Fixed #19497 -- Refactored testing docs.

Thanks Tim Graham for the review and suggestions.

docs/index.txt

@@ -180,7 +180,11 @@ testing of Django applications:
   :doc:`Overview <ref/django-admin>` |
   :doc:`Adding custom commands <howto/custom-management-commands>`
 
-* **Testing:**  :doc:`Overview <topics/testing>`
+* **Testing:**
+  :doc:`Overview <topics/testing/index>` |
+  :doc:`Writing and running tests <topics/testing/overview>` |
+  :doc:`Advanced topics <topics/testing/advanced>` |
+  :doc:`Doctests <topics/testing/doctests>`
 
 * **Deployment:**
   :doc:`Overview <howto/deployment/index>` |

docs/internals/contributing/writing-code/unit-tests.txt

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ The tests cover:
 We appreciate any and all contributions to the test suite!
 
 The Django tests all use the testing infrastructure that ships with Django for
-testing applications. See :doc:`Testing Django applications </topics/testing>`
+testing applications. See :doc:`Testing Django applications
-for an explanation of how to write new tests.
+</topics/testing/overview>` for an explanation of how to write new tests.
 
 .. _running-unit-tests:
 

docs/intro/contributing.txt

@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ correctly in a couple different situations.
     computer programming, so there's lots of information out there:
 
     * A good first look at writing tests for Django can be found in the
-      documentation on :doc:`Testing Django applications</topics/testing/>`.
+      documentation on :doc:`Testing Django applications </topics/testing/overview>`.
     * Dive Into Python (a free online book for beginning Python developers)
       includes a great `introduction to Unit Testing`__.
     * After reading those, if you want something a little meatier to sink

docs/intro/tutorial05.txt

@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ a piece of code, it usually means that code should be refactored or removed.
 Coverage will help to identify dead code. See
 :ref:`topics-testing-code-coverage` for details.
 
-:doc:`Testing Django applications </topics/testing>` has comprehensive
+:doc:`Testing Django applications </topics/testing/index>` has comprehensive
 information about testing.
 
 .. _Selenium: http://seleniumhq.org/

docs/misc/api-stability.txt

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ of 1.0. This includes these APIs:
   external template tags. Before adding any such tags, we'll ensure that
   Django raises an error if it tries to load tags with duplicate names.
 
-- :doc:`Testing </topics/testing>`
+- :doc:`Testing </topics/testing/index>`
 
 - :doc:`django-admin utility </ref/django-admin>`.
 

docs/ref/django-admin.txt

@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ test <app or test identifier>
 
 .. django-admin:: test
 
-Runs tests for all installed models. See :doc:`/topics/testing` for more
+Runs tests for all installed models. See :doc:`/topics/testing/index` for more
 information.
 
 .. django-admin-option:: --failfast
@@ -1072,7 +1072,7 @@ For example, this command::
 
 ...would perform the following steps:
 
-1. Create a test database, as described in :doc:`/topics/testing`.
+1. Create a test database, as described in :ref:`the-test-database`.
 2. Populate the test database with fixture data from the given fixtures.
    (For more on fixtures, see the documentation for ``loaddata`` above.)
 3. Runs the Django development server (as in ``runserver``), pointed at
@@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ For example, this command::
 
 This is useful in a number of ways:
 
-* When you're writing :doc:`unit tests </topics/testing>` of how your views
+* When you're writing :doc:`unit tests </topics/testing/overview>` of how your views
   act with certain fixture data, you can use ``testserver`` to interact with
   the views in a Web browser, manually.
 

docs/ref/settings.txt

@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ If the default value (``None``) is used with the SQLite database engine, the
 tests will use a memory resident database. For all other database engines the
 test database will use the name ``'test_' + DATABASE_NAME``.
 
-See :doc:`/topics/testing`.
+See :ref:`the-test-database`.
 
 .. setting:: TEST_CREATE
 
@@ -1982,9 +1982,7 @@ TEST_RUNNER
 Default: ``'django.test.simple.DjangoTestSuiteRunner'``
 
 The name of the class to use for starting the test suite. See
-:doc:`/topics/testing`.
+:ref:`other-testing-frameworks`.
-
-.. _Testing Django Applications: ../testing/
 
 .. setting:: THOUSAND_SEPARATOR
 

docs/ref/signals.txt

@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ Test signals
 .. module:: django.test.signals
    :synopsis: Signals sent during testing.
 
-Signals only sent when :doc:`running tests </topics/testing>`.
+Signals only sent when :ref:`running tests <running-tests>`.
 
 setting_changed
 ---------------

docs/releases/0.96.txt

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ supported :doc:`serialization formats </topics/serialization>`, that will be
 loaded into your database at the start of your tests. This makes testing with
 real data much easier.
 
-See :doc:`the testing documentation </topics/testing>` for the full details.
+See :doc:`the testing documentation </topics/testing/index>` for the full details.
 
 Improvements to the admin interface
 -----------------------------------

docs/releases/1.1-alpha-1.txt

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Performance improvements
 
 .. currentmodule:: django.test
 
-Tests written using Django's :doc:`testing framework </topics/testing>` now run
+Tests written using Django's :doc:`testing framework </topics/testing/index>` now run
 dramatically faster (as much as 10 times faster in many cases).
 
 This was accomplished through the introduction of transaction-based tests: when

docs/releases/1.1-beta-1.txt

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Testing improvements
 .. currentmodule:: django.test.client
 
 A couple of small but very useful improvements have been made to the
-:doc:`testing framework </topics/testing>`:
+:doc:`testing framework </topics/testing/index>`:
 
 * The test :class:`Client` now can automatically follow redirects with the
   ``follow`` argument to :meth:`Client.get` and :meth:`Client.post`. This

docs/releases/1.1.txt

@@ -264,14 +264,14 @@ Testing improvements
 --------------------
 
 A few notable improvements have been made to the :doc:`testing framework
-</topics/testing>`.
+</topics/testing/index>`.
 
 Test performance improvements
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 .. currentmodule:: django.test
 
-Tests written using Django's :doc:`testing framework </topics/testing>` now run
+Tests written using Django's :doc:`testing framework </topics/testing/index>` now run
 dramatically faster (as much as 10 times faster in many cases).
 
 This was accomplished through the introduction of transaction-based tests: when

docs/topics/index.txt

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Introductions to all the key parts of Django you'll need to know:
    templates
    class-based-views/index
    files
-   testing
+   testing/index
    auth
    cache
    conditional-view-processing

docs/topics/install.txt

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ table once ``syncdb`` has created it. After creating a database user with these
 permissions, you'll specify the details in your project's settings file,
 see :setting:`DATABASES` for details.
 
-If you're using Django's :doc:`testing framework</topics/testing>` to test
+If you're using Django's :doc:`testing framework</topics/testing/index>` to test
 database queries, Django will need permission to create a test database.
 
 .. _PostgreSQL: http://www.postgresql.org/

docs/topics/testing/advanced.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+=======================
+Advanced testing topics
+=======================
+
+The request factory
+===================
+
+.. module:: django.test.client
+
+.. class:: RequestFactory
+
+The :class:`~django.test.client.RequestFactory` shares the same API as
+the test client. However, instead of behaving like a browser, the
+RequestFactory provides a way to generate a request instance that can
+be used as the first argument to any view. This means you can test a
+view function the same way as you would test any other function -- as
+a black box, with exactly known inputs, testing for specific outputs.
+
+The API for the :class:`~django.test.client.RequestFactory` is a slightly
+restricted subset of the test client API:
+
+* It only has access to the HTTP methods :meth:`~Client.get()`,
+  :meth:`~Client.post()`, :meth:`~Client.put()`,
+  :meth:`~Client.delete()`, :meth:`~Client.head()` and
+  :meth:`~Client.options()`.
+
+* These methods accept all the same arguments *except* for
+  ``follows``. Since this is just a factory for producing
+  requests, it's up to you to handle the response.
+
+* It does not support middleware. Session and authentication
+  attributes must be supplied by the test itself if required
+  for the view to function properly.
+
+Example
+-------
+
+The following is a simple unit test using the request factory::
+
+    from django.utils import unittest
+    from django.test.client import RequestFactory
+
+    class SimpleTest(unittest.TestCase):
+        def setUp(self):
+            # Every test needs access to the request factory.
+            self.factory = RequestFactory()
+
+        def test_details(self):
+            # Create an instance of a GET request.
+            request = self.factory.get('/customer/details')
+
+            # Test my_view() as if it were deployed at /customer/details
+            response = my_view(request)
+            self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+
+.. _topics-testing-advanced-multidb:
+
+Tests and multiple databases
+============================
+
+.. _topics-testing-masterslave:
+
+Testing master/slave configurations
+-----------------------------------
+
+If you're testing a multiple database configuration with master/slave
+replication, this strategy of creating test databases poses a problem.
+When the test databases are created, there won't be any replication,
+and as a result, data created on the master won't be seen on the
+slave.
+
+To compensate for this, Django allows you to define that a database is
+a *test mirror*. Consider the following (simplified) example database
+configuration::
+
+    DATABASES = {
+        'default': {
+            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
+            'NAME': 'myproject',
+            'HOST': 'dbmaster',
+             # ... plus some other settings
+        },
+        'slave': {
+            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
+            'NAME': 'myproject',
+            'HOST': 'dbslave',
+            'TEST_MIRROR': 'default'
+            # ... plus some other settings
+        }
+    }
+
+In this setup, we have two database servers: ``dbmaster``, described
+by the database alias ``default``, and ``dbslave`` described by the
+alias ``slave``. As you might expect, ``dbslave`` has been configured
+by the database administrator as a read slave of ``dbmaster``, so in
+normal activity, any write to ``default`` will appear on ``slave``.
+
+If Django created two independent test databases, this would break any
+tests that expected replication to occur. However, the ``slave``
+database has been configured as a test mirror (using the
+:setting:`TEST_MIRROR` setting), indicating that under testing,
+``slave`` should be treated as a mirror of ``default``.
+
+When the test environment is configured, a test version of ``slave``
+will *not* be created. Instead the connection to ``slave``
+will be redirected to point at ``default``. As a result, writes to
+``default`` will appear on ``slave`` -- but because they are actually
+the same database, not because there is data replication between the
+two databases.
+
+.. _topics-testing-creation-dependencies:
+
+Controlling creation order for test databases
+---------------------------------------------
+
+By default, Django will always create the ``default`` database first.
+However, no guarantees are made on the creation order of any other
+databases in your test setup.
+
+If your database configuration requires a specific creation order, you
+can specify the dependencies that exist using the
+:setting:`TEST_DEPENDENCIES` setting. Consider the following
+(simplified) example database configuration::
+
+    DATABASES = {
+        'default': {
+             # ... db settings
+             'TEST_DEPENDENCIES': ['diamonds']
+        },
+        'diamonds': {
+            # ... db settings
+        },
+        'clubs': {
+            # ... db settings
+            'TEST_DEPENDENCIES': ['diamonds']
+        },
+        'spades': {
+            # ... db settings
+            'TEST_DEPENDENCIES': ['diamonds','hearts']
+        },
+        'hearts': {
+            # ... db settings
+            'TEST_DEPENDENCIES': ['diamonds','clubs']
+        }
+    }
+
+Under this configuration, the ``diamonds`` database will be created first,
+as it is the only database alias without dependencies. The ``default`` and
+``clubs`` alias will be created next (although the order of creation of this
+pair is not guaranteed); then ``hearts``; and finally ``spades``.
+
+If there are any circular dependencies in the
+:setting:`TEST_DEPENDENCIES` definition, an ``ImproperlyConfigured``
+exception will be raised.
+
+Running tests outside the test runner
+=====================================
+
+If you want to run tests outside of ``./manage.py test`` -- for example,
+from a shell prompt -- you will need to set up the test
+environment first. Django provides a convenience method to do this::
+
+    >>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment
+    >>> setup_test_environment()
+
+This convenience method sets up the test database, and puts other
+Django features into modes that allow for repeatable testing.
+
+The call to :meth:`~django.test.utils.setup_test_environment` is made
+automatically as part of the setup of ``./manage.py test``. You only
+need to manually invoke this method if you're not using running your
+tests via Django's test runner.
+
+.. _other-testing-frameworks:
+
+Using different testing frameworks
+==================================
+
+Clearly, :mod:`doctest` and :mod:`unittest` are not the only Python testing
+frameworks. While Django doesn't provide explicit support for alternative
+frameworks, it does provide a way to invoke tests constructed for an
+alternative framework as if they were normal Django tests.
+
+When you run ``./manage.py test``, Django looks at the :setting:`TEST_RUNNER`
+setting to determine what to do. By default, :setting:`TEST_RUNNER` points to
+``'django.test.simple.DjangoTestSuiteRunner'``. This class defines the default Django
+testing behavior. This behavior involves:
+
+#. Performing global pre-test setup.
+
+#. Looking for unit tests and doctests in the ``models.py`` and
+   ``tests.py`` files in each installed application.
+
+#. Creating the test databases.
+
+#. Running ``syncdb`` to install models and initial data into the test
+   databases.
+
+#. Running the unit tests and doctests that are found.
+
+#. Destroying the test databases.
+
+#. Performing global post-test teardown.
+
+If you define your own test runner class and point :setting:`TEST_RUNNER` at
+that class, Django will execute your test runner whenever you run
+``./manage.py test``. In this way, it is possible to use any test framework
+that can be executed from Python code, or to modify the Django test execution
+process to satisfy whatever testing requirements you may have.
+
+.. _topics-testing-test_runner:
+
+Defining a test runner
+----------------------
+
+.. currentmodule:: django.test.simple
+
+A test runner is a class defining a ``run_tests()`` method. Django ships
+with a ``DjangoTestSuiteRunner`` class that defines the default Django
+testing behavior. This class defines the ``run_tests()`` entry point,
+plus a selection of other methods that are used to by ``run_tests()`` to
+set up, execute and tear down the test suite.
+
+.. class:: DjangoTestSuiteRunner(verbosity=1, interactive=True, failfast=True, **kwargs)
+
+    ``verbosity`` determines the amount of notification and debug information
+    that will be printed to the console; ``0`` is no output, ``1`` is normal
+    output, and ``2`` is verbose output.
+
+    If ``interactive`` is ``True``, the test suite has permission to ask the
+    user for instructions when the test suite is executed. An example of this
+    behavior would be asking for permission to delete an existing test
+    database. If ``interactive`` is ``False``, the test suite must be able to
+    run without any manual intervention.
+
+    If ``failfast`` is ``True``, the test suite will stop running after the
+    first test failure is detected.
+
+    Django will, from time to time, extend the capabilities of
+    the test runner by adding new arguments. The ``**kwargs`` declaration
+    allows for this expansion. If you subclass ``DjangoTestSuiteRunner`` or
+    write your own test runner, ensure accept and handle the ``**kwargs``
+    parameter.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    Your test runner may also define additional command-line options.
+    If you add an ``option_list`` attribute to a subclassed test runner,
+    those options will be added to the list of command-line options that
+    the :djadmin:`test` command can use.
+
+Attributes
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. attribute:: DjangoTestSuiteRunner.option_list
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    This is the tuple of ``optparse`` options which will be fed into the
+    management command's ``OptionParser`` for parsing arguments. See the
+    documentation for Python's ``optparse`` module for more details.
+
+Methods
+~~~~~~~
+
+.. method:: DjangoTestSuiteRunner.run_tests(test_labels, extra_tests=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Run the test suite.
+
+    ``test_labels`` is a list of strings describing the tests to be run. A test
+    label can take one of three forms:
+
+    * ``app.TestCase.test_method`` -- Run a single test method in a test
+      case.
+    * ``app.TestCase`` -- Run all the test methods in a test case.
+    * ``app`` -- Search for and run all tests in the named application.
+
+    If ``test_labels`` has a value of ``None``, the test runner should run
+    search for tests in all the applications in :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`.
+
+    ``extra_tests`` is a list of extra ``TestCase`` instances to add to the
+    suite that is executed by the test runner. These extra tests are run
+    in addition to those discovered in the modules listed in ``test_labels``.
+
+    This method should return the number of tests that failed.
+
+.. method:: DjangoTestSuiteRunner.setup_test_environment(**kwargs)
+
+    Sets up the test environment ready for testing.
+
+.. method:: DjangoTestSuiteRunner.build_suite(test_labels, extra_tests=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Constructs a test suite that matches the test labels provided.
+
+    ``test_labels`` is a list of strings describing the tests to be run. A test
+    label can take one of three forms:
+
+    * ``app.TestCase.test_method`` -- Run a single test method in a test
+      case.
+    * ``app.TestCase`` -- Run all the test methods in a test case.
+    * ``app`` -- Search for and run all tests in the named application.
+
+    If ``test_labels`` has a value of ``None``, the test runner should run
+    search for tests in all the applications in :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`.
+
+    ``extra_tests`` is a list of extra ``TestCase`` instances to add to the
+    suite that is executed by the test runner. These extra tests are run
+    in addition to those discovered in the modules listed in ``test_labels``.
+
+    Returns a ``TestSuite`` instance ready to be run.
+
+.. method:: DjangoTestSuiteRunner.setup_databases(**kwargs)
+
+    Creates the test databases.
+
+    Returns a data structure that provides enough detail to undo the changes
+    that have been made. This data will be provided to the ``teardown_databases()``
+    function at the conclusion of testing.
+
+.. method:: DjangoTestSuiteRunner.run_suite(suite, **kwargs)
+
+    Runs the test suite.
+
+    Returns the result produced by the running the test suite.
+
+.. method:: DjangoTestSuiteRunner.teardown_databases(old_config, **kwargs)
+
+    Destroys the test databases, restoring pre-test conditions.
+
+    ``old_config`` is a data structure defining the changes in the
+    database configuration that need to be reversed. It is the return
+    value of the ``setup_databases()`` method.
+
+.. method:: DjangoTestSuiteRunner.teardown_test_environment(**kwargs)
+
+    Restores the pre-test environment.
+
+.. method:: DjangoTestSuiteRunner.suite_result(suite, result, **kwargs)
+
+    Computes and returns a return code based on a test suite, and the result
+    from that test suite.
+
+
+Testing utilities
+-----------------
+
+.. module:: django.test.utils
+   :synopsis: Helpers to write custom test runners.
+
+To assist in the creation of your own test runner, Django provides a number of
+utility methods in the ``django.test.utils`` module.
+
+.. function:: setup_test_environment()
+
+    Performs any global pre-test setup, such as the installing the
+    instrumentation of the template rendering system and setting up
+    the dummy email outbox.
+
+.. function:: teardown_test_environment()
+
+    Performs any global post-test teardown, such as removing the black
+    magic hooks into the template system and restoring normal email
+    services.
+
+.. currentmodule:: django.db.connection.creation
+
+The creation module of the database backend (``connection.creation``)
+also provides some utilities that can be useful during testing.
+
+.. function:: create_test_db([verbosity=1, autoclobber=False])
+
+    Creates a new test database and runs ``syncdb`` against it.
+
+    ``verbosity`` has the same behavior as in ``run_tests()``.
+
+    ``autoclobber`` describes the behavior that will occur if a
+    database with the same name as the test database is discovered:
+
+    * If ``autoclobber`` is ``False``, the user will be asked to
+      approve destroying the existing database. ``sys.exit`` is
+      called if the user does not approve.
+
+    * If autoclobber is ``True``, the database will be destroyed
+      without consulting the user.
+
+    Returns the name of the test database that it created.
+
+    ``create_test_db()`` has the side effect of modifying the value of
+    :setting:`NAME` in :setting:`DATABASES` to match the name of the test
+    database.
+
+.. function:: destroy_test_db(old_database_name, [verbosity=1])
+
+    Destroys the database whose name is the value of :setting:`NAME` in
+    :setting:`DATABASES`, and sets :setting:`NAME` to the value of
+    ``old_database_name``.
+
+    The ``verbosity`` argument has the same behavior as for
+    :class:`~django.test.simple.DjangoTestSuiteRunner`.
+
+.. _topics-testing-code-coverage:
+
+Integration with coverage.py
+============================
+
+Code coverage describes how much source code has been tested. It shows which
+parts of your code are being exercised by tests and which are not. It's an
+important part of testing applications, so it's strongly recommended to check
+the coverage of your tests.
+
+Django can be easily integrated with `coverage.py`_, a tool for measuring code
+coverage of Python programs. First, `install coverage.py`_. Next, run the
+following from your project folder containing ``manage.py``::
+
+   coverage run --source='.' manage.py test myapp
+
+This runs your tests and collects coverage data of the executed files in your
+project. You can see a report of this data by typing following command::
+
+   coverage report
+
+Note that some Django code was executed while running tests, but it is not
+listed here because of the ``source`` flag passed to the previous command.
+
+For more options like annotated HTML listings detailing missed lines, see the
+`coverage.py`_ docs.
+
+.. _coverage.py: http://nedbatchelder.com/code/coverage/
+.. _install coverage.py: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/coverage

docs/topics/testing/doctests.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+===================
+Django and doctests
+===================
+
+Doctests use Python's standard :mod:`doctest` module, which searches your
+docstrings for statements that resemble a session of the Python interactive
+interpreter. A full explanation of how :mod:`doctest` works is out of the scope
+of this document; read Python's official documentation for the details.
+
+.. admonition:: What's a **docstring**?
+
+    A good explanation of docstrings (and some guidelines for using them
+    effectively) can be found in :pep:`257`:
+
+        A docstring is a string literal that occurs as the first statement in
+        a module, function, class, or method definition.  Such a docstring
+        becomes the ``__doc__`` special attribute of that object.
+
+    For example, this function has a docstring that describes what it does::
+
+        def add_two(num):
+            "Return the result of adding two to the provided number."
+            return num + 2
+
+    Because tests often make great documentation, putting tests directly in
+    your docstrings is an effective way to document *and* test your code.
+
+As with unit tests, for a given Django application, the test runner looks for
+doctests in two places:
+
+* The ``models.py`` file. You can define module-level doctests and/or a
+  doctest for individual models. It's common practice to put
+  application-level doctests in the module docstring and model-level
+  doctests in the model docstrings.
+
+* A file called ``tests.py`` in the application directory -- i.e., the
+  directory that holds ``models.py``. This file is a hook for any and all
+  doctests you want to write that aren't necessarily related to models.
+
+This example doctest is equivalent to the example given in the unittest section
+above::
+
+    # models.py
+
+    from django.db import models
+
+    class Animal(models.Model):
+        """
+        An animal that knows how to make noise
+
+        # Create some animals
+        >>> lion = Animal.objects.create(name="lion", sound="roar")
+        >>> cat = Animal.objects.create(name="cat", sound="meow")
+
+        # Make 'em speak
+        >>> lion.speak()
+        'The lion says "roar"'
+        >>> cat.speak()
+        'The cat says "meow"'
+        """
+        name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
+        sound = models.CharField(max_length=20)
+
+        def speak(self):
+            return 'The %s says "%s"' % (self.name, self.sound)
+
+When you :ref:`run your tests <running-tests>`, the test runner will find this
+docstring, notice that portions of it look like an interactive Python session,
+and execute those lines while checking that the results match.
+
+In the case of model tests, note that the test runner takes care of creating
+its own test database. That is, any test that accesses a database -- by
+creating and saving model instances, for example -- will not affect your
+production database. However, the database is not refreshed between doctests,
+so if your doctest requires a certain state you should consider flushing the
+database or loading a fixture. (See the section on :ref:`fixtures
+<topics-testing-fixtures>` for more on this.) Note that to use this feature,
+the database user Django is connecting as must have ``CREATE DATABASE``
+rights.
+
+For more details about :mod:`doctest`, see the Python documentation.

docs/topics/testing/index.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+=================
+Testing in Django
+=================
+
+.. toctree::
+   :hidden:
+
+   overview
+   doctests
+   advanced
+
+Automated testing is an extremely useful bug-killing tool for the modern
+Web developer. You can use a collection of tests -- a **test suite** -- to
+solve, or avoid, a number of problems:
+
+* When you're writing new code, you can use tests to validate your code
+  works as expected.
+
+* When you're refactoring or modifying old code, you can use tests to
+  ensure your changes haven't affected your application's behavior
+  unexpectedly.
+
+Testing a Web application is a complex task, because a Web application is made
+of several layers of logic -- from HTTP-level request handling, to form
+validation and processing, to template rendering. With Django's test-execution
+framework and assorted utilities, you can simulate requests, insert test data,
+inspect your application's output and generally verify your code is doing what
+it should be doing.
+
+The best part is, it's really easy.
+
+Unit tests v. doctests
+======================
+
+There are two primary ways to write tests with Django, corresponding to the
+two test frameworks that ship in the Python standard library. The two
+frameworks are:
+
+* **Unit tests** -- tests that are expressed as methods on a Python class
+  that subclasses :class:`unittest.TestCase` or Django's customized
+  :class:`TestCase`. For example::
+
+      import unittest
+
+      class MyFuncTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+          def testBasic(self):
+              a = ['larry', 'curly', 'moe']
+              self.assertEqual(my_func(a, 0), 'larry')
+              self.assertEqual(my_func(a, 1), 'curly')
+
+* **Doctests** -- tests that are embedded in your functions' docstrings and
+  are written in a way that emulates a session of the Python interactive
+  interpreter. For example::
+
+      def my_func(a_list, idx):
+          """
+          >>> a = ['larry', 'curly', 'moe']
+          >>> my_func(a, 0)
+          'larry'
+          >>> my_func(a, 1)
+          'curly'
+          """
+          return a_list[idx]
+
+Which should I use?
+-------------------
+
+Because Django supports both of the standard Python test frameworks, it's up to
+you and your tastes to decide which one to use. You can even decide to use
+*both*.
+
+For developers new to testing, however, this choice can seem confusing. Here,
+then, are a few key differences to help you decide which approach is right for
+you:
+
+* If you've been using Python for a while, :mod:`doctest` will probably feel
+  more "pythonic". It's designed to make writing tests as easy as possible,
+  so it requires no overhead of writing classes or methods. You simply put
+  tests in docstrings. This has the added advantage of serving as
+  documentation (and correct documentation, at that!). However, while
+  doctests are good for some simple example code, they are not very good if
+  you want to produce either high quality, comprehensive tests or high
+  quality documentation. Test failures are often difficult to debug
+  as it can be unclear exactly why the test failed. Thus, doctests should
+  generally be avoided and used primarily for documentation examples only.
+
+* The :mod:`unittest` framework will probably feel very familiar to
+  developers coming from Java. :mod:`unittest` is inspired by Java's JUnit,
+  so you'll feel at home with this method if you've used JUnit or any test
+  framework inspired by JUnit.
+
+* If you need to write a bunch of tests that share similar code, then
+  you'll appreciate the :mod:`unittest` framework's organization around
+  classes and methods. This makes it easy to abstract common tasks into
+  common methods. The framework also supports explicit setup and/or cleanup
+  routines, which give you a high level of control over the environment
+  in which your test cases are run.
+
+* If you're writing tests for Django itself, you should use :mod:`unittest`.
+
+Where to go from here
+=====================
+
+As unit tests are preferred in Django, we treat them in detail in the
+:doc:`overview` document.
+
+:doc:`doctests` describes Django-specific features when using doctests.
+
+You can also use any *other* Python test framework, Django provides an API and
+tools for that kind of integration. They are described in the
+:ref:`other-testing-frameworks` section of :doc:`advanced`.