diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/creation.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/creation.py
index 9d8d4a63ad3..d15dea4b036 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/creation.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/creation.py
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
+import multiprocessing
 import os
 import shutil
+import sqlite3
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
+from django.db import NotSupportedError
 from django.db.backends.base.creation import BaseDatabaseCreation
 
 
@@ -51,16 +54,26 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
     def get_test_db_clone_settings(self, suffix):
         orig_settings_dict = self.connection.settings_dict
         source_database_name = orig_settings_dict["NAME"]
-        if self.is_in_memory_db(source_database_name):
+
+        if not self.is_in_memory_db(source_database_name):
+            root, ext = os.path.splitext(source_database_name)
+            return {**orig_settings_dict, "NAME": f"{root}_{suffix}{ext}"}
+
+        start_method = multiprocessing.get_start_method()
+        if start_method == "fork":
             return orig_settings_dict
-        else:
-            root, ext = os.path.splitext(orig_settings_dict["NAME"])
-            return {**orig_settings_dict, "NAME": "{}_{}{}".format(root, suffix, ext)}
+        if start_method == "spawn":
+            return {
+                **orig_settings_dict,
+                "NAME": f"{self.connection.alias}_{suffix}.sqlite3",
+            }
+        raise NotSupportedError(
+            f"Cloning with start method {start_method!r} is not supported."
+        )
 
     def _clone_test_db(self, suffix, verbosity, keepdb=False):
         source_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
         target_database_name = self.get_test_db_clone_settings(suffix)["NAME"]
-        # Forking automatically makes a copy of an in-memory database.
         if not self.is_in_memory_db(source_database_name):
             # Erase the old test database
             if os.access(target_database_name, os.F_OK):
@@ -85,6 +98,12 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
             except Exception as e:
                 self.log("Got an error cloning the test database: %s" % e)
                 sys.exit(2)
+        # Forking automatically makes a copy of an in-memory database.
+        # Spawn requires migrating to disk which will be re-opened in
+        # setup_worker_connection.
+        elif multiprocessing.get_start_method() == "spawn":
+            ondisk_db = sqlite3.connect(target_database_name, uri=True)
+            self.connection.connection.backup(ondisk_db)
 
     def _destroy_test_db(self, test_database_name, verbosity):
         if test_database_name and not self.is_in_memory_db(test_database_name):
@@ -106,3 +125,34 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         else:
             sig.append(test_database_name)
         return tuple(sig)
+
+    def setup_worker_connection(self, _worker_id):
+        settings_dict = self.get_test_db_clone_settings(_worker_id)
+        # connection.settings_dict must be updated in place for changes to be
+        # reflected in django.db.connections. Otherwise new threads would
+        # connect to the default database instead of the appropriate clone.
+        start_method = multiprocessing.get_start_method()
+        if start_method == "fork":
+            # Update settings_dict in place.
+            self.connection.settings_dict.update(settings_dict)
+            self.connection.close()
+        elif start_method == "spawn":
+            alias = self.connection.alias
+            connection_str = (
+                f"file:memorydb_{alias}_{_worker_id}?mode=memory&cache=shared"
+            )
+            source_db = self.connection.Database.connect(
+                f"file:{alias}_{_worker_id}.sqlite3", uri=True
+            )
+            target_db = sqlite3.connect(connection_str, uri=True)
+            source_db.backup(target_db)
+            source_db.close()
+            # Update settings_dict in place.
+            self.connection.settings_dict.update(settings_dict)
+            self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"] = connection_str
+            # Re-open connection to in-memory database before closing copy
+            # connection.
+            self.connection.connect()
+            target_db.close()
+            if os.environ.get("RUNNING_DJANGOS_TEST_SUITE") == "true":
+                self.mark_expected_failures_and_skips()
diff --git a/django/test/runner.py b/django/test/runner.py
index aba515e7351..89bb6cf1fcd 100644
--- a/django/test/runner.py
+++ b/django/test/runner.py
@@ -20,7 +20,12 @@ from io import StringIO
 from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.db import connections
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
-from django.test.utils import NullTimeKeeper, TimeKeeper, iter_test_cases
+from django.test.utils import (
+    NullTimeKeeper,
+    TimeKeeper,
+    captured_stdout,
+    iter_test_cases,
+)
 from django.test.utils import setup_databases as _setup_databases
 from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment
 from django.test.utils import teardown_databases as _teardown_databases
@@ -367,8 +372,8 @@ def get_max_test_processes():
     The maximum number of test processes when using the --parallel option.
     """
     # The current implementation of the parallel test runner requires
-    # multiprocessing to start subprocesses with fork().
-    if multiprocessing.get_start_method() != "fork":
+    # multiprocessing to start subprocesses with fork() or spawn().
+    if multiprocessing.get_start_method() not in {"fork", "spawn"}:
         return 1
     try:
         return int(os.environ["DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES"])
@@ -391,7 +396,13 @@ def parallel_type(value):
 _worker_id = 0
 
 
-def _init_worker(counter):
+def _init_worker(
+    counter,
+    initial_settings=None,
+    serialized_contents=None,
+    process_setup=None,
+    process_setup_args=None,
+):
     """
     Switch to databases dedicated to this worker.
 
@@ -405,9 +416,22 @@ def _init_worker(counter):
         counter.value += 1
         _worker_id = counter.value
 
+    start_method = multiprocessing.get_start_method()
+
+    if start_method == "spawn":
+        process_setup(*process_setup_args)
+        setup_test_environment()
+
     for alias in connections:
         connection = connections[alias]
+        if start_method == "spawn":
+            # Restore initial settings in spawned processes.
+            connection.settings_dict.update(initial_settings[alias])
+            if value := serialized_contents.get(alias):
+                connection._test_serialized_contents = value
         connection.creation.setup_worker_connection(_worker_id)
+        with captured_stdout():
+            call_command("check", databases=connections)
 
 
 def _run_subsuite(args):
@@ -449,6 +473,8 @@ class ParallelTestSuite(unittest.TestSuite):
         self.processes = processes
         self.failfast = failfast
         self.buffer = buffer
+        self.initial_settings = None
+        self.serialized_contents = None
         super().__init__()
 
     def run(self, result):
@@ -469,8 +495,12 @@ class ParallelTestSuite(unittest.TestSuite):
         counter = multiprocessing.Value(ctypes.c_int, 0)
         pool = multiprocessing.Pool(
             processes=self.processes,
-            initializer=self.init_worker.__func__,
-            initargs=[counter],
+            initializer=self.init_worker,
+            initargs=[
+                counter,
+                self.initial_settings,
+                self.serialized_contents,
+            ],
         )
         args = [
             (self.runner_class, index, subsuite, self.failfast, self.buffer)
@@ -508,6 +538,17 @@ class ParallelTestSuite(unittest.TestSuite):
     def __iter__(self):
         return iter(self.subsuites)
 
+    def initialize_suite(self):
+        if multiprocessing.get_start_method() == "spawn":
+            self.initial_settings = {
+                alias: connections[alias].settings_dict for alias in connections
+            }
+            self.serialized_contents = {
+                alias: connections[alias]._test_serialized_contents
+                for alias in connections
+                if alias in self.serialized_aliases
+            }
+
 
 class Shuffler:
     """
@@ -921,6 +962,8 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
     def run_suite(self, suite, **kwargs):
         kwargs = self.get_test_runner_kwargs()
         runner = self.test_runner(**kwargs)
+        if hasattr(suite, "initialize_suite"):
+            suite.initialize_suite()
         try:
             return runner.run(suite)
         finally:
@@ -989,13 +1032,13 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
         self.setup_test_environment()
         suite = self.build_suite(test_labels, extra_tests)
         databases = self.get_databases(suite)
-        serialized_aliases = set(
+        suite.serialized_aliases = set(
             alias for alias, serialize in databases.items() if serialize
         )
         with self.time_keeper.timed("Total database setup"):
             old_config = self.setup_databases(
                 aliases=databases,
-                serialized_aliases=serialized_aliases,
+                serialized_aliases=suite.serialized_aliases,
             )
         run_failed = False
         try:
diff --git a/django/utils/autoreload.py b/django/utils/autoreload.py
index 7b9219f4c13..1b3652b41d9 100644
--- a/django/utils/autoreload.py
+++ b/django/utils/autoreload.py
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ def iter_modules_and_files(modules, extra_files):
         # cause issues here.
         if not isinstance(module, ModuleType):
             continue
-        if module.__name__ == "__main__":
+        if module.__name__ in ("__main__", "__mp_main__"):
             # __main__ (usually manage.py) doesn't always have a __spec__ set.
             # Handle this by falling back to using __file__, resolved below.
             # See https://docs.python.org/reference/import.html#main-spec
diff --git a/tests/admin_checks/tests.py b/tests/admin_checks/tests.py
index 2646837bbc1..aa87649dcec 100644
--- a/tests/admin_checks/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_checks/tests.py
@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ class SessionMiddlewareSubclass(SessionMiddleware):
     ],
 )
 class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
+    databases = "__all__"
+
     def test_checks_are_performed(self):
         admin.site.register(Song, MyAdmin)
         try:
diff --git a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_creation.py b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_creation.py
index ab1640c04e9..8aa24674d22 100644
--- a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_creation.py
+++ b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_creation.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import copy
+import multiprocessing
 import unittest
+from unittest import mock
 
-from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, connection, connections
+from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, NotSupportedError, connection, connections
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
@@ -33,3 +35,9 @@ class TestDbSignatureTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 creation_class = test_connection.creation_class(test_connection)
                 clone_settings_dict = creation_class.get_test_db_clone_settings("1")
                 self.assertEqual(clone_settings_dict["NAME"], expected_clone_name)
+
+    @mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, "get_start_method", return_value="forkserver")
+    def test_get_test_db_clone_settings_not_supported(self, *mocked_objects):
+        msg = "Cloning with start method 'forkserver' is not supported."
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
+            connection.creation.get_test_db_clone_settings(1)
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/tests.py b/tests/check_framework/tests.py
index 4c09c757b4f..d064a7c4038 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/tests.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/tests.py
@@ -362,5 +362,7 @@ class CheckFrameworkReservedNamesTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class ChecksRunDuringTests(SimpleTestCase):
+    databases = "__all__"
+
     def test_registered_check_did_run(self):
         self.assertTrue(my_check.did_run)
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_checks.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_checks.py
index bd36c569a19..50730c5a1d6 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_checks.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_checks.py
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 @isolate_apps("contenttypes_tests", attr_name="apps")
 class GenericForeignKeyTests(SimpleTestCase):
+    databases = "__all__"
+
     def test_missing_content_type_field(self):
         class TaggedItem(models.Model):
             # no content_type field
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_management.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_management.py
index d5e14c7df37..eb472d80cef 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_management.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_management.py
@@ -22,6 +22,13 @@ class RemoveStaleContentTypesTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
+        with captured_stdout():
+            call_command(
+                "remove_stale_contenttypes",
+                interactive=False,
+                include_stale_apps=True,
+                verbosity=2,
+            )
         cls.before_count = ContentType.objects.count()
         cls.content_type = ContentType.objects.create(
             app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="Fake"
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_bulk_update.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_bulk_update.py
index f0b473efa7d..5f91f777916 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_bulk_update.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_bulk_update.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from datetime import date
 
+from django.test import modify_settings
+
 from . import PostgreSQLTestCase
 from .models import (
     HStoreModel,
@@ -16,6 +18,7 @@ except ImportError:
     pass  # psycopg2 isn't installed.
 
 
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class BulkSaveTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def test_bulk_update(self):
         test_data = [
diff --git a/tests/runtests.py b/tests/runtests.py
index 330c8abd048..e3a60d777bc 100755
--- a/tests/runtests.py
+++ b/tests/runtests.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import argparse
 import atexit
 import copy
 import gc
+import multiprocessing
 import os
 import shutil
 import socket
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import warnings
+from functools import partial
 from pathlib import Path
 
 try:
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ else:
     from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
     from django.db import connection, connections
     from django.test import TestCase, TransactionTestCase
-    from django.test.runner import get_max_test_processes, parallel_type
+    from django.test.runner import _init_worker, get_max_test_processes, parallel_type
     from django.test.selenium import SeleniumTestCaseBase
     from django.test.utils import NullTimeKeeper, TimeKeeper, get_runner
     from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
@@ -382,7 +384,8 @@ def django_tests(
             msg += " with up to %d processes" % max_parallel
         print(msg)
 
-    test_labels, state = setup_run_tests(verbosity, start_at, start_after, test_labels)
+    process_setup_args = (verbosity, start_at, start_after, test_labels)
+    test_labels, state = setup_run_tests(*process_setup_args)
     # Run the test suite, including the extra validation tests.
     if not hasattr(settings, "TEST_RUNNER"):
         settings.TEST_RUNNER = "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner"
@@ -395,6 +398,11 @@ def django_tests(
             parallel = 1
 
     TestRunner = get_runner(settings)
+    TestRunner.parallel_test_suite.init_worker = partial(
+        _init_worker,
+        process_setup=setup_run_tests,
+        process_setup_args=process_setup_args,
+    )
     test_runner = TestRunner(
         verbosity=verbosity,
         interactive=interactive,
@@ -718,6 +726,11 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         options.settings = os.environ["DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"]
 
     if options.selenium:
+        if multiprocessing.get_start_method() == "spawn" and options.parallel != 1:
+            parser.error(
+                "You cannot use --selenium with parallel tests on this system. "
+                "Pass --parallel=1 to use --selenium."
+            )
         if not options.tags:
             options.tags = ["selenium"]
         elif "selenium" not in options.tags:
diff --git a/tests/test_runner/test_discover_runner.py b/tests/test_runner/test_discover_runner.py
index fd36f0ab890..bca90374923 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner/test_discover_runner.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner/test_discover_runner.py
@@ -86,6 +86,16 @@ class DiscoverRunnerParallelArgumentTests(SimpleTestCase):
         mocked_cpu_count,
     ):
         mocked_get_start_method.return_value = "spawn"
+        self.assertEqual(get_max_test_processes(), 12)
+        with mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {"DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES": "7"}):
+            self.assertEqual(get_max_test_processes(), 7)
+
+    def test_get_max_test_processes_forkserver(
+        self,
+        mocked_get_start_method,
+        mocked_cpu_count,
+    ):
+        mocked_get_start_method.return_value = "forkserver"
         self.assertEqual(get_max_test_processes(), 1)
         with mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {"DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES": "7"}):
             self.assertEqual(get_max_test_processes(), 1)
diff --git a/tests/test_runner/tests.py b/tests/test_runner/tests.py
index 665f2c5ef80..c50c54f25c8 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner/tests.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner/tests.py
@@ -480,8 +480,6 @@ class ManageCommandTests(unittest.TestCase):
 # Isolate from the real environment.
 @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {}, clear=True)
 @mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, "cpu_count", return_value=12)
-# Python 3.8 on macOS defaults to 'spawn' mode.
-@mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, "get_start_method", return_value="fork")
 class ManageCommandParallelTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_parallel_default(self, *mocked_objects):
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
@@ -507,8 +505,8 @@ class ManageCommandParallelTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Parallel is disabled by default.
         self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), "")
 
-    def test_parallel_spawn(self, mocked_get_start_method, mocked_cpu_count):
-        mocked_get_start_method.return_value = "spawn"
+    @mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, "get_start_method", return_value="spawn")
+    def test_parallel_spawn(self, *mocked_objects):
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
             call_command(
                 "test",
@@ -517,8 +515,8 @@ class ManageCommandParallelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             )
         self.assertIn("parallel=1", stderr.getvalue())
 
-    def test_no_parallel_spawn(self, mocked_get_start_method, mocked_cpu_count):
-        mocked_get_start_method.return_value = "spawn"
+    @mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, "get_start_method", return_value="spawn")
+    def test_no_parallel_spawn(self, *mocked_objects):
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
             call_command(
                 "test",