===================== Constraints reference ===================== .. module:: django.db.models.constraints .. currentmodule:: django.db.models The classes defined in this module create database constraints. They are added in the model :attr:`Meta.constraints ` option. .. admonition:: Referencing built-in constraints Constraints are defined in ``django.db.models.constraints``, but for convenience they're imported into :mod:`django.db.models`. The standard convention is to use ``from django.db import models`` and refer to the constraints as ``models.Constraint``. .. admonition:: Constraints in abstract base classes You must always specify a unique name for the constraint. As such, you cannot normally specify a constraint on an abstract base class, since the :attr:`Meta.constraints ` option is inherited by subclasses, with exactly the same values for the attributes (including ``name``) each time. To work around name collisions, part of the name may contain ``'%(app_label)s'`` and ``'%(class)s'``, which are replaced, respectively, by the lowercased app label and class name of the concrete model. For example ``CheckConstraint(check=Q(age__gte=18), name='%(app_label)s_%(class)s_is_adult')``. .. admonition:: Validation of Constraints In general constraints are **not** checked during ``full_clean()``, and do not raise ``ValidationError``\s. Rather you'll get a database integrity error on ``save()``. ``UniqueConstraint``\s without a :attr:`~UniqueConstraint.condition` (i.e. non-partial unique constraints) are different in this regard, in that they leverage the existing ``validate_unique()`` logic, and thus enable two-stage validation. In addition to ``IntegrityError`` on ``save()``, ``ValidationError`` is also raised during model validation when the ``UniqueConstraint`` is violated. ``CheckConstraint`` =================== .. class:: CheckConstraint(*, check, name) Creates a check constraint in the database. ``check`` --------- .. attribute:: CheckConstraint.check A :class:`Q` object or boolean :class:`~django.db.models.Expression` that specifies the check you want the constraint to enforce. For example, ``CheckConstraint(check=Q(age__gte=18), name='age_gte_18')`` ensures the age field is never less than 18. ``name`` -------- .. attribute:: CheckConstraint.name The name of the constraint. You must always specify a unique name for the constraint. ``UniqueConstraint`` ==================== .. class:: UniqueConstraint(*expressions, fields=(), name=None, condition=None, deferrable=None, include=None, opclasses=()) Creates a unique constraint in the database. ``expressions`` --------------- .. attribute:: UniqueConstraint.expressions .. versionadded:: 4.0 Positional argument ``*expressions`` allows creating functional unique constraints on expressions and database functions. For example:: UniqueConstraint(Lower('name').desc(), 'category', name='unique_lower_name_category') creates a unique constraint on the lowercased value of the ``name`` field in descending order and the ``category`` field in the default ascending order. Functional unique constraints have the same database restrictions as :attr:`Index.expressions`. ``fields`` ---------- .. attribute:: UniqueConstraint.fields A list of field names that specifies the unique set of columns you want the constraint to enforce. For example, ``UniqueConstraint(fields=['room', 'date'], name='unique_booking')`` ensures each room can only be booked once for each date. ``name`` -------- .. attribute:: UniqueConstraint.name The name of the constraint. You must always specify a unique name for the constraint. ``condition`` ------------- .. attribute:: UniqueConstraint.condition A :class:`Q` object that specifies the condition you want the constraint to enforce. For example:: UniqueConstraint(fields=['user'], condition=Q(status='DRAFT'), name='unique_draft_user') ensures that each user only has one draft. These conditions have the same database restrictions as :attr:`Index.condition`. ``deferrable`` -------------- .. attribute:: UniqueConstraint.deferrable Set this parameter to create a deferrable unique constraint. Accepted values are ``Deferrable.DEFERRED`` or ``Deferrable.IMMEDIATE``. For example:: from django.db.models import Deferrable, UniqueConstraint UniqueConstraint( name='unique_order', fields=['order'], deferrable=Deferrable.DEFERRED, ) By default constraints are not deferred. A deferred constraint will not be enforced until the end of the transaction. An immediate constraint will be enforced immediately after every command. .. admonition:: MySQL, MariaDB, and SQLite. Deferrable unique constraints are ignored on MySQL, MariaDB, and SQLite as neither supports them. .. warning:: Deferred unique constraints may lead to a `performance penalty `_. ``include`` ----------- .. attribute:: UniqueConstraint.include A list or tuple of the names of the fields to be included in the covering unique index as non-key columns. This allows index-only scans to be used for queries that select only included fields (:attr:`~UniqueConstraint.include`) and filter only by unique fields (:attr:`~UniqueConstraint.fields`). For example:: UniqueConstraint(name='unique_booking', fields=['room', 'date'], include=['full_name']) will allow filtering on ``room`` and ``date``, also selecting ``full_name``, while fetching data only from the index. ``include`` is supported only on PostgreSQL. Non-key columns have the same database restrictions as :attr:`Index.include`. ``opclasses`` ------------- .. attribute:: UniqueConstraint.opclasses The names of the `PostgreSQL operator classes `_ to use for this unique index. If you require a custom operator class, you must provide one for each field in the index. For example:: UniqueConstraint(name='unique_username', fields=['username'], opclasses=['varchar_pattern_ops']) creates a unique index on ``username`` using ``varchar_pattern_ops``. ``opclasses`` are ignored for databases besides PostgreSQL.