===================== Model field reference ===================== .. module:: django.db.models.fields :synopsis: Built-in field types. .. currentmodule:: django.db.models This document contains all the gory details about all the `field options`_ and `field types`_ Django's got to offer. .. seealso:: If the built-in fields don't do the trick, you can try :doc:`localflavor `, which contains assorted pieces of code that are useful for particular countries or cultures. Also, you can easily :doc:`write your own custom model fields `. .. note:: Technically, these models are defined in :mod:`django.db.models.fields`, but for convenience they're imported into :mod:`django.db.models`; the standard convention is to use ``from django.db import models`` and refer to fields as ``models.Field``. .. _common-model-field-options: Field options ============= The following arguments are available to all field types. All are optional. ``null`` -------- .. attribute:: Field.null If ``True``, Django will store empty values as ``NULL`` in the database. Default is ``False``. Note that empty string values will always get stored as empty strings, not as ``NULL``. Only use ``null=True`` for non-string fields such as integers, booleans and dates. For both types of fields, you will also need to set ``blank=True`` if you wish to permit empty values in forms, as the :attr:`~Field.null` parameter only affects database storage (see :attr:`~Field.blank`). Avoid using :attr:`~Field.null` on string-based fields such as :class:`CharField` and :class:`TextField` unless you have an excellent reason. If a string-based field has ``null=True``, that means it has two possible values for "no data": ``NULL``, and the empty string. In most cases, it's redundant to have two possible values for "no data;" Django convention is to use the empty string, not ``NULL``. .. note:: When using the Oracle database backend, the value ``NULL`` will be stored to denote the empty string regardless of this attribute. If you want to accept :attr:`~Field.null` values with :class:`BooleanField`, use :class:`NullBooleanField` instead. ``blank`` --------- .. attribute:: Field.blank If ``True``, the field is allowed to be blank. Default is ``False``. Note that this is different than :attr:`~Field.null`. :attr:`~Field.null` is purely database-related, whereas :attr:`~Field.blank` is validation-related. If a field has ``blank=True``, form validation will allow entry of an empty value. If a field has ``blank=False``, the field will be required. .. _field-choices: ``choices`` ----------- .. attribute:: Field.choices An iterable (e.g., a list or tuple) consisting itself of iterables of exactly two items (e.g. ``[(A, B), (A, B) ...]``) to use as choices for this field. If this is given, the default form widget will be a select box with these choices instead of the standard text field. The first element in each tuple is the actual value to be stored, and the second element is the human-readable name. For example:: YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = ( ('FR', 'Freshman'), ('SO', 'Sophomore'), ('JR', 'Junior'), ('SR', 'Senior'), ) Generally, it's best to define choices inside a model class, and to define a suitably-named constant for each value:: from django.db import models class Student(models.Model): FRESHMAN = 'FR' SOPHOMORE = 'SO' JUNIOR = 'JR' SENIOR = 'SR' YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = ( (FRESHMAN, 'Freshman'), (SOPHOMORE, 'Sophomore'), (JUNIOR, 'Junior'), (SENIOR, 'Senior'), ) year_in_school = models.CharField(max_length=2, choices=YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES, default=FRESHMAN) def is_upperclass(self): return self.year_in_school in (self.JUNIOR, self.SENIOR) Though you can define a choices list outside of a model class and then refer to it, defining the choices and names for each choice inside the model class keeps all of that information with the class that uses it, and makes the choices easy to reference (e.g, ``Student.SOPHOMORE`` will work anywhere that the ``Student`` model has been imported). You can also collect your available choices into named groups that can be used for organizational purposes:: MEDIA_CHOICES = ( ('Audio', ( ('vinyl', 'Vinyl'), ('cd', 'CD'), ) ), ('Video', ( ('vhs', 'VHS Tape'), ('dvd', 'DVD'), ) ), ('unknown', 'Unknown'), ) The first element in each tuple is the name to apply to the group. The second element is an iterable of 2-tuples, with each 2-tuple containing a value and a human-readable name for an option. Grouped options may be combined with ungrouped options within a single list (such as the `unknown` option in this example). For each model field that has :attr:`~Field.choices` set, Django will add a method to retrieve the human-readable name for the field's current value. See :meth:`~django.db.models.Model.get_FOO_display` in the database API documentation. Finally, note that choices can be any iterable object -- not necessarily a list or tuple. This lets you construct choices dynamically. But if you find yourself hacking :attr:`~Field.choices` to be dynamic, you're probably better off using a proper database table with a :class:`ForeignKey`. :attr:`~Field.choices` is meant for static data that doesn't change much, if ever. ``db_column`` ------------- .. attribute:: Field.db_column The name of the database column to use for this field. If this isn't given, Django will use the field's name. If your database column name is an SQL reserved word, or contains characters that aren't allowed in Python variable names -- notably, the hyphen -- that's OK. Django quotes column and table names behind the scenes. ``db_index`` ------------ .. attribute:: Field.db_index If ``True``, :djadmin:`django-admin.py sqlindexes ` will output a ``CREATE INDEX`` statement for this field. ``db_tablespace`` ----------------- .. attribute:: Field.db_tablespace The name of the :doc:`database tablespace ` to use for this field's index, if this field is indexed. The default is the project's :setting:`DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE` setting, if set, or the :attr:`~Options.db_tablespace` of the model, if any. If the backend doesn't support tablespaces for indexes, this option is ignored. ``default`` ----------- .. attribute:: Field.default The default value for the field. This can be a value or a callable object. If callable it will be called every time a new object is created. The default cannot be a mutable object (model instance, list, set, etc.), as a reference to the same instance of that object would be used as the default value in all new model instances. Instead, wrap the desired default in a callable. For example, if you had a custom ``JSONField`` and wanted to specify a dictionary as the default, use a ``lambda`` as follows:: contact_info = JSONField("ContactInfo", default=lambda:{"email": "to1@example.com"}) ``editable`` ------------ .. attribute:: Field.editable If ``False``, the field will not be displayed in the admin or any other :class:`~django.forms.ModelForm`. Default is ``True``. ``error_messages`` ------------------ .. attribute:: Field.error_messages The ``error_messages`` argument lets you override the default messages that the field will raise. Pass in a dictionary with keys matching the error messages you want to override. Error message keys include ``null``, ``blank``, ``invalid``, ``invalid_choice``, and ``unique``. Additional error message keys are specified for each field in the `Field types`_ section below. ``help_text`` ------------- .. attribute:: Field.help_text Extra "help" text to be displayed with the form widget. It's useful for documentation even if your field isn't used on a form. Note that this value is *not* HTML-escaped in automatically-generated forms. This lets you include HTML in :attr:`~Field.help_text` if you so desire. For example:: help_text="Please use the following format: YYYY-MM-DD." Alternatively you can use plain text and ``django.utils.html.escape()`` to escape any HTML special characters. ``primary_key`` --------------- .. attribute:: Field.primary_key If ``True``, this field is the primary key for the model. If you don't specify ``primary_key=True`` for any field in your model, Django will automatically add an :class:`AutoField` to hold the primary key, so you don't need to set ``primary_key=True`` on any of your fields unless you want to override the default primary-key behavior. For more, see :ref:`automatic-primary-key-fields`. ``primary_key=True`` implies :attr:`null=False ` and :attr:`unique=True `. Only one primary key is allowed on an object. ``unique`` ---------- .. attribute:: Field.unique If ``True``, this field must be unique throughout the table. This is enforced at the database level and by model validation. If you try to save a model with a duplicate value in a :attr:`~Field.unique` field, a :exc:`django.db.IntegrityError` will be raised by the model's :meth:`~django.db.models.Model.save` method. This option is valid on all field types except :class:`ManyToManyField`, :class:`OneToOneField`, and :class:`FileField`. Note that when ``unique`` is ``True``, you don't need to specify :attr:`~Field.db_index`, because ``unique`` implies the creation of an index. ``unique_for_date`` ------------------- .. attribute:: Field.unique_for_date Set this to the name of a :class:`DateField` or :class:`DateTimeField` to require that this field be unique for the value of the date field. For example, if you have a field ``title`` that has ``unique_for_date="pub_date"``, then Django wouldn't allow the entry of two records with the same ``title`` and ``pub_date``. Note that if you set this to point to a :class:`DateTimeField`, only the date portion of the field will be considered. Besides, when :setting:`USE_TZ` is ``True``, the check will be performed in the :ref:`current time zone ` at the time the object gets saved. This is enforced by :meth:`Model.validate_unique()` during model validation but not at the database level. If any :attr:`~Field.unique_for_date` constraint involves fields that are not part of a :class:`~django.forms.ModelForm` (for example, if one of the fields is listed in ``exclude`` or has :attr:`editable=False`), :meth:`Model.validate_unique()` will skip validation for that particular constraint. ``unique_for_month`` -------------------- .. attribute:: Field.unique_for_month Like :attr:`~Field.unique_for_date`, but requires the field to be unique with respect to the month. ``unique_for_year`` ------------------- .. attribute:: Field.unique_for_year Like :attr:`~Field.unique_for_date` and :attr:`~Field.unique_for_month`. ``verbose_name`` ------------------- .. attribute:: Field.verbose_name A human-readable name for the field. If the verbose name isn't given, Django will automatically create it using the field's attribute name, converting underscores to spaces. See :ref:`Verbose field names `. ``validators`` ------------------- .. attribute:: Field.validators A list of validators to run for this field. See the :doc:`validators documentation ` for more information. .. _model-field-types: Field types =========== .. currentmodule:: django.db.models ``AutoField`` ------------- .. class:: AutoField(**options) An :class:`IntegerField` that automatically increments according to available IDs. You usually won't need to use this directly; a primary key field will automatically be added to your model if you don't specify otherwise. See :ref:`automatic-primary-key-fields`. ``BigIntegerField`` ------------------- .. class:: BigIntegerField([**options]) A 64 bit integer, much like an :class:`IntegerField` except that it is guaranteed to fit numbers from -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807. The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.TextInput`. ``BinaryField`` ------------------- .. class:: BinaryField([**options]) .. versionadded:: 1.6 A field to store raw binary data. It only supports ``bytes`` assignment. Be aware that this field has limited functionality. For example, it is not possible to filter a queryset on a ``BinaryField`` value. .. admonition:: Abusing ``BinaryField`` Although you might think about storing files in the database, consider that it is bad design in 99% of the cases. This field is *not* a replacement for proper :doc:`static files ` handling. ``BooleanField`` ---------------- .. class:: BooleanField(**options) A true/false field. The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.CheckboxInput`. If you need to accept :attr:`~Field.null` values then use :class:`NullBooleanField` instead. .. versionchanged:: 1.6 The default value of ``BooleanField`` was changed from ``False`` to ``None`` when :attr:`Field.default` isn't defined. ``CharField`` ------------- .. class:: CharField(max_length=None, [**options]) A string field, for small- to large-sized strings. For large amounts of text, use :class:`~django.db.models.TextField`. The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.TextInput`. :class:`CharField` has one extra required argument: .. attribute:: CharField.max_length The maximum length (in characters) of the field. The max_length is enforced at the database level and in Django's validation. .. note:: If you are writing an application that must be portable to multiple database backends, you should be aware that there are restrictions on ``max_length`` for some backends. Refer to the :doc:`database backend notes ` for details. .. admonition:: MySQL users If you are using this field with MySQLdb 1.2.2 and the ``utf8_bin`` collation (which is *not* the default), there are some issues to be aware of. Refer to the :ref:`MySQL database notes ` for details. ``CommaSeparatedIntegerField`` ------------------------------ .. class:: CommaSeparatedIntegerField(max_length=None, [**options]) A field of integers separated by commas. As in :class:`CharField`, the :attr:`~CharField.max_length` argument is required and the note about database portability mentioned there should be heeded. ``DateField`` ------------- .. class:: DateField([auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options]) A date, represented in Python by a ``datetime.date`` instance. Has a few extra, optional arguments: .. attribute:: DateField.auto_now Automatically set the field to now every time the object is saved. Useful for "last-modified" timestamps. Note that the current date is *always* used; it's not just a default value that you can override. .. attribute:: DateField.auto_now_add Automatically set the field to now when the object is first created. Useful for creation of timestamps. Note that the current date is *always* used; it's not just a default value that you can override. The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.TextInput`. The admin adds a JavaScript calendar, and a shortcut for "Today". Includes an additional ``invalid_date`` error message key. .. note:: As currently implemented, setting ``auto_now`` or ``auto_now_add`` to ``True`` will cause the field to have ``editable=False`` and ``blank=True`` set. ``DateTimeField`` ----------------- .. class:: DateTimeField([auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options]) A date and time, represented in Python by a ``datetime.datetime`` instance. Takes the same extra arguments as :class:`DateField`. The default form widget for this field is a single :class:`~django.forms.TextInput`. The admin uses two separate :class:`~django.forms.TextInput` widgets with JavaScript shortcuts. ``DecimalField`` ---------------- .. class:: DecimalField(max_digits=None, decimal_places=None, [**options]) A fixed-precision decimal number, represented in Python by a :class:`~decimal.Decimal` instance. Has two **required** arguments: .. attribute:: DecimalField.max_digits The maximum number of digits allowed in the number. Note that this number must be greater than or equal to ``decimal_places``. .. attribute:: DecimalField.decimal_places The number of decimal places to store with the number. For example, to store numbers up to 999 with a resolution of 2 decimal places, you'd use:: models.DecimalField(..., max_digits=5, decimal_places=2) And to store numbers up to approximately one billion with a resolution of 10 decimal places:: models.DecimalField(..., max_digits=19, decimal_places=10) The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.TextInput`. .. note:: For more information about the differences between the :class:`FloatField` and :class:`DecimalField` classes, please see :ref:`FloatField vs. DecimalField `. ``EmailField`` -------------- .. class:: EmailField([max_length=75, **options]) A :class:`CharField` that checks that the value is a valid email address. .. admonition:: Incompliance to RFCs The default 75 character ``max_length`` is not capable of storing all possible RFC3696/5321-compliant email addresses. In order to store all possible valid email addresses, a ``max_length`` of 254 is required. The default ``max_length`` of 75 exists for historical reasons. The default has not been changed in order to maintain backwards compatibility with existing uses of :class:`EmailField`. ``FileField`` ------------- .. class:: FileField(upload_to=None, [max_length=100, **options]) A file-upload field. .. note:: The ``primary_key`` and ``unique`` arguments are not supported, and will raise a ``TypeError`` if used. Has one **required** argument: .. attribute:: FileField.upload_to A local filesystem path that will be appended to your :setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` setting to determine the value of the :attr:`~django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.url` attribute. This path may contain :func:`~time.strftime` formatting, which will be replaced by the date/time of the file upload (so that uploaded files don't fill up the given directory). This may also be a callable, such as a function, which will be called to obtain the upload path, including the filename. This callable must be able to accept two arguments, and return a Unix-style path (with forward slashes) to be passed along to the storage system. The two arguments that will be passed are: ====================== =============================================== Argument Description ====================== =============================================== ``instance`` An instance of the model where the ``FileField`` is defined. More specifically, this is the particular instance where the current file is being attached. In most cases, this object will not have been saved to the database yet, so if it uses the default ``AutoField``, *it might not yet have a value for its primary key field*. ``filename`` The filename that was originally given to the file. This may or may not be taken into account when determining the final destination path. ====================== =============================================== Also has one optional argument: .. attribute:: FileField.storage Optional. A storage object, which handles the storage and retrieval of your files. See :doc:`/topics/files` for details on how to provide this object. The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.FileInput`. Using a :class:`FileField` or an :class:`ImageField` (see below) in a model takes a few steps: 1. In your settings file, you'll need to define :setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` as the full path to a directory where you'd like Django to store uploaded files. (For performance, these files are not stored in the database.) Define :setting:`MEDIA_URL` as the base public URL of that directory. Make sure that this directory is writable by the Web server's user account. 2. Add the :class:`FileField` or :class:`ImageField` to your model, making sure to define the :attr:`~FileField.upload_to` option to tell Django to which subdirectory of :setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` it should upload files. 3. All that will be stored in your database is a path to the file (relative to :setting:`MEDIA_ROOT`). You'll most likely want to use the convenience :attr:`~django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.url` attribute provided by Django. For example, if your :class:`ImageField` is called ``mug_shot``, you can get the absolute path to your image in a template with ``{{ object.mug_shot.url }}``. For example, say your :setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` is set to ``'/home/media'``, and :attr:`~FileField.upload_to` is set to ``'photos/%Y/%m/%d'``. The ``'%Y/%m/%d'`` part of :attr:`~FileField.upload_to` is :func:`~time.strftime` formatting; ``'%Y'`` is the four-digit year, ``'%m'`` is the two-digit month and ``'%d'`` is the two-digit day. If you upload a file on Jan. 15, 2007, it will be saved in the directory ``/home/media/photos/2007/01/15``. If you wanted to retrieve the uploaded file's on-disk filename, or the file's size, you could use the :attr:`~django.core.files.File.name` and :attr:`~django.core.files.File.size` attributes respectively; for more information on the available attributes and methods, see the :class:`~django.core.files.File` class reference and the :doc:`/topics/files` topic guide. .. note:: The file is saved as part of saving the model in the database, so the actual file name used on disk cannot be relied on until after the model has been saved. The uploaded file's relative URL can be obtained using the :attr:`~django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.url` attribute. Internally, this calls the :meth:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage.url` method of the underlying :class:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage` class. .. _file-upload-security: Note that whenever you deal with uploaded files, you should pay close attention to where you're uploading them and what type of files they are, to avoid security holes. *Validate all uploaded files* so that you're sure the files are what you think they are. For example, if you blindly let somebody upload files, without validation, to a directory that's within your Web server's document root, then somebody could upload a CGI or PHP script and execute that script by visiting its URL on your site. Don't allow that. Also note that even an uploaded HTML file, since it can be executed by the browser (though not by the server), can pose security threats that are equivalent to XSS or CSRF attacks. By default, :class:`FileField` instances are created as ``varchar(100)`` columns in your database. As with other fields, you can change the maximum length using the :attr:`~CharField.max_length` argument. FileField and FieldFile ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. currentmodule:: django.db.models.fields.files .. class:: FieldFile When you access a :class:`~django.db.models.FileField` on a model, you are given an instance of :class:`FieldFile` as a proxy for accessing the underlying file. This class has several attributes and methods that can be used to interact with file data: .. attribute:: FieldFile.url A read-only property to access the file's relative URL by calling the :meth:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage.url` method of the underlying :class:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage` class. .. method:: FieldFile.open(mode='rb') Behaves like the standard Python ``open()`` method and opens the file associated with this instance in the mode specified by ``mode``. .. method:: FieldFile.close() Behaves like the standard Python ``file.close()`` method and closes the file associated with this instance. .. method:: FieldFile.save(name, content, save=True) This method takes a filename and file contents and passes them to the storage class for the field, then associates the stored file with the model field. If you want to manually associate file data with :class:`~django.db.models.FileField` instances on your model, the ``save()`` method is used to persist that file data. Takes two required arguments: ``name`` which is the name of the file, and ``content`` which is an object containing the file's contents. The optional ``save`` argument controls whether or not the instance is saved after the file has been altered. Defaults to ``True``. Note that the ``content`` argument should be an instance of :class:`django.core.files.File`, not Python's built-in file object. You can construct a :class:`~django.core.files.File` from an existing Python file object like this:: from django.core.files import File # Open an existing file using Python's built-in open() f = open('/tmp/hello.world') myfile = File(f) Or you can construct one from a Python string like this:: from django.core.files.base import ContentFile myfile = ContentFile("hello world") For more information, see :doc:`/topics/files`. .. method:: FieldFile.delete(save=True) Deletes the file associated with this instance and clears all attributes on the field. Note: This method will close the file if it happens to be open when ``delete()`` is called. The optional ``save`` argument controls whether or not the instance is saved after the file has been deleted. Defaults to ``True``. Note that when a model is deleted, related files are not deleted. If you need to cleanup orphaned files, you'll need to handle it yourself (for instance, with a custom management command that can be run manually or scheduled to run periodically via e.g. cron). .. currentmodule:: django.db.models ``FilePathField`` ----------------- .. class:: FilePathField(path=None, [match=None, recursive=False, max_length=100, **options]) A :class:`CharField` whose choices are limited to the filenames in a certain directory on the filesystem. Has three special arguments, of which the first is **required**: .. attribute:: FilePathField.path Required. The absolute filesystem path to a directory from which this :class:`FilePathField` should get its choices. Example: ``"/home/images"``. .. attribute:: FilePathField.match Optional. A regular expression, as a string, that :class:`FilePathField` will use to filter filenames. Note that the regex will be applied to the base filename, not the full path. Example: ``"foo.*\.txt$"``, which will match a file called ``foo23.txt`` but not ``bar.txt`` or ``foo23.png``. .. attribute:: FilePathField.recursive Optional. Either ``True`` or ``False``. Default is ``False``. Specifies whether all subdirectories of :attr:`~FilePathField.path` should be included .. attribute:: FilePathField.allow_files .. versionadded:: 1.5 Optional. Either ``True`` or ``False``. Default is ``True``. Specifies whether files in the specified location should be included. Either this or :attr:`~FilePathField.allow_folders` must be ``True``. .. attribute:: FilePathField.allow_folders .. versionadded:: 1.5 Optional. Either ``True`` or ``False``. Default is ``False``. Specifies whether folders in the specified location should be included. Either this or :attr:`~FilePathField.allow_files` must be ``True``. Of course, these arguments can be used together. The one potential gotcha is that :attr:`~FilePathField.match` applies to the base filename, not the full path. So, this example:: FilePathField(path="/home/images", match="foo.*", recursive=True) ...will match ``/home/images/foo.png`` but not ``/home/images/foo/bar.png`` because the :attr:`~FilePathField.match` applies to the base filename (``foo.png`` and ``bar.png``). By default, :class:`FilePathField` instances are created as ``varchar(100)`` columns in your database. As with other fields, you can change the maximum length using the :attr:`~CharField.max_length` argument. ``FloatField`` -------------- .. class:: FloatField([**options]) A floating-point number represented in Python by a ``float`` instance. The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.TextInput`. .. _floatfield_vs_decimalfield: .. admonition:: ``FloatField`` vs. ``DecimalField`` The :class:`FloatField` class is sometimes mixed up with the :class:`DecimalField` class. Although they both represent real numbers, they represent those numbers differently. ``FloatField`` uses Python's ``float`` type internally, while ``DecimalField`` uses Python's ``Decimal`` type. For information on the difference between the two, see Python's documentation for the :mod:`decimal` module. ``ImageField`` -------------- .. class:: ImageField(upload_to=None, [height_field=None, width_field=None, max_length=100, **options]) Inherits all attributes and methods from :class:`FileField`, but also validates that the uploaded object is a valid image. In addition to the special attributes that are available for :class:`FileField`, an :class:`ImageField` also has ``height`` and ``width`` attributes. To facilitate querying on those attributes, :class:`ImageField` has two extra optional arguments: .. attribute:: ImageField.height_field Name of a model field which will be auto-populated with the height of the image each time the model instance is saved. .. attribute:: ImageField.width_field Name of a model field which will be auto-populated with the width of the image each time the model instance is saved. Requires the `Python Imaging Library`_. .. _Python Imaging Library: http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/ By default, :class:`ImageField` instances are created as ``varchar(100)`` columns in your database. As with other fields, you can change the maximum length using the :attr:`~CharField.max_length` argument. ``IntegerField`` ---------------- .. class:: IntegerField([**options]) An integer. The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.TextInput`. ``IPAddressField`` ------------------ .. class:: IPAddressField([**options]) An IP address, in string format (e.g. "192.0.2.30"). The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.TextInput`. ``GenericIPAddressField`` ------------------------- .. class:: GenericIPAddressField([protocol=both, unpack_ipv4=False, **options]) An IPv4 or IPv6 address, in string format (e.g. ``192.0.2.30`` or ``2a02:42fe::4``). The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.TextInput`. The IPv6 address normalization follows :rfc:`4291#section-2.2` section 2.2, including using the IPv4 format suggested in paragraph 3 of that section, like ``::ffff:192.0.2.0``. For example, ``2001:0::0:01`` would be normalized to ``2001::1``, and ``::ffff:0a0a:0a0a`` to ``::ffff:10.10.10.10``. All characters are converted to lowercase. .. attribute:: GenericIPAddressField.protocol Limits valid inputs to the specified protocol. Accepted values are ``'both'`` (default), ``'IPv4'`` or ``'IPv6'``. Matching is case insensitive. .. attribute:: GenericIPAddressField.unpack_ipv4 Unpacks IPv4 mapped addresses like ``::ffff:192.0.2.1``. If this option is enabled that address would be unpacked to ``192.0.2.1``. Default is disabled. Can only be used when ``protocol`` is set to ``'both'``. If you allow for blank values, you have to allow for null values since blank values are stored as null. ``NullBooleanField`` -------------------- .. class:: NullBooleanField([**options]) Like a :class:`BooleanField`, but allows ``NULL`` as one of the options. Use this instead of a :class:`BooleanField` with ``null=True``. The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.NullBooleanSelect`. ``PositiveIntegerField`` ------------------------ .. class:: PositiveIntegerField([**options]) Like an :class:`IntegerField`, but must be either positive or zero (``0``). The value ``0`` is accepted for backward compatibility reasons. ``PositiveSmallIntegerField`` ----------------------------- .. class:: PositiveSmallIntegerField([**options]) Like a :class:`PositiveIntegerField`, but only allows values under a certain (database-dependent) point. Values up to 32767 are safe in all databases supported by Django. ``SlugField`` ------------- .. class:: SlugField([max_length=50, **options]) :term:`Slug` is a newspaper term. A slug is a short label for something, containing only letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens. They're generally used in URLs. Like a CharField, you can specify :attr:`~CharField.max_length` (read the note about database portability and :attr:`~CharField.max_length` in that section, too). If :attr:`~CharField.max_length` is not specified, Django will use a default length of 50. Implies setting :attr:`Field.db_index` to ``True``. It is often useful to automatically prepopulate a SlugField based on the value of some other value. You can do this automatically in the admin using :attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.prepopulated_fields`. ``SmallIntegerField`` --------------------- .. class:: SmallIntegerField([**options]) Like an :class:`IntegerField`, but only allows values under a certain (database-dependent) point. Values from -32768 to 32767 are safe in all databases supported by Django. ``TextField`` ------------- .. class:: TextField([**options]) A large text field. The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.Textarea`. .. admonition:: MySQL users If you are using this field with MySQLdb 1.2.1p2 and the ``utf8_bin`` collation (which is *not* the default), there are some issues to be aware of. Refer to the :ref:`MySQL database notes ` for details. ``TimeField`` ------------- .. class:: TimeField([auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options]) A time, represented in Python by a ``datetime.time`` instance. Accepts the same auto-population options as :class:`DateField`. The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.TextInput`. The admin adds some JavaScript shortcuts. ``URLField`` ------------ .. class:: URLField([max_length=200, **options]) A :class:`CharField` for a URL. The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.TextInput`. Like all :class:`CharField` subclasses, :class:`URLField` takes the optional :attr:`~CharField.max_length` argument. If you don't specify :attr:`~CharField.max_length`, a default of 200 is used. .. versionadded:: 1.5 The current value of the field will be displayed as a clickable link above the input widget. Relationship fields =================== .. module:: django.db.models.fields.related :synopsis: Related field types .. currentmodule:: django.db.models Django also defines a set of fields that represent relations. .. _ref-foreignkey: ``ForeignKey`` -------------- .. class:: ForeignKey(othermodel, [**options]) A many-to-one relationship. Requires a positional argument: the class to which the model is related. .. _recursive-relationships: To create a recursive relationship -- an object that has a many-to-one relationship with itself -- use ``models.ForeignKey('self')``. .. _lazy-relationships: If you need to create a relationship on a model that has not yet been defined, you can use the name of the model, rather than the model object itself:: from django.db import models class Car(models.Model): manufacturer = models.ForeignKey('Manufacturer') # ... class Manufacturer(models.Model): # ... pass To refer to models defined in another application, you can explicitly specify a model with the full application label. For example, if the ``Manufacturer`` model above is defined in another application called ``production``, you'd need to use:: class Car(models.Model): manufacturer = models.ForeignKey('production.Manufacturer') This sort of reference can be useful when resolving circular import dependencies between two applications. A database index is automatically created on the ``ForeignKey``. You can disable this by setting :attr:`~Field.db_index` to ``False``. You may want to avoid the overhead of an index if you are creating a foreign key for consistency rather than joins, or if you will be creating an alternative index like a partial or multiple column index. Database Representation ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Behind the scenes, Django appends ``"_id"`` to the field name to create its database column name. In the above example, the database table for the ``Car`` model will have a ``manufacturer_id`` column. (You can change this explicitly by specifying :attr:`~Field.db_column`) However, your code should never have to deal with the database column name, unless you write custom SQL. You'll always deal with the field names of your model object. .. _foreign-key-arguments: Arguments ~~~~~~~~~ :class:`ForeignKey` accepts an extra set of arguments -- all optional -- that define the details of how the relation works. .. attribute:: ForeignKey.limit_choices_to A dictionary of lookup arguments and values (see :doc:`/topics/db/queries`) that limit the available admin or ModelForm choices for this object. Use this with functions from the Python ``datetime`` module to limit choices of objects by date. For example:: limit_choices_to = {'pub_date__lte': datetime.date.today} only allows the choice of related objects with a ``pub_date`` before the current date to be chosen. Instead of a dictionary this can also be a :class:`~django.db.models.Q` object for more :ref:`complex queries `. However, if ``limit_choices_to`` is a :class:`~django.db.models.Q` object then it will only have an effect on the choices available in the admin when the field is not listed in ``raw_id_fields`` in the ``ModelAdmin`` for the model. .. attribute:: ForeignKey.related_name The name to use for the relation from the related object back to this one. See the :ref:`related objects documentation ` for a full explanation and example. Note that you must set this value when defining relations on :ref:`abstract models `; and when you do so :ref:`some special syntax ` is available. If you'd prefer Django not to create a backwards relation, set ``related_name`` to ``'+'`` or end it with ``'+'``. For example, this will ensure that the ``User`` model won't have a backwards relation to this model:: user = models.ForeignKey(User, related_name='+') .. attribute:: ForeignKey.related_query_name .. versionadded:: 1.6 The name to use for the reverse filter name from the target model. Defaults to the value of :attr:`related_name` if it is set, otherwise it defaults to the name of the model:: # Declare the ForeignKey with related_query_name class Tag(models.Model): article = models.ForeignKey(Article, related_name="tags", related_query_name="tag") name = models.CharField(max_length=255) # That's now the name of the reverse filter article_instance.filter(tag__name="important") .. attribute:: ForeignKey.to_field The field on the related object that the relation is to. By default, Django uses the primary key of the related object. .. attribute:: ForeignKey.db_constraint .. versionadded:: 1.6 Controls whether or not a constraint should be created in the database for this foreign key. The default is ``True``, and that's almost certainly what you want; setting this to ``False`` can be very bad for data integrity. That said, here are some scenarios where you might want to do this: * You have legacy data that is not valid. * You're sharding your database. If this is set to ``False``, accessing a related object that doesn't exist will raise its ``DoesNotExist`` exception. .. attribute:: ForeignKey.on_delete When an object referenced by a :class:`ForeignKey` is deleted, Django by default emulates the behavior of the SQL constraint ``ON DELETE CASCADE`` and also deletes the object containing the ``ForeignKey``. This behavior can be overridden by specifying the :attr:`on_delete` argument. For example, if you have a nullable :class:`ForeignKey` and you want it to be set null when the referenced object is deleted:: user = models.ForeignKey(User, blank=True, null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL) The possible values for :attr:`~ForeignKey.on_delete` are found in :mod:`django.db.models`: * .. attribute:: CASCADE Cascade deletes; the default. * .. attribute:: PROTECT Prevent deletion of the referenced object by raising :exc:`~django.db.models.ProtectedError`, a subclass of :exc:`django.db.IntegrityError`. * .. attribute:: SET_NULL Set the :class:`ForeignKey` null; this is only possible if :attr:`~Field.null` is ``True``. * .. attribute:: SET_DEFAULT Set the :class:`ForeignKey` to its default value; a default for the :class:`ForeignKey` must be set. * .. function:: SET() Set the :class:`ForeignKey` to the value passed to :func:`~django.db.models.SET()`, or if a callable is passed in, the result of calling it. In most cases, passing a callable will be necessary to avoid executing queries at the time your models.py is imported:: from django.db import models from django.contrib.auth.models import User def get_sentinel_user(): return User.objects.get_or_create(username='deleted')[0] class MyModel(models.Model): user = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.SET(get_sentinel_user)) * .. attribute:: DO_NOTHING Take no action. If your database backend enforces referential integrity, this will cause an :exc:`~django.db.IntegrityError` unless you manually add an SQL ``ON DELETE`` constraint to the database field (perhaps using :ref:`initial sql`). .. _ref-manytomany: ``ManyToManyField`` ------------------- .. class:: ManyToManyField(othermodel, [**options]) A many-to-many relationship. Requires a positional argument: the class to which the model is related, which works exactly the same as it does for :class:`ForeignKey`, including :ref:`recursive ` and :ref:`lazy ` relationships. Related objects can be added, removed, or created with the field's :class:`~django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager`. Database Representation ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Behind the scenes, Django creates an intermediary join table to represent the many-to-many relationship. By default, this table name is generated using the name of the many-to-many field and the name of the table for the model that contains it. Since some databases don't support table names above a certain length, these table names will be automatically truncated to 64 characters and a uniqueness hash will be used. This means you might see table names like ``author_books_9cdf4``; this is perfectly normal. You can manually provide the name of the join table using the :attr:`~ManyToManyField.db_table` option. .. _manytomany-arguments: Arguments ~~~~~~~~~ :class:`ManyToManyField` accepts an extra set of arguments -- all optional -- that control how the relationship functions. .. attribute:: ManyToManyField.related_name Same as :attr:`ForeignKey.related_name`. If you have more than one ``ManyToManyField`` pointing to the same model and want to suppress the backwards relations, set each ``related_name`` to a unique value ending with ``'+'``:: users = models.ManyToManyField(User, related_name='u+') referents = models.ManyToManyField(User, related_name='ref+') .. attribute:: ForeignKey.related_query_name .. versionadded:: 1.6 Same as :attr:`ForeignKey.related_query_name`. .. attribute:: ManyToManyField.limit_choices_to Same as :attr:`ForeignKey.limit_choices_to`. ``limit_choices_to`` has no effect when used on a ``ManyToManyField`` with a custom intermediate table specified using the :attr:`~ManyToManyField.through` parameter. .. attribute:: ManyToManyField.symmetrical Only used in the definition of ManyToManyFields on self. Consider the following model:: from django.db import models class Person(models.Model): friends = models.ManyToManyField("self") When Django processes this model, it identifies that it has a :class:`ManyToManyField` on itself, and as a result, it doesn't add a ``person_set`` attribute to the ``Person`` class. Instead, the :class:`ManyToManyField` is assumed to be symmetrical -- that is, if I am your friend, then you are my friend. If you do not want symmetry in many-to-many relationships with ``self``, set :attr:`~ManyToManyField.symmetrical` to ``False``. This will force Django to add the descriptor for the reverse relationship, allowing :class:`ManyToManyField` relationships to be non-symmetrical. .. attribute:: ManyToManyField.through Django will automatically generate a table to manage many-to-many relationships. However, if you want to manually specify the intermediary table, you can use the :attr:`~ManyToManyField.through` option to specify the Django model that represents the intermediate table that you want to use. The most common use for this option is when you want to associate :ref:`extra data with a many-to-many relationship `. .. attribute:: ManyToManyField.db_table The name of the table to create for storing the many-to-many data. If this is not provided, Django will assume a default name based upon the names of: the table for the model defining the relationship and the name of the field itself. .. attribute:: ManyToManyField.db_constraint .. versionadded:: 1.6 Controls whether or not constraints should be created in the database for the foreign keys in the intermediary table. The default is ``True``, and that's almost certainly what you want; setting this to ``False`` can be very bad for data integrity. That said, here are some scenarios where you might want to do this: * You have legacy data that is not valid. * You're sharding your database. It is an error to pass both ``db_constraint`` and ``through``. .. _ref-onetoone: ``OneToOneField`` ----------------- .. class:: OneToOneField(othermodel, [parent_link=False, **options]) A one-to-one relationship. Conceptually, this is similar to a :class:`ForeignKey` with :attr:`unique=True `, but the "reverse" side of the relation will directly return a single object. This is most useful as the primary key of a model which "extends" another model in some way; :ref:`multi-table-inheritance` is implemented by adding an implicit one-to-one relation from the child model to the parent model, for example. One positional argument is required: the class to which the model will be related. This works exactly the same as it does for :class:`ForeignKey`, including all the options regarding :ref:`recursive ` and :ref:`lazy ` relationships. .. _onetoone-arguments: Additionally, ``OneToOneField`` accepts all of the extra arguments accepted by :class:`ForeignKey`, plus one extra argument: .. attribute:: OneToOneField.parent_link When ``True`` and used in a model which inherits from another (concrete) model, indicates that this field should be used as the link back to the parent class, rather than the extra ``OneToOneField`` which would normally be implicitly created by subclassing.