valid()
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ deletion, is less than or equal to ``max_num``.
     >>> formset.errors
     [{}, {}]
     >>> formset.non_form_errors()
-    [u'Please submit 1 or fewer forms.']
+    ['Please submit 1 or fewer forms.']
 
 ``validate_max=True`` validates against ``max_num`` strictly even if
 ``max_num`` was exceeded because the amount of initial data supplied was
@@ -363,14 +363,14 @@ deletion, is greater than or equal to ``min_num``.
     >>> from myapp.forms import ArticleForm
     >>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, min_num=3, validate_min=True)
     >>> data = {
-    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': u'2',
+    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': u'0',
+    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-    ...     'form-MIN_NUM_FORMS': u'',
+    ...     'form-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '',
-    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': u'',
+    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-    ...     'form-0-title': u'Test',
+    ...     'form-0-title': 'Test',
-    ...     'form-0-pub_date': u'1904-06-16',
+    ...     'form-0-pub_date': '1904-06-16',
-    ...     'form-1-title': u'Test 2',
+    ...     'form-1-title': 'Test 2',
-    ...     'form-1-pub_date': u'1912-06-23',
+    ...     'form-1-pub_date': '1912-06-23',
     ... }
     >>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
     >>> formset.is_valid()
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ deletion, is greater than or equal to ``min_num``.
     >>> formset.errors
     [{}, {}]
     >>> formset.non_form_errors()
-    [u'Please submit 3 or more forms.']
+    ['Please submit 3 or more forms.']
 
 .. versionchanged:: 1.7
 
@@ -405,8 +405,8 @@ Lets you create a formset with the ability to order::
     >>> from myapp.forms import ArticleForm
     >>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, can_order=True)
     >>> formset = ArticleFormSet(initial=[
-    ...     {'title': u'Article #1', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10)},
+    ...     {'title': 'Article #1', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10)},
-    ...     {'title': u'Article #2', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11)},
+    ...     {'title': 'Article #2', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11)},
     ... ])
     >>> for form in formset:
     ...     print(form.as_table())
@@ -426,31 +426,31 @@ data it automatically assigned them a numeric value. Let's look at what will
 happen when the user changes these values::
 
     >>> data = {
-    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': u'3',
+    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': u'2',
+    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': u'',
+    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-    ...     'form-0-title': u'Article #1',
+    ...     'form-0-title': 'Article #1',
-    ...     'form-0-pub_date': u'2008-05-10',
+    ...     'form-0-pub_date': '2008-05-10',
-    ...     'form-0-ORDER': u'2',
+    ...     'form-0-ORDER': '2',
-    ...     'form-1-title': u'Article #2',
+    ...     'form-1-title': 'Article #2',
-    ...     'form-1-pub_date': u'2008-05-11',
+    ...     'form-1-pub_date': '2008-05-11',
-    ...     'form-1-ORDER': u'1',
+    ...     'form-1-ORDER': '1',
-    ...     'form-2-title': u'Article #3',
+    ...     'form-2-title': 'Article #3',
-    ...     'form-2-pub_date': u'2008-05-01',
+    ...     'form-2-pub_date': '2008-05-01',
-    ...     'form-2-ORDER': u'0',
+    ...     'form-2-ORDER': '0',
     ... }
 
     >>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data, initial=[
-    ...     {'title': u'Article #1', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10)},
+    ...     {'title': 'Article #1', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10)},
-    ...     {'title': u'Article #2', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11)},
+    ...     {'title': 'Article #2', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11)},
     ... ])
     >>> formset.is_valid()
     True
     >>> for form in formset.ordered_forms:
     ...     print(form.cleaned_data)
-    {'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 1), 'ORDER': 0, 'title': u'Article #3'}
+    {'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 1), 'ORDER': 0, 'title': 'Article #3'}
-    {'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11), 'ORDER': 1, 'title': u'Article #2'}
+    {'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11), 'ORDER': 1, 'title': 'Article #2'}
-    {'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10), 'ORDER': 2, 'title': u'Article #1'}
+    {'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10), 'ORDER': 2, 'title': 'Article #1'}
 
 ``can_delete``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -465,8 +465,8 @@ Lets you create a formset with the ability to select forms for deletion::
     >>> from myapp.forms import ArticleForm
     >>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, can_delete=True)
     >>> formset = ArticleFormSet(initial=[
-    ...     {'title': u'Article #1', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10)},
+    ...     {'title': 'Article #1', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10)},
-    ...     {'title': u'Article #2', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11)},
+    ...     {'title': 'Article #2', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11)},
     ... ])
     >>> for form in formset:
     ....    print(form.as_table())
@@ -486,26 +486,26 @@ and is a ``forms.BooleanField``. When data comes through marking any of the
 delete fields you can access them with ``deleted_forms``::
 
     >>> data = {
-    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': u'3',
+    ...     'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': u'2',
+    ...     'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': u'',
+    ...     'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-    ...     'form-0-title': u'Article #1',
+    ...     'form-0-title': 'Article #1',
-    ...     'form-0-pub_date': u'2008-05-10',
+    ...     'form-0-pub_date': '2008-05-10',
-    ...     'form-0-DELETE': u'on',
+    ...     'form-0-DELETE': 'on',
-    ...     'form-1-title': u'Article #2',
+    ...     'form-1-title': 'Article #2',
-    ...     'form-1-pub_date': u'2008-05-11',
+    ...     'form-1-pub_date': '2008-05-11',
-    ...     'form-1-DELETE': u'',
+    ...     'form-1-DELETE': '',
-    ...     'form-2-title': u'',
+    ...     'form-2-title': '',
-    ...     'form-2-pub_date': u'',
+    ...     'form-2-pub_date': '',
-    ...     'form-2-DELETE': u'',
+    ...     'form-2-DELETE': '',
     ... }
 
     >>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data, initial=[
-    ...     {'title': u'Article #1', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10)},
+    ...     {'title': 'Article #1', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10)},
-    ...     {'title': u'Article #2', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11)},
+    ...     {'title': 'Article #2', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11)},
     ... ])
     >>> [form.cleaned_data for form in formset.deleted_forms]
-    [{'DELETE': True, 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10), 'title': u'Article #1'}]
+    [{'DELETE': True, 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10), 'title': 'Article #1'}]
 
 If you are using a :class:`ModelFormSet<django.forms.models.BaseModelFormSet>`,
 model instances for deleted forms will be deleted when you call

docs/topics/forms/modelforms.txt

@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ extra forms displayed.
     >>> AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, max_num=1)
     >>> formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=Author.objects.order_by('name'))
     >>> [x.name for x in formset.get_queryset()]
-    [u'Charles Baudelaire', u'Paul Verlaine', u'Walt Whitman']
+    ['Charles Baudelaire', 'Paul Verlaine', 'Walt Whitman']
 
 If the value of ``max_num`` is greater than the number of existing related
 objects, up to ``extra`` additional blank forms will be added to the formset,
@@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@ a particular author, you could do this::
 
     >>> from django.forms.models import inlineformset_factory
     >>> BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book)
-    >>> author = Author.objects.get(name=u'Mike Royko')
+    >>> author = Author.objects.get(name='Mike Royko')
     >>> formset = BookFormSet(instance=author)
 
 .. note::
@@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ Then when you create your inline formset, pass in the optional argument
 
     >>> from django.forms.models import inlineformset_factory
     >>> BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, formset=CustomInlineFormSet)
-    >>> author = Author.objects.get(name=u'Mike Royko')
+    >>> author = Author.objects.get(name='Mike Royko')
     >>> formset = BookFormSet(instance=author)
 
 More than one foreign key to the same model

docs/topics/i18n/formatting.txt

@@ -174,7 +174,9 @@ To customize the English formats, a structure like this would be needed::
 
 where :file:`formats.py` contains custom format definitions. For example::
 
-    THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = u'\xa0'
+    from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+    THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'
 
 to use a non-breaking space (Unicode ``00A0``) as a thousand separator,
 instead of the default for English, a comma.

docs/topics/i18n/translation.txt

@@ -402,11 +402,11 @@ itself to a bytestring. You can't use a unicode string inside a bytestring,
 either, so this is consistent with normal Python behavior. For example::
 
     # This is fine: putting a unicode proxy into a unicode string.
-    u"Hello %s" % ugettext_lazy("people")
+    "Hello %s" % ugettext_lazy("people")
 
     # This will not work, since you cannot insert a unicode object
     # into a bytestring (nor can you insert our unicode proxy there)
-    "Hello %s" % ugettext_lazy("people")
+    b"Hello %s" % ugettext_lazy("people")
 
 If you ever see output that looks like ``"hello
 <django.utils.functional...>"``, you have tried to insert the result of

docs/topics/signing.txt

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ You can retrieve the original value using the ``unsign`` method::
 
     >>> original = signer.unsign(value)
     >>> original
-    u'My string'
+    'My string'
 
 If the signature or value have been altered in any way, a
 ``django.core.signing.BadSignature`` exception will be raised::
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ your :setting:`SECRET_KEY`::
     >>> signer.sign('My string')
     'My string:Ee7vGi-ING6n02gkcJ-QLHg6vFw'
     >>> signer.unsign('My string:Ee7vGi-ING6n02gkcJ-QLHg6vFw')
-    u'My string'
+    'My string'
 
 Using salt in this way puts the different signatures into different
 namespaces.  A signature that comes from one namespace (a particular salt
@@ -120,12 +120,12 @@ created within a specified period of time::
     >>> value
     'hello:1NMg5H:oPVuCqlJWmChm1rA2lyTUtelC-c'
     >>> signer.unsign(value)
-    u'hello'
+    'hello'
     >>> signer.unsign(value, max_age=10)
     ...
     SignatureExpired: Signature age 15.5289158821 > 10 seconds
     >>> signer.unsign(value, max_age=20)
-    u'hello'
+    'hello'
 
 .. class:: TimestampSigner(key=None, sep=':', salt=None)
 

docs/topics/testing/tools.txt

@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ Use the ``django.test.Client`` class to make requests.
 
             >>> response = c.get('/redirect_me/', follow=True)
             >>> response.redirect_chain
-            [(u'http://testserver/next/', 302), (u'http://testserver/final/', 302)]
+            [('http://testserver/next/', 302), ('http://testserver/final/', 302)]
 
         If you set ``secure`` to ``True`` the client will emulate an HTTPS
         request.
@@ -1245,7 +1245,7 @@ your test suite.
     failure. Similar to unittest's :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp`
     with the difference that ``expected_message`` isn't a regular expression.
 
-.. method:: SimpleTestCase.assertFieldOutput(fieldclass, valid, invalid, field_args=None, field_kwargs=None, empty_value=u'')
+.. method:: SimpleTestCase.assertFieldOutput(fieldclass, valid, invalid, field_args=None, field_kwargs=None, empty_value='')
 
     Asserts that a form field behaves correctly with various inputs.
 
@@ -1262,7 +1262,7 @@ your test suite.
     ``a@a.com`` as a valid email address, but rejects ``aaa`` with a reasonable
     error message::
 
-        self.assertFieldOutput(EmailField, {'a@a.com': 'a@a.com'}, {'aaa': [u'Enter a valid email address.']})
+        self.assertFieldOutput(EmailField, {'a@a.com': 'a@a.com'}, {'aaa': ['Enter a valid email address.']})
 
 .. method:: SimpleTestCase.assertFormError(response, form, field, errors, msg_prefix='')