django/docs/howto/static-files/index.txt

132 lines
4.9 KiB
Plaintext

===================================
Managing static files (CSS, images)
===================================
Websites generally need to serve additional files such as images, JavaScript,
or CSS. In Django, we refer to these files as "static files". Django provides
:mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles` to help you manage them.
This page describes how you can serve these static files.
Configuring static files
========================
1. Make sure that ``django.contrib.staticfiles`` is included in your
:setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`.
2. In your settings file, define :setting:`STATIC_URL`, for example::
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
3. In your templates, either hardcode the url like
``/static/my_app/myexample.jpg`` or, preferably, use the
:ttag:`static<staticfiles-static>` template tag to build the URL for the given
relative path by using the configured :setting:`STATICFILES_STORAGE` storage
(this makes it much easier when you want to switch to a content delivery
network (CDN) for serving static files).
.. _staticfiles-in-templates:
.. code-block:: html+django
{% load staticfiles %}
<img src="{% static "my_app/myexample.jpg" %}" alt="My image"/>
4. Store your static files in a folder called ``static`` in your app. For
example ``my_app/static/my_app/myimage.jpg``.
.. admonition:: Serving the files
In addition to these configuration steps, you'll also need to actually
serve the static files.
During development, this will be done automatically if you use
:djadmin:`runserver` and :setting:`DEBUG` is set to ``True`` (see
:func:`django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve`).
This method is **grossly inefficient** and probably **insecure**,
so it is **unsuitable for production**.
See :doc:`/howto/static-files/deployment` for proper strategies to serve
static files in production environments.
Your project will probably also have static assets that aren't tied to a
particular app. In addition to using a ``static/`` directory inside your apps,
you can define a list of directories (:setting:`STATICFILES_DIRS`) in your
settings file where Django will also look for static files. For example::
STATICFILES_DIRS = (
os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static"),
'/var/www/static/',
)
See the documentation for the :setting:`STATICFILES_FINDERS` setting for
details on how ``staticfiles`` finds your files.
.. admonition:: Static file namespacing
Now we *might* be able to get away with putting our static files directly
in ``my_app/static/`` (rather than creating another ``my_app``
subdirectory), but it would actually be a bad idea. Django will use the
last static file it finds whose name matches, and if you had a static file
with the same name in a *different* application, Django would be unable to
distinguish between them. We need to be able to point Django at the right
one, and the easiest way to ensure this is by *namespacing* them. That is,
by putting those static files inside *another* directory named for the
application itself.
Serving files uploaded by a user
================================
During development, you can serve user-uploaded media files from
:setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` using the :func:`django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve`
view. This is not suitable for production use! For some common deployment
strategies, see :doc:`/howto/static-files/deployment`.
For example, if your :setting:`MEDIA_URL` is defined as '/media/', you can do
this by adding the following snippet to your urls.py::
from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static
urlpatterns = patterns('',
# ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...
) + static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)
.. note::
This helper function works only in debug mode and only if
the given prefix is local (e.g. ``/static/``) and not a URL (e.g.
``http://static.example.com/``).
Deployment
==========
:mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles` provides a convenience management command
for gathering static files in a single directory so you can serve them easily.
1. Set the :setting:`STATIC_ROOT` setting to the directory from which you'd
like to serve these files, for example::
STATIC_ROOT = "/var/www/example.com/static/"
2. Run the :djadmin:`collectstatic` management command::
./manage.py collectstatic
This will copy all files from your static folders into the
:setting:`STATIC_ROOT` directory.
3. Use a web server of your choice to serve the
files. :doc:`/howto/static-files/deployment` covers some common deployment
strategies for static files.
Learn more
==========
This document has covered the basics and some common usage patterns. For
complete details on all the settings, commands, template tags, and other pieces
included in :mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles`, see :doc:`the staticfiles
reference </ref/contrib/staticfiles>`.