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========
GDAL API
========
.. module:: django.contrib.gis.gdal
:synopsis: GeoDjango's high-level interface to the GDAL library.
`GDAL`__ stands for **Geospatial Data Abstraction Library**,
and is a veritable "Swiss army knife" of GIS data functionality. A subset
of GDAL is the `OGR`__ Simple Features Library, which specializes
in reading and writing vector geographic data in a variety of standard
formats.
GeoDjango provides a high-level Python interface for some of the
capabilities of OGR, including the reading and coordinate transformation
of vector spatial data.
.. note::
Although the module is named ``gdal``, GeoDjango only supports
some of the capabilities of OGR. Thus, GDAL's features with respect to
raster (image) data are minimally supported (read-only) at this time.
__ http://www.gdal.org/
__ http://www.gdal.org/ogr/
Overview
========
Sample Data
-----------
The GDAL/OGR tools described here are designed to help you read in
your geospatial data, in order for most of them to be useful you have
to have some data to work with. If you're starting out and don't yet
have any data of your own to use, GeoDjango tests contain a number of
simple data sets that you can use for testing. You can download them here::
$ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/django/django/master/tests/gis_tests/data/cities/cities.{shp,prj,shx,dbf}
Vector Data Source Objects
==========================
``DataSource``
--------------
:class:`DataSource` is a wrapper for the OGR data source object that
supports reading data from a variety of OGR-supported geospatial file
formats and data sources using a simple, consistent interface. Each
data source is represented by a :class:`DataSource` object which contains
one or more layers of data. Each layer, represented by a :class:`Layer`
object, contains some number of geographic features (:class:`Feature`),
information about the type of features contained in that layer (e.g.
points, polygons, etc.), as well as the names and types of any
additional fields (:class:`Field`) of data that may be associated with
each feature in that layer.
.. class:: DataSource(ds_input, [encoding='utf-8'])
The constructor for ``DataSource`` only requires one parameter: the path of
the file you want to read. However, OGR
also supports a variety of more complex data sources, including
databases, that may be accessed by passing a special name string instead
of a path. For more information, see the `OGR Vector Formats`__
documentation. The :attr:`name` property of a ``DataSource``
instance gives the OGR name of the underlying data source that it is
using.
The optional ``encoding`` parameter allows you to
specify a non-standard encoding of the strings in the source. This is
typically useful when you obtain ``DjangoUnicodeDecodeError`` exceptions
while reading field values.
Once you've created your ``DataSource``, you can find out how many
layers of data it contains by accessing the :attr:`layer_count` property,
or (equivalently) by using the ``len()`` function. For information on
accessing the layers of data themselves, see the next section::
>>> from django.contrib.gis.gdal import DataSource
>>> ds = DataSource('/path/to/your/cities.shp')
>>> ds.name
'/path/to/your/cities.shp'
>>> ds.layer_count # This file only contains one layer
1
.. attribute:: layer_count
Returns the number of layers in the data source.
.. attribute:: name
Returns the name of the data source.
__ http://www.gdal.org/ogr/ogr_formats.html
``Layer``
---------
.. class:: Layer
``Layer`` is a wrapper for a layer of data in a ``DataSource`` object.
You never create a ``Layer`` object directly. Instead, you retrieve
them from a :class:`DataSource` object, which is essentially a standard
Python container of ``Layer`` objects. For example, you can access a
specific layer by its index (e.g. ``ds[0]`` to access the first
layer), or you can iterate over all the layers in the container in a
``for`` loop. The ``Layer`` itself acts as a container for geometric
features.
Typically, all the features in a given layer have the same geometry type.
The :attr:`geom_type` property of a layer is an :class:`OGRGeomType`
that identifies the feature type. We can use it to print out some basic
information about each layer in a :class:`DataSource`::
>>> for layer in ds:
... print('Layer "%s": %i %ss' % (layer.name, len(layer), layer.geom_type.name))
...
Layer "cities": 3 Points
The example output is from the cities data source, loaded above, which
evidently contains one layer, called ``"cities"``, which contains three
point features. For simplicity, the examples below assume that you've
stored that layer in the variable ``layer``::
>>> layer = ds[0]
.. attribute:: name
Returns the name of this layer in the data source.
>>> layer.name
'cities'
.. attribute:: num_feat
Returns the number of features in the layer. Same as ``len(layer)``::
>>> layer.num_feat
3
.. attribute:: geom_type
Returns the geometry type of the layer, as an :class:`OGRGeomType`
object::
>>> layer.geom_type.name
'Point'
.. attribute:: num_fields
Returns the number of fields in the layer, i.e the number of fields of
data associated with each feature in the layer::
>>> layer.num_fields
4
.. attribute:: fields
Returns a list of the names of each of the fields in this layer::
>>> layer.fields
['Name', 'Population', 'Density', 'Created']
.. attribute field_types
Returns a list of the data types of each of the fields in this layer.
These are subclasses of ``Field``, discussed below::
>>> [ft.__name__ for ft in layer.field_types]
['OFTString', 'OFTReal', 'OFTReal', 'OFTDate']
.. attribute:: field_widths
Returns a list of the maximum field widths for each of the fields in
this layer::
>>> layer.field_widths
[80, 11, 24, 10]
.. attribute:: field_precisions
Returns a list of the numeric precisions for each of the fields in
this layer. This is meaningless (and set to zero) for non-numeric
fields::
>>> layer.field_precisions
[0, 0, 15, 0]
.. attribute:: extent
Returns the spatial extent of this layer, as an :class:`Envelope`
object::
>>> layer.extent.tuple
(-104.609252, 29.763374, -95.23506, 38.971823)
.. attribute:: srs
Property that returns the :class:`SpatialReference` associated
with this layer::
>>> print(layer.srs)
GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",
DATUM["WGS_1984",
SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137,298.257223563]],
PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],
UNIT["Degree",0.017453292519943295]]
If the :class:`Layer` has no spatial reference information associated
with it, ``None`` is returned.
.. attribute:: spatial_filter
Property that may be used to retrieve or set a spatial filter for this
layer. A spatial filter can only be set with an :class:`OGRGeometry`
instance, a 4-tuple extent, or ``None``. When set with something
other than ``None``, only features that intersect the filter will be
returned when iterating over the layer::
>>> print(layer.spatial_filter)
None
>>> print(len(layer))
3
>>> [feat.get('Name') for feat in layer]
['Pueblo', 'Lawrence', 'Houston']
>>> ks_extent = (-102.051, 36.99, -94.59, 40.00) # Extent for state of Kansas
>>> layer.spatial_filter = ks_extent
>>> len(layer)
1
>>> [feat.get('Name') for feat in layer]
['Lawrence']
>>> layer.spatial_filter = None
>>> len(layer)
3
.. method:: get_fields()
A method that returns a list of the values of a given field for each
feature in the layer::
>>> layer.get_fields('Name')
['Pueblo', 'Lawrence', 'Houston']
.. method:: get_geoms([geos=False])
A method that returns a list containing the geometry of each feature
in the layer. If the optional argument ``geos`` is set to ``True``
then the geometries are converted to :class:`~django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSGeometry`
objects. Otherwise, they are returned as :class:`OGRGeometry` objects::
>>> [pt.tuple for pt in layer.get_geoms()]
[(-104.609252, 38.255001), (-95.23506, 38.971823), (-95.363151, 29.763374)]
.. method:: test_capability(capability)
Returns a boolean indicating whether this layer supports the
given capability (a string). Examples of valid capability strings
include: ``'RandomRead'``, ``'SequentialWrite'``, ``'RandomWrite'``,
``'FastSpatialFilter'``, ``'FastFeatureCount'``, ``'FastGetExtent'``,
``'CreateField'``, ``'Transactions'``, ``'DeleteFeature'``, and
``'FastSetNextByIndex'``.
``Feature``
-----------
.. class:: Feature
``Feature`` wraps an OGR feature. You never create a ``Feature``
object directly. Instead, you retrieve them from a :class:`Layer` object.
Each feature consists of a geometry and a set of fields containing
additional properties. The geometry of a field is accessible via its
``geom`` property, which returns an :class:`OGRGeometry` object. A ``Feature``
behaves like a standard Python container for its fields, which it returns as
:class:`Field` objects: you can access a field directly by its index or name,
or you can iterate over a feature's fields, e.g. in a ``for`` loop.
.. attribute:: geom
Returns the geometry for this feature, as an ``OGRGeometry`` object::
>>> city.geom.tuple
(-104.609252, 38.255001)
.. attribute:: get
A method that returns the value of the given field (specified by name)
for this feature, **not** a ``Field`` wrapper object::
>>> city.get('Population')
102121
.. attribute:: geom_type
Returns the type of geometry for this feature, as an :class:`OGRGeomType`
object. This will be the same for all features in a given layer, and
is equivalent to the :attr:`Layer.geom_type` property of the
:class:`Layer` object the feature came from.
.. attribute:: num_fields
Returns the number of fields of data associated with the feature.
This will be the same for all features in a given layer, and is
equivalent to the :attr:`Layer.num_fields` property of the
:class:`Layer` object the feature came from.
.. attribute:: fields
Returns a list of the names of the fields of data associated with the
feature. This will be the same for all features in a given layer, and
is equivalent to the :attr:`Layer.fields` property of the :class:`Layer`
object the feature came from.
.. attribute:: fid
Returns the feature identifier within the layer::
>>> city.fid
0
.. attribute:: layer_name
Returns the name of the :class:`Layer` that the feature came from.
This will be the same for all features in a given layer::
>>> city.layer_name
'cities'
.. attribute:: index
A method that returns the index of the given field name. This will be
the same for all features in a given layer::
>>> city.index('Population')
1
``Field``
---------
.. class:: Field
.. attribute:: name
Returns the name of this field::
>>> city['Name'].name
'Name'
.. attribute:: type
Returns the OGR type of this field, as an integer. The
``FIELD_CLASSES`` dictionary maps these values onto
subclasses of ``Field``::
>>> city['Density'].type
2
.. attribute:: type_name
Returns a string with the name of the data type of this field::
>>> city['Name'].type_name
'String'
.. attribute:: value
Returns the value of this field. The ``Field`` class itself
returns the value as a string, but each subclass returns the
value in the most appropriate form::
>>> city['Population'].value
102121
.. attribute:: width
Returns the width of this field::
>>> city['Name'].width
80
.. attribute:: precision
Returns the numeric precision of this field. This is meaningless (and
set to zero) for non-numeric fields::
>>> city['Density'].precision
15
.. method:: as_double()
Returns the value of the field as a double (float)::
>>> city['Density'].as_double()
874.7
.. method:: as_int()
Returns the value of the field as an integer::
>>> city['Population'].as_int()
102121
.. method:: as_string()
Returns the value of the field as a string::
>>> city['Name'].as_string()
'Pueblo'
.. method:: as_datetime()
Returns the value of the field as a tuple of date and time components::
>>> city['Created'].as_datetime()
(c_long(1999), c_long(5), c_long(23), c_long(0), c_long(0), c_long(0), c_long(0))
``Driver``
----------
.. class:: Driver(dr_input)
The ``Driver`` class is used internally to wrap an OGR :class:`DataSource` driver.
.. attribute:: driver_count
Returns the number of OGR vector drivers currently registered.
OGR Geometries
==============
``OGRGeometry``
---------------
:class:`OGRGeometry` objects share similar functionality with
:class:`~django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSGeometry` objects, and are thin
wrappers around OGR's internal geometry representation. Thus,
they allow for more efficient access to data when using :class:`DataSource`.
Unlike its GEOS counterpart, :class:`OGRGeometry` supports spatial reference
systems and coordinate transformation::
>>> from django.contrib.gis.gdal import OGRGeometry
>>> polygon = OGRGeometry('POLYGON((0 0, 5 0, 5 5, 0 5))')
.. class:: OGRGeometry(geom_input[, srs=None])
This object is a wrapper for the `OGR Geometry`__ class.
These objects are instantiated directly from the given ``geom_input``
parameter, which may be a string containing WKT, HEX, GeoJSON, a ``buffer``
containing WKB data, or an :class:`OGRGeomType` object. These objects
are also returned from the :class:`Feature.geom` attribute, when
reading vector data from :class:`Layer` (which is in turn a part of
a :class:`DataSource`).
__ http://www.gdal.org/ogr/classOGRGeometry.html
.. classmethod:: from_bbox(bbox)
Constructs a :class:`Polygon` from the given bounding-box (a 4-tuple).
.. method:: __len__()
Returns the number of points in a :class:`LineString`, the
number of rings in a :class:`Polygon`, or the number of geometries in a
:class:`GeometryCollection`. Not applicable to other geometry types.
.. method:: __iter__()
Iterates over the points in a :class:`LineString`, the rings in a
:class:`Polygon`, or the geometries in a :class:`GeometryCollection`.
Not applicable to other geometry types.
.. method:: __getitem__()
Returns the point at the specified index for a :class:`LineString`, the
interior ring at the specified index for a :class:`Polygon`, or the geometry
at the specified index in a :class:`GeometryCollection`. Not applicable to
other geometry types.
.. attribute:: dimension
Returns the number of coordinated dimensions of the geometry, i.e. 0
for points, 1 for lines, and so forth::
>> polygon.dimension
2
.. attribute:: coord_dim
Returns or sets the coordinate dimension of this geometry. For
example, the value would be 2 for two-dimensional geometries.
.. attribute:: geom_count
Returns the number of elements in this geometry::
>>> polygon.geom_count
1
.. attribute:: point_count
Returns the number of points used to describe this geometry::
>>> polygon.point_count
4
.. attribute:: num_points
Alias for :attr:`point_count`.
.. attribute:: num_coords
Alias for :attr:`point_count`.
.. attribute:: geom_type
Returns the type of this geometry, as an :class:`OGRGeomType` object.
.. attribute:: geom_name
Returns the name of the type of this geometry::
>>> polygon.geom_name
'POLYGON'
.. attribute:: area
Returns the area of this geometry, or 0 for geometries that do not
contain an area::
>>> polygon.area
25.0
.. attribute:: envelope
Returns the envelope of this geometry, as an :class:`Envelope` object.
.. attribute:: extent
Returns the envelope of this geometry as a 4-tuple, instead of as an
:class:`Envelope` object::
>>> point.extent
(0.0, 0.0, 5.0, 5.0)
.. attribute:: srs
This property controls the spatial reference for this geometry, or
``None`` if no spatial reference system has been assigned to it.
If assigned, accessing this property returns a :class:`SpatialReference`
object. It may be set with another :class:`SpatialReference` object,
or any input that :class:`SpatialReference` accepts. Example::
>>> city.geom.srs.name
'GCS_WGS_1984'
.. attribute:: srid
Returns or sets the spatial reference identifier corresponding to
:class:`SpatialReference` of this geometry. Returns ``None`` if
there is no spatial reference information associated with this
geometry, or if an SRID cannot be determined.
.. attribute:: geos
Returns a :class:`~django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSGeometry` object
corresponding to this geometry.
.. attribute:: gml
Returns a string representation of this geometry in GML format::
>>> OGRGeometry('POINT(1 2)').gml
'<gml:Point><gml:coordinates>1,2</gml:coordinates></gml:Point>'
.. attribute:: hex
Returns a string representation of this geometry in HEX WKB format::
>>> OGRGeometry('POINT(1 2)').hex
'0101000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040'
.. attribute:: json
Returns a string representation of this geometry in JSON format::
>>> OGRGeometry('POINT(1 2)').json
'{ "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 1.000000, 2.000000 ] }'
.. attribute:: kml
Returns a string representation of this geometry in KML format.
.. attribute:: wkb_size
Returns the size of the WKB buffer needed to hold a WKB representation
of this geometry::
>>> OGRGeometry('POINT(1 2)').wkb_size
21
.. attribute:: wkb
Returns a ``buffer`` containing a WKB representation of this geometry.
.. attribute:: wkt
Returns a string representation of this geometry in WKT format.
.. attribute:: ewkt
Returns the EWKT representation of this geometry.
.. method:: clone()
Returns a new :class:`OGRGeometry` clone of this geometry object.
.. method:: close_rings()
If there are any rings within this geometry that have not been closed,
this routine will do so by adding the starting point to the end::
>>> triangle = OGRGeometry('LINEARRING (0 0,0 1,1 0)')
>>> triangle.close_rings()
>>> triangle.wkt
'LINEARRING (0 0,0 1,1 0,0 0)'
.. method:: transform(coord_trans, clone=False)
Transforms this geometry to a different spatial reference system. May
take a :class:`CoordTransform` object, a :class:`SpatialReference` object,
or any other input accepted by :class:`SpatialReference` (including
spatial reference WKT and PROJ.4 strings, or an integer SRID).
By default nothing is returned and the geometry is transformed in-place.
However, if the ``clone`` keyword is set to ``True`` then a transformed
clone of this geometry is returned instead.
.. method:: intersects(other)
Returns ``True`` if this geometry intersects the other, otherwise returns
``False``.
.. method:: equals(other)
Returns ``True`` if this geometry is equivalent to the other, otherwise returns
``False``.
.. method:: disjoint(other)
Returns ``True`` if this geometry is spatially disjoint to (i.e. does
not intersect) the other, otherwise returns ``False``.
.. method:: touches(other)
Returns ``True`` if this geometry touches the other, otherwise returns
``False``.
.. method:: crosses(other)
Returns ``True`` if this geometry crosses the other, otherwise returns
``False``.
.. method:: within(other)
Returns ``True`` if this geometry is contained within the other, otherwise returns
``False``.
.. method:: contains(other)
Returns ``True`` if this geometry contains the other, otherwise returns
``False``.
.. method:: overlaps(other)
Returns ``True`` if this geometry overlaps the other, otherwise returns
``False``.
.. method:: boundary()
The boundary of this geometry, as a new :class:`OGRGeometry` object.
.. attribute:: convex_hull
The smallest convex polygon that contains this geometry, as a new
:class:`OGRGeometry` object.
.. method:: difference()
Returns the region consisting of the difference of this geometry and
the other, as a new :class:`OGRGeometry` object.
.. method:: intersection()
Returns the region consisting of the intersection of this geometry and
the other, as a new :class:`OGRGeometry` object.
.. method:: sym_difference()
Returns the region consisting of the symmetric difference of this
geometry and the other, as a new :class:`OGRGeometry` object.
.. method:: union()
Returns the region consisting of the union of this geometry and
the other, as a new :class:`OGRGeometry` object.
.. attribute:: tuple
Returns the coordinates of a point geometry as a tuple, the
coordinates of a line geometry as a tuple of tuples, and so forth::
>>> OGRGeometry('POINT (1 2)').tuple
(1.0, 2.0)
>>> OGRGeometry('LINESTRING (1 2,3 4)').tuple
((1.0, 2.0), (3.0, 4.0))
.. attribute:: coords
An alias for :attr:`tuple`.
.. class:: Point
.. attribute:: x
Returns the X coordinate of this point::
>>> OGRGeometry('POINT (1 2)').x
1.0
.. attribute:: y
Returns the Y coordinate of this point::
>>> OGRGeometry('POINT (1 2)').y
2.0
.. attribute:: z
Returns the Z coordinate of this point, or ``None`` if the
point does not have a Z coordinate::
>>> OGRGeometry('POINT (1 2 3)').z
3.0
.. class:: LineString
.. attribute:: x
Returns a list of X coordinates in this line::
>>> OGRGeometry('LINESTRING (1 2,3 4)').x
[1.0, 3.0]
.. attribute:: y
Returns a list of Y coordinates in this line::
>>> OGRGeometry('LINESTRING (1 2,3 4)').y
[2.0, 4.0]
.. attribute:: z
Returns a list of Z coordinates in this line, or ``None`` if the
line does not have Z coordinates::
>>> OGRGeometry('LINESTRING (1 2 3,4 5 6)').z
[3.0, 6.0]
.. class:: Polygon
.. attribute:: shell
Returns the shell or exterior ring of this polygon, as a ``LinearRing``
geometry.
.. attribute:: exterior_ring
An alias for :attr:`shell`.
.. attribute:: centroid
Returns a :class:`Point` representing the centroid of this polygon.
.. class:: GeometryCollection
.. method:: add(geom)
Adds a geometry to this geometry collection. Not applicable to other
geometry types.
``OGRGeomType``
---------------
.. class:: OGRGeomType(type_input)
This class allows for the representation of an OGR geometry type
in any of several ways::
>>> from django.contrib.gis.gdal import OGRGeomType
>>> gt1 = OGRGeomType(3) # Using an integer for the type
>>> gt2 = OGRGeomType('Polygon') # Using a string
>>> gt3 = OGRGeomType('POLYGON') # It's case-insensitive
>>> print(gt1 == 3, gt1 == 'Polygon') # Equivalence works w/non-OGRGeomType objects
True True
.. attribute:: name
Returns a short-hand string form of the OGR Geometry type::
>>> gt1.name
'Polygon'
.. attribute:: num
Returns the number corresponding to the OGR geometry type::
>>> gt1.num
3
.. attribute:: django
Returns the Django field type (a subclass of GeometryField) to use for
storing this OGR type, or ``None`` if there is no appropriate Django
type::
>>> gt1.django
'PolygonField'
``Envelope``
------------
.. class:: Envelope(*args)
Represents an OGR Envelope structure that contains the
minimum and maximum X, Y coordinates for a rectangle bounding box.
The naming of the variables is compatible with the OGR Envelope
C structure.
.. attribute:: min_x
The value of the minimum X coordinate.
.. attribute:: min_y
The value of the maximum X coordinate.
.. attribute:: max_x
The value of the minimum Y coordinate.
.. attribute:: max_y
The value of the maximum Y coordinate.
.. attribute:: ur
The upper-right coordinate, as a tuple.
.. attribute:: ll
The lower-left coordinate, as a tuple.
.. attribute:: tuple
A tuple representing the envelope.
.. attribute:: wkt
A string representing this envelope as a polygon in WKT format.
.. method:: expand_to_include(*args)
Coordinate System Objects
=========================
``SpatialReference``
--------------------
.. class:: SpatialReference(srs_input)
Spatial reference objects are initialized on the given ``srs_input``,
which may be one of the following:
* OGC Well Known Text (WKT) (a string)
* EPSG code (integer or string)
* PROJ.4 string
* A shorthand string for well-known standards (``'WGS84'``, ``'WGS72'``, ``'NAD27'``, ``'NAD83'``)
Example::
>>> wgs84 = SpatialReference('WGS84') # shorthand string
>>> wgs84 = SpatialReference(4326) # EPSG code
>>> wgs84 = SpatialReference('EPSG:4326') # EPSG string
>>> proj4 = '+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +no_defs '
>>> wgs84 = SpatialReference(proj4) # PROJ.4 string
>>> wgs84 = SpatialReference("""GEOGCS["WGS 84",
DATUM["WGS_1984",
SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],
AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],
PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],
UNIT["degree",0.01745329251994328,
AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],
AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]]""") # OGC WKT
.. method:: __getitem__(target)
Returns the value of the given string attribute node, ``None`` if the node
doesn't exist. Can also take a tuple as a parameter, (target, child),
where child is the index of the attribute in the WKT. For example::
>>> wkt = 'GEOGCS["WGS 84", DATUM["WGS_1984, ... AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]]')
>>> srs = SpatialReference(wkt) # could also use 'WGS84', or 4326
>>> print(srs['GEOGCS'])
WGS 84
>>> print(srs['DATUM'])
WGS_1984
>>> print(srs['AUTHORITY'])
EPSG
>>> print(srs['AUTHORITY', 1]) # The authority value
4326
>>> print(srs['TOWGS84', 4]) # the fourth value in this wkt
0
>>> print(srs['UNIT|AUTHORITY']) # For the units authority, have to use the pipe symbol.
EPSG
>>> print(srs['UNIT|AUTHORITY', 1]) # The authority value for the units
9122
.. method:: attr_value(target, index=0)
The attribute value for the given target node (e.g. ``'PROJCS'``).
The index keyword specifies an index of the child node to return.
.. method:: auth_name(target)
Returns the authority name for the given string target node.
.. method:: auth_code(target)
Returns the authority code for the given string target node.
.. method:: clone()
Returns a clone of this spatial reference object.
.. method:: identify_epsg()
This method inspects the WKT of this SpatialReference, and will
add EPSG authority nodes where an EPSG identifier is applicable.
.. method:: from_esri()
Morphs this SpatialReference from ESRI's format to EPSG
.. method:: to_esri()
Morphs this SpatialReference to ESRI's format.
.. method:: validate()
Checks to see if the given spatial reference is valid, if not
an exception will be raised.
.. method:: import_epsg(epsg)
Import spatial reference from EPSG code.
.. method:: import_proj(proj)
Import spatial reference from PROJ.4 string.
.. method:: import_user_input(user_input)
.. method:: import_wkt(wkt)
Import spatial reference from WKT.
.. method:: import_xml(xml)
Import spatial reference from XML.
.. attribute:: name
Returns the name of this Spatial Reference.
.. attribute:: srid
Returns the SRID of top-level authority, or ``None`` if undefined.
.. attribute:: linear_name
Returns the name of the linear units.
.. attribute:: linear_units
Returns the value of the linear units.
.. attribute:: angular_name
Returns the name of the angular units."
.. attribute:: angular_units
Returns the value of the angular units.
.. attribute:: units
Returns a 2-tuple of the units value and the units name,
and will automatically determines whether to return the linear
or angular units.
.. attribute:: ellipsoid
Returns a tuple of the ellipsoid parameters for this spatial
reference: (semimajor axis, semiminor axis, and inverse flattening)
.. attribute:: semi_major
Returns the semi major axis of the ellipsoid for this spatial reference.
.. attribute:: semi_minor
Returns the semi minor axis of the ellipsoid for this spatial reference.
.. attribute:: inverse_flattening
Returns the inverse flattening of the ellipsoid for this spatial reference.
.. attribute:: geographic
Returns ``True`` if this spatial reference is geographic
(root node is ``GEOGCS``).
.. attribute:: local
Returns ``True`` if this spatial reference is local
(root node is ``LOCAL_CS``).
.. attribute:: projected
Returns ``True`` if this spatial reference is a projected coordinate
system (root node is ``PROJCS``).
.. attribute:: wkt
Returns the WKT representation of this spatial reference.
.. attribute:: pretty_wkt
Returns the 'pretty' representation of the WKT.
.. attribute:: proj
Returns the PROJ.4 representation for this spatial reference.
.. attribute:: proj4
Alias for :attr:`SpatialReference.proj`.
.. attribute:: xml
Returns the XML representation of this spatial reference.
``CoordTransform``
------------------
.. class:: CoordTransform(source, target)
Represents a coordinate system transform. It is initialized with two
:class:`SpatialReference`, representing the source and target coordinate
systems, respectively. These objects should be used when performing
the same coordinate transformation repeatedly on different geometries::
>>> ct = CoordTransform(SpatialReference('WGS84'), SpatialReference('NAD83'))
>>> for feat in layer:
... geom = feat.geom # getting clone of feature geometry
... geom.transform(ct) # transforming
.. _raster-data-source-objects:
Raster Data Objects
===================
.. versionadded:: 1.8
``GDALRaster``
----------------
:class:`GDALRaster` is a wrapper for the GDAL raster source object that
supports reading data from a variety of GDAL-supported geospatial file
formats and data sources using a simple, consistent interface. Each
data source is represented by a :class:`GDALRaster` object which contains
one or more layers of data named bands. Each band, represented by a
:class:`GDALBand` object, contains georeferenced image data. For example, an RGB
image is represented as three bands: one for red, one for green, and one for
blue.
.. class:: GDALRaster(ds_input)
The constructor for ``GDALRaster`` accepts a single parameter: the path of
the file you want to read.
.. attribute:: name
The name of the source which is equivalent to the input file path.
.. attribute:: driver
The name of the GDAL driver used to handle the input file. For example,
``GTiff`` for a ``GeoTiff`` file. See also the `GDAL Raster Formats`__
list.
__ http://www.gdal.org/formats_list.html
.. attribute:: width
The width of the source in pixels (X-axis).
.. attribute:: height
The height of the source in pixels (Y-axis).
.. attribute:: srs
The spatial reference system of the source, as a
:class:`SpatialReference` instance.
.. attribute:: geotransform
The affine transformation matrix used to georeference the source, as a
tuple of six coefficients which map pixel/line coordinates into
georeferenced space using the following relationship::
Xgeo = GT(0) + Xpixel*GT(1) + Yline*GT(2)
Ygeo = GT(3) + Xpixel*GT(4) + Yline*GT(5)
The same values can be retrieved by accessing the :attr:`origin`
(indices 0 and 3), :attr:`scale` (indices 1 and 5) and :attr:`skew`
(indices 2 and 4) properties.
.. attribute:: origin
Coordinates of the top left origin of the raster in the spatial
reference system of the source, as a point object with ``x`` and ``y``
members.
.. attribute:: scale
Pixel width and height used for georeferencing the raster, as a as a
point object with ``x`` and ``y`` members. See :attr:`geotransform`
for more information.
.. attribute:: skew
Skew coefficients used to georeference the raster, as a point object
with ``x`` and ``y`` members. In case of north up images, these
coefficients are both ``0``.
.. attribute:: extent
Extent (boundary values) of the raster source, as a 4-tuple
``(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax)`` in the spatial reference system of the
source.
.. attribute:: bands
List of all bands of the source, as :class:`GDALBand` instances.
``GDALBand``
------------
.. class:: GDALBand
``GDALBand`` instances are not created explicitly, but rather obtained
from a :class:`GDALRaster` object, through its :attr:`~GDALRaster.bands`
attribute.
.. attribute:: description
The name or description of the band, if any.
.. attribute:: width
The width of the band in pixels (X-axis).
.. attribute:: height
The height of the band in pixels (Y-axis).
.. attribute:: min
The minimum pixel value of the band (excluding the "no data" value).
.. attribute:: max
The maximum pixel value of the band (excluding the "no data" value).
.. attribute:: nodata_value
The "no data" value for a band is generally a special marker value used
to mark pixels that are not valid data. Such pixels should generally not
be displayed, nor contribute to analysis operations.
.. method:: datatype([as_string=False])
The data type contained in the band, as an integer constant between 0
(Unknown) and 11. If ``as_string`` is ``True``, the data type is
returned as a string with the following possible values:
``GDT_Unknown``, ``GDT_Byte``, ``GDT_UInt16``, ``GDT_Int16``,
``GDT_UInt32``, ``GDT_Int32``, ``GDT_Float32``, ``GDT_Float64``,
``GDT_CInt16``, ``GDT_CInt32``, ``GDT_CFloat32``, and ``GDT_CFloat64``.
Settings
========
.. setting:: GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH
GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH
-----------------
A string specifying the location of the GDAL library. Typically,
this setting is only used if the GDAL library is in a non-standard
location (e.g., ``/home/john/lib/libgdal.so``).
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