mirror of https://github.com/django/django.git
761 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
761 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
===============
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Model reference
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===============
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XXX INTRO XXX
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Options for models
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==================
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A list of all possible options for a model object follows. Although there's a wide
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array of possible options, only ``fields`` is required.
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``admin``
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---------
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A ``meta.Admin`` object; see `Admin options`_. If this field isn't given,
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the object will not have an admin interface.
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``db_table``
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------------
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The name of the database table to use for the module::
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db_table = "pizza_orders"
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If not given, this will use ``app_label + '_' + module_name``.
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``exceptions``
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--------------
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Names of extra exception subclasses to include in the generated module.
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These exceptions are available from instance methods and from module-level
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methods::
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exceptions = ("DisgustingToppingsException", "BurntCrust")
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``fields``
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----------
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A list of field objects; see `Field objects`_. For example::
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fields = (
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meta.CharField('customer_name', 'customer name', maxlength=15),
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meta.BooleanField('use_extra_cheese', 'use extra cheese'),
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meta.IntegerField('customer_type', 'customer type', choices=CUSTOMER_TYPE_CHOICES),
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...
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)
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``get_latest_by``
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-----------------
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The name of a date or datetime field; if given, the module will have a
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``get_latest()`` function which fetches the "latest" object in terms of
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that field::
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get_latest_by = "order_date"
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``module_constants``
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--------------------
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A dict of name/values to use as extra module-level constants::
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module_constants = {
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'MEAT_TYPE_PEPPERONI' : 1,
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'MEAT_TYPE_SAUSAGE' : 2,
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}
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``module_name``
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---------------
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The name of the module::
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module_name = "pizza_orders"
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If not given this will use a lowercased version of the class name.
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``order_with_respect_to``
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-------------------------
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Marks this object as "orderable" with respect to the given field. This is
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almost always used with related objects to allow them to be ordered with
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respect to a parent object. For example, if a ``PizzaToppping`` relates to
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a ``Pizza`` object, you might use::
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order_with_respect_to = 'pizza_id'
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to allow the toppings to be ordered with respect to the associated pizza.
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``ordering``
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------------
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The default ordering for tho object::
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ordering = (('order_date', 'DESC'),)
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This is a tuple of 2-tuples; each 2-tuple is ``(field_name, ordering_type)``
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where ordering_type is either ``"ASC"`` or ``"DESC"``. You may also use the
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magic ``(None, "RANDOM")`` ordering tuple for random ordering.
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``permissions``
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---------------
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Extra permissions to enter into the permissions table when creating this
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object. A add, delete, and change permission is automatically created for
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each object; this option specifies extra permissions::
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permissions = (("may_delivier_pizzas", "Can deliver pizzas"),)
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This is a list of 2-tuples of
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``(permission_code, human_readable_permission_name)``.
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``unique_together``
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-------------------
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Sets of field names that, taken together, must be unique::
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unique_together = (("driver_id", "restaurant_id"),)
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This is a list of lists of fields that must be unique when considered
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together.
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``verbose_name``
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----------------
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A human-readable name for the object, singular::
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verbose_name = "pizza"
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If not given, this will use a munged version of the class name:
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``CamelCase`` becomes ``camel case``.
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``verbose_name_plural``
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-----------------------
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The plural name for the object::
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verbose_name_plural = "stories"
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If not given, ``verbose_name + "s"`` will automatically be used.
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Field objects
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=============
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The list of fields is the most important part of a data model. Each item in
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the ``fields`` list is an instance of a ``meta.Field`` subclass, and maps to
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a database field.
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All field objects -- except for ``ForeignKey`` and ``ManyToManyField`` (see
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below) -- take two positional arguments and a number of keyword arguments.
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The positional arguments are the field name and the human-readable name. The
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field name must be a valid Python identifier, but the human-readable name can
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contain spaces, punctuation, etc.
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General field options
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---------------------
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Each type of field takes a different set of options, but there are some
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options that are common to all field types. These options are:
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====================== ===================================================
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Option Description
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====================== ===================================================
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``blank`` If ``True``, the field is allowed to be blank.
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Note that this is different from ``null`` in that
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string fields will store the empty string instead of
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``NULL`` internally; this means that to create a
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field that stores nulls you must pass ``blank=True``
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and ``null=True`` .
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``choices`` A list of 2-tuples to use as choices for this
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field.If this is given, instead of the standard
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field a option menu will be used, limiting choices
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to the choices given. A choices list looks like::
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YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = (
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('FR', 'Freshman'),
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('SO', 'Sophomore'),
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('JR', 'Junior'),
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('SR', 'Senior'),
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('GR', 'Graduate'),
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)
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The first element in each tuple is the actual value
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to be stored; the second element is the human
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readable name for the option.
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``core`` For objects that are edited inline to a related
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object (see Relationships_). If all "core" fields
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in an inline-edited object are cleared, the
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object will be considered to be deleted.
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It is an error to have an inline-editable
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relation without at least one core field.
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``db_index`` If ``True``, the SQL generator will create a database
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index on this field.
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``default`` The default value for the field.
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``editable`` ``True`` by default, if set to ``False`` the field
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will not be editable in the admin.
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``help_text`` Extra "help" text to be displayed with the field.
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``null`` If ``True`` empty values in the field will be
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stored as ``NULL`` in the database.
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XXX does null imply blank? XXX
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``primary_key`` If ``True`` this field is the primary key for the
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table. You only need to use this if you don't want
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the standard "id" field created and used as the
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primary key.
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Implies ``blank=False``, ``null=False``, and
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``unique=True``. Only one primary key is allowed
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on each object.
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``radio_admin`` If ``choices`` is given, or if the field is a
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ManyToOne relation, use a radio button interface
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for the choices instead of the standard options
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menu interface.
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``rel`` The field's relation; see Relationships_.
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``unique`` If ``True`` this field must be unique throughout
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the table.
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``unique_for_date`` Set this to the name of a ``DateField`` or
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``DateTimeField`` to require that this field
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be unique for the value of the date field. That
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is, if you have a field, ``title`` that has
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``unique_for_date="pub_date"``, then it is an
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error to have two rows with the same ``title``
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and the same ``pub_date``.
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``unique_for_month`` Like ``unique_for_date``, but requires the field
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to be unique with respect to the month.
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``unique_for_year`` Like ``unique_for_date`` and ``unique_for_month``
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but, well, you get the idea.
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``validator_list`` A list of extra validators to apply to the field.
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See the `Form fields guide`_ for information about
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validators.
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====================== ===================================================
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.. _`Form fields guide`: http://www.djangoproject.com/FIXME/
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Field Types
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-----------
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``AutoField``
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`````````````
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An ``IntegerField`` that automatically increments. You usually won't need to
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use this directly; a primary key field will automatically be added to your
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model if you don't specify otherwise. That automatically added field is::
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meta.AutoField('id', 'ID', primary_key=True)
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``BooleanField``
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````````````````
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A true/false field.
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``CharField``
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`````````````
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A text field. These are displayed in the admin as single-line text inputs, so
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for large amounts of text use a ``TextField``.
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``CharField``s have an extra required argument: ``maxlength``; the maximum
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length (in characters) of the field.
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``CommaSeparatedIntegerField``
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``````````````````````````````
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A field of integers separated by commas.
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``DateField``
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`````````````
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A, um, date field. Has a few extra optional options:
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====================== ===================================================
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Option Description
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====================== ===================================================
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``auto_now`` Automatically set the field to now every time the
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object is saved. Useful for "last-modified"
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timestamps.
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``auto_now_add`` Automatically set the field to now when the object
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is first created. Useful for creation timestamps.
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====================== ===================================================
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``DateTimeField``
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`````````````````
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A date and time field. Takes the same extra options as ``DateField``.
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``EmailField``
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``````````````
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A ``CharField`` that checks that the value is a valid email address. Because
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validating email addresses can be tricky, this is a pretty loose test.
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``FileField``
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`````````````
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A file-upload field. Takes on additional option, ``upload_to`` which is
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a path to upload the file to. This path may contain `strftime formatting`_
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which will be replaced by the date/time of the file upload (so that uploaded
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files don't fill up the given directory).
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.. _`strftime formatting`: http://docs.python.org/lib/module-time.html#l2h-1941
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``FloatField``
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``````````````
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A floating-point number. Has two additional required options:
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====================== ===================================================
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Option Description
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====================== ===================================================
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``max_digits`` The maximum number of digits allowed in the number.
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``decimal_places`` The number of decimal places to store with the
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number
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====================== ===================================================
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For example, to store numbers up to 999 with a resolution of 2 decimal places,
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you'd use::
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meta.FloatField(..., max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
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And to store numbers up to one million with a resolution of 10 decimal places::
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meta.FloatField(..., max_digits=19, decimal_places=10)
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``ForeignKey``
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``````````````
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A many-to-one relationship to the primary key in another object. So, to give a
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``Topping`` object a many-to-one relationship to ``Pizza`` (i.e. there are
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many toppings on a pizza)::
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meta.ForeignKey(Pizza)
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This is equivalent to (but much clearer than)::
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meta.IntegerField('pizza_id', 'pizza', rel=meta.ManyToOne(Pizza, 'pizza', 'id'))
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``ForeignKey`` fields take all the arguments of ``ManyToOne`` relations (see
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Relationships_, below for what those arguments are), plus the following extra
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options:
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====================== ===================================================
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Option Description
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====================== ===================================================
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``to_field`` The field on the related object that the relation
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is to. This is almost always ``id``, but if the
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PK on the other object is named something
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different, this is how to indicate that.
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``rel_name`` The name of the relation. In the above exmaple,
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this would default to 'pizza' (so that the
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``Toppings`` object would have a ``get_pizza()``
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function; if you set ``rel_name`` to "pie", then
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the function would be called ``get_pie()`` and the
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field name would be ``pie_id``.
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====================== ===================================================
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``ImageField``
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``````````````
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Like a ``FieldField``, but validates that the uploaded object is a valid
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image. Has two extra optional arguments, ``height_field`` and ``width_field``
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which, if set, will be auto-populated with the height and width of the image.
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``IntegerField``
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````````````````
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An integer, surprisingly.
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``IPAddressField``
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``````````````````
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An IP address, in string format (i.e. "24.124.1.30").
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``ManyToManyField``
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```````````````````
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XXX document once Adrian reworks this XXX
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``NullBooleanField``
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````````````````````
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Like a ``BooleanField``, but allows ``NULL`` as one of the options. Use this
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instead of a ``BooleanField`` with ``null=True`` .
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``PhoneNumberField``
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````````````````````
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Validates that the value is a valid phone number.
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``PositiveIntegerField``
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````````````````````````
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Like an ``IntegerField``, but must be positive.
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``PositiveSmallIntegerField``
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`````````````````````````````
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Like a ``PositiveIntegerField``, but only allows values below 32767.
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``SlugField``
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`````````````
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A "slug" suitable for parts of a URL; only allows alpha-numeric characters and
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underscores.
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Implies ``maxlength=50`` and ``db_index=True``.
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Accepts an extra option, ``prepopulate_from`` which is a list of fields from
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which to auto-populate the slug.
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``SmallIntegerField``
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`````````````````````
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Like an ``IntegerField``, but must be between -32768 and 32767.
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``TextField``
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`````````````
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A large text field (``<textarea>`` in HTML).
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``TimeField``
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`````````````
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A time. Accepts the same auto-population options as ``DateField`` and
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``DateTimeField``.
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``URLField``
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````````````
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A field for a URL. If the ``verify_exists`` option is ``True``, the URL given
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will be checked for existence (i.e. actually loads and doesn't give a 404
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response).
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``USStateField``
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````````````````
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A US state.
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``XMLField``
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````````````
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A field containing XML. Takes one required argument, ``schema_path`` which
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is the path to a RelaxNG_ scheme against which to validate the field.
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.. _RelaxNG: http://www.relaxng.org/
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Relationships
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=============
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The ``rel`` option for a field marks that field as being a relationship to
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another object. For the most common cases, using ``ForeignKey`` or
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``ManyToManyField`` is best; these "shortcuts" encapsulate best practices
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in database design (i.e. using integer foreign keys into another table's
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primary key). If you do need to explicitly create a relation, these relation
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objects should be used as the value of the ``rel`` attribute. Also, all
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the options for ``ManyToOne`` are allowed as options for ``ForeignKey``,
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and the same goes for ``ManyToMany`` and ``ManyToManyField``.
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``ManyToOne``
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-------------
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Signifies a many-to-one relation: if a ``Pizza`` can have many ``Topping``s,
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then the ``Topping`` object should have a ``ManyToOne`` relation to ``Pizza``.
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The three positional arguments to ``ManyToMany`` are:
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* The class to relate to (i.e. ``Pizza`` or ``core.Site``).
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* The name of the relation (i.e. ``pizza``, or ``site``); this is used in
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the generated functions for managing that relationship (i.e.
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``get_pizza`` and ``get_site``).
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* The name of the field the relationship "points" to. In most cases this
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will be "id", but if the other object's PK isn't named "id", this
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must match the PK field name.
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The keyword arguments accepted by ``ManyToOne`` are:
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======================= ==================================================
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Option Description
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======================= ==================================================
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``edit_inline`` If ``True``, this related object is edited
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"inline" on the related object's page. This means
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that the object will not have its own admin
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interface.
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``edit_inline_type`` This is either ``meta.TABULAR`` or
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``meta.STACKED`` and controls weather the inline
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editable objects are displayed as a table or as
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a "stack" of fieldsets. Defaults to
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``meta.STACKED``.
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``limit_choices_to`` A dictionary of lookup arguments and values (see
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the `Dictionary API reference`_) to limit choices
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of this object to. Use this along with
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``meta.LazyDate`` to limit choices of objects
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by date, for example::
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limit_choices_to = {'pub_date__lte' : meta.LazyDate()}
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only allows the choice of related objects with a
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``pub_date`` before the current date/time to be
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chosen.
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Not compatible with ``edit_inline``.
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``lookup_overrides`` XXX FIXME XXX
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``max_num_in_admin`` For inline-edited objects, this is the maximum
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number of related objects to display in the admin.
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Thus, if a pizza could only have up to 10
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toppings, ``max_num_in_admin=10`` would ensure
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that a user never enters more than 10 toppings.
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Note that this doesn't ensure more than 10 related
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toppings ever get created.
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``min_num_in_admin`` The minimum number of related objects displayed in
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the admin. Normally, at the creation stage
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``num_in_admin`` inline objects are shown, and at
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the edit stage ``num_extra_on_change`` objects are
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shown in addition to all pre-existing related
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objects. However, no fewer than
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``min_num_in_admin`` related objects will ever be
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displayed.
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``num_extra_on_change`` The number of extra blank related object fields to
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show at the change stage.
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``num_in_admin`` The default number of inline objects to display
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on the object page at the add stage.
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``raw_id_admin`` Only display a field for the integer to be entered
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instead of a drop-down menu. This is useful when
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related to an object type that will have too many
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rows to make a menu practical.
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Not used with ``edit_inline``.
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``related_name`` The name to use for the relation from the related
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object back to this one. For example, when if
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``Topping`` has this field::
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meta.ForeignKey(Pizza)
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the ``related_name`` will be "topping" (taken from
|
|
the class name which will in turn give ``Pizza``
|
|
methods like ``get_topping_list()`` and
|
|
``get_topping_count()``.
|
|
|
|
If you instead were to use::
|
|
|
|
meta.ForeignKey(Pizza, related_name="munchie")
|
|
|
|
then the methods would be called
|
|
``get_munchie_list()``, ``get_munchie_count()``,
|
|
etc.
|
|
|
|
This is only really useful when you have a single
|
|
object that relates to the same object more than
|
|
once. For example, if a ``Story`` object has both
|
|
``primary_category`` and ``secondary_category``
|
|
fields, to make sure that the category objects
|
|
have the correct methods, you'd use fields like::
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
meta.ForeignKey(Category, name="primary_category_id",
|
|
rel_name="primary_category",
|
|
related_name="primary_story"),
|
|
|
|
meta.ForeignKey(Category, name="secondary_category_id",
|
|
rel_name="secondary_category",
|
|
related_name="secondary_story"),
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
which would give the category objects methods
|
|
named ``get_primary_story_list()`` and
|
|
``get_secondary_story_list()``.
|
|
======================= ==================================================
|
|
|
|
.. _`Dictionary API reference`: http://www.djangoproject.com/FIXME/
|
|
|
|
``ManyToMany``
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
XXX will this still exist given the changes to ManyToManyField? XXX
|
|
|
|
``OneToOne``
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
Signifies a one-to-one relationship. This is most useful on the primary key
|
|
of an object when that object "extends" another object in some way.
|
|
|
|
For example, if you are building a database of "places", you would build pretty
|
|
standard stuff like address, phone number, etc. in the database. If you then
|
|
wanted to build a database of restaurants on top of the places, instead of
|
|
repeating yourself and replicating those fields in the restaurants object, you
|
|
could make ``Restaurant`` have a ``OneToOne`` relation to ``Place`` (since
|
|
a restaurant "is-a" place).
|
|
|
|
This has a few repercussions in the admin interface:
|
|
|
|
* No selection interface is displayed on ``Restaurant`` pages; there will
|
|
be one (and only one) ``Restaurant`` for each place.
|
|
|
|
* On the ``Restaurant`` change list, every single ``Place`` -- weather it
|
|
has an associated ``Restaurant`` or not -- will be displayed. Adding
|
|
a ``Restaurant`` to a ``Place`` just means filling out the required
|
|
``Restaurant`` fields.
|
|
|
|
Admin options
|
|
=============
|
|
|
|
The ``admin`` field in the model tells Django how to construct the admin
|
|
interface for the object. The field is an instance of the ``meta.Admin``
|
|
object, which has the following options (of which only ``fields`` is required):
|
|
|
|
``date_hierarchy``
|
|
------------------
|
|
|
|
To allow filtering of objects in the admin by date, set ``date_hierarchy``
|
|
to the name of the field to filter by::
|
|
|
|
date_hierarchy = 'order_date'
|
|
|
|
``fields``
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
A list of fieldsets to display on the admin page. Each fieldset is a 2-tuple:
|
|
``(name, field_options)``. The ``name`` is a string to name the field set,
|
|
and ``field_options`` is a dictionary of information about the fields to be
|
|
displayed in that fieldset. This dictionary has the following keys:
|
|
|
|
``fields``
|
|
A tuple of field names to display in this fieldset. To display
|
|
multiple fields on the same line, wrap those fields in their
|
|
own tuple.
|
|
|
|
This key is required in the dict.
|
|
|
|
``classes``
|
|
Extra CSS classes to apply to the fieldset. This is a simple
|
|
string; you can apply multiple classes by separating them with
|
|
spaces.
|
|
|
|
Two useful classes defined by the default stylesheet are ``collapse``
|
|
and ``wide``. Fieldsets with the ``collapse`` style will be
|
|
initially collapsed in the admin and replaced with a small "click
|
|
to expand" link. Fieldsets with the ``wide`` style will be given
|
|
extra horizontal space.
|
|
|
|
For example (taken from the ``core.flatfiles`` model)::
|
|
|
|
fields = (
|
|
(None, {
|
|
'fields': ('url', 'title', 'content', 'sites')
|
|
}),
|
|
('Advanced options', {
|
|
'classes': 'collapse',
|
|
'fields' : ('enable_comments', 'registration_required', 'template_name')
|
|
}),
|
|
),
|
|
|
|
results in an admin that looks like:
|
|
|
|
.. image:: images/flatfiles_admin.png
|
|
|
|
``js``
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
Extra JavaScript files to link into the admin screen. This can be used to
|
|
tweak a given type of admin page in JS or to provide "quick links" to fill
|
|
in default values for certain fields.
|
|
|
|
``list_display``
|
|
----------------
|
|
|
|
List of fields to display on the list page in the admin.
|
|
|
|
There are a few special cases that do other things besides displaying the
|
|
contents of the given fields:
|
|
|
|
* If the field given has a relationship, that relationship is
|
|
followed and the ``repr()`` of the related object is displayed.
|
|
|
|
* If the field is a ``BooleanField``, a "on" or "off" icon will
|
|
be displayed instead of ``True`` or ``False``.
|
|
|
|
* If the field name given does not exist, a function of the model
|
|
will be searched for and called if present. This function
|
|
should have a ``short_description`` attribute that will be
|
|
used as the header for the field.
|
|
|
|
See the exmaple below.
|
|
|
|
``list_filter``
|
|
---------------
|
|
|
|
List of fields to filter by. Each field should either be a ``BooleanField``
|
|
or else a field with a ``ManyToOne`` relation.
|
|
|
|
An example of how ``list_display`` and ``list_filter`` work (taken from
|
|
the ``auth.user`` model)::
|
|
|
|
list_display = ('username', 'email', 'first_name', 'last_name', 'is_staff'),
|
|
list_filter = ('is_staff', 'is_superuser'),
|
|
|
|
results in a admin that looks like:
|
|
|
|
.. image:: images/users_changelist.png
|
|
|
|
(This example also has ``search_fields`` defined; see below).
|
|
|
|
``ordering``
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
An ordering tuple (see the `Options for models`_, above) that gives a
|
|
different ordering for the admin change list. If not given, the
|
|
model's default ordering will be used.
|
|
|
|
``save_as``
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
Enables a "save as" feature on object pages. Normally, objects have
|
|
three save options: "Save", "Save and continue editing", and "Save
|
|
and add another". If ``save_as`` is ``True``, "Save and add another"
|
|
will be replaced by a "Save as" button.
|
|
|
|
``save_on_top``
|
|
---------------
|
|
|
|
If this option is ``True``, object pages will have the save buttons
|
|
across the top as well as at the bottom of the page.
|
|
|
|
``search_fields``
|
|
-----------------
|
|
|
|
A list of fields to provide a text search for. These fields should,
|
|
obviously, be some kind of text field.
|
|
|