django/tests/backends/tests.py

"""Tests related to django.db.backends that haven't been organized."""

import datetime
import threading
import unittest
import warnings
from unittest import mock

from django.core.management.color import no_style
from django.db import (
    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
    DatabaseError,
    IntegrityError,
    connection,
    connections,
    reset_queries,
    transaction,
)
from django.db.backends.base.base import BaseDatabaseWrapper
from django.db.backends.signals import connection_created
from django.db.backends.utils import CursorWrapper
from django.db.models.sql.constants import CURSOR
from django.test import (
    TestCase,
    TransactionTestCase,
    override_settings,
    skipIfDBFeature,
    skipUnlessDBFeature,
)

from .models import (
    Article,
    Object,
    ObjectReference,
    Person,
    Post,
    RawData,
    Reporter,
    ReporterProxy,
    SchoolClass,
    SQLKeywordsModel,
    Square,
    VeryLongModelNameZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ,
)


class DateQuotingTest(TestCase):
    def test_django_date_trunc(self):
        """
        Test the custom ``django_date_trunc method``, in particular against
        fields which clash with strings passed to it (e.g. 'year') (#12818).
        """
        updated = datetime.datetime(2010, 2, 20)
        SchoolClass.objects.create(year=2009, last_updated=updated)
        years = SchoolClass.objects.dates("last_updated", "year")
        self.assertEqual(list(years), [datetime.date(2010, 1, 1)])

    def test_django_date_extract(self):
        """
        Test the custom ``django_date_extract method``, in particular against fields
        which clash with strings passed to it (e.g. 'day') (#12818).
        """
        updated = datetime.datetime(2010, 2, 20)
        SchoolClass.objects.create(year=2009, last_updated=updated)
        classes = SchoolClass.objects.filter(last_updated__day=20)
        self.assertEqual(len(classes), 1)


@override_settings(DEBUG=True)
class LastExecutedQueryTest(TestCase):
    def test_last_executed_query_without_previous_query(self):
        """
        last_executed_query should not raise an exception even if no previous
        query has been run.
        """
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            connection.ops.last_executed_query(cursor, "", ())

    def test_debug_sql(self):
        list(Reporter.objects.filter(first_name="test"))
        sql = connection.queries[-1]["sql"].lower()
        self.assertIn("select", sql)
        self.assertIn(Reporter._meta.db_table, sql)

    def test_query_encoding(self):
        """last_executed_query() returns a string."""
        data = RawData.objects.filter(raw_data=b"\x00\x46  \xFE").extra(
            select={"föö": 1}
        )
        sql, params = data.query.sql_with_params()
        with data.query.get_compiler("default").execute_sql(CURSOR) as cursor:
            last_sql = cursor.db.ops.last_executed_query(cursor, sql, params)
        self.assertIsInstance(last_sql, str)

    def test_last_executed_query(self):
        # last_executed_query() interpolate all parameters, in most cases it is
        # not equal to QuerySet.query.
        for qs in (
            Article.objects.filter(pk=1),
            Article.objects.filter(pk__in=(1, 2), reporter__pk=3),
            Article.objects.filter(
                pk=1,
                reporter__pk=9,
            ).exclude(reporter__pk__in=[2, 1]),
            Article.objects.filter(pk__in=list(range(20, 31))),
        ):
            sql, params = qs.query.sql_with_params()
            with qs.query.get_compiler(DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS).execute_sql(CURSOR) as cursor:
                self.assertEqual(
                    cursor.db.ops.last_executed_query(cursor, sql, params),
                    str(qs.query),
                )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_paramstyle_pyformat")
    def test_last_executed_query_dict(self):
        square_opts = Square._meta
        sql = "INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%(root)s, %%(square)s)" % (
            connection.introspection.identifier_converter(square_opts.db_table),
            connection.ops.quote_name(square_opts.get_field("root").column),
            connection.ops.quote_name(square_opts.get_field("square").column),
        )
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            params = {"root": 2, "square": 4}
            cursor.execute(sql, params)
            self.assertEqual(
                cursor.db.ops.last_executed_query(cursor, sql, params),
                sql % params,
            )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_paramstyle_pyformat")
    def test_last_executed_query_dict_overlap_keys(self):
        square_opts = Square._meta
        sql = "INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%(root)s, %%(root2)s)" % (
            connection.introspection.identifier_converter(square_opts.db_table),
            connection.ops.quote_name(square_opts.get_field("root").column),
            connection.ops.quote_name(square_opts.get_field("square").column),
        )
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            params = {"root": 2, "root2": 4}
            cursor.execute(sql, params)
            self.assertEqual(
                cursor.db.ops.last_executed_query(cursor, sql, params),
                sql % params,
            )

    def test_last_executed_query_with_duplicate_params(self):
        square_opts = Square._meta
        table = connection.introspection.identifier_converter(square_opts.db_table)
        id_column = connection.ops.quote_name(square_opts.get_field("id").column)
        root_column = connection.ops.quote_name(square_opts.get_field("root").column)
        sql = f"UPDATE {table} SET {root_column} = %s + %s WHERE {id_column} = %s"
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            params = [42, 42, 1]
            cursor.execute(sql, params)
            last_executed_query = connection.ops.last_executed_query(
                cursor, sql, params
            )
            self.assertEqual(
                last_executed_query,
                f"UPDATE {table} SET {root_column} = 42 + 42 WHERE {id_column} = 1",
            )


class ParameterHandlingTest(TestCase):
    def test_bad_parameter_count(self):
        """
        An executemany call with too many/not enough parameters will raise an
        exception.
        """
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            query = "INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%s, %%s)" % (
                connection.introspection.identifier_converter("backends_square"),
                connection.ops.quote_name("root"),
                connection.ops.quote_name("square"),
            )
            with self.assertRaises(Exception):
                cursor.executemany(query, [(1, 2, 3)])
            with self.assertRaises(Exception):
                cursor.executemany(query, [(1,)])


class LongNameTest(TransactionTestCase):
    """Long primary keys and model names can result in a sequence name
    that exceeds the database limits, which will result in truncation
    on certain databases (e.g., Postgres). The backend needs to use
    the correct sequence name in last_insert_id and other places, so
    check it is. Refs #8901.
    """

    available_apps = ["backends"]

    def test_sequence_name_length_limits_create(self):
        """Creation of model with long name and long pk name doesn't error."""
        VeryLongModelNameZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.objects.create()

    def test_sequence_name_length_limits_m2m(self):
        """
        An m2m save of a model with a long name and a long m2m field name
        doesn't error (#8901).
        """
        obj = (
            VeryLongModelNameZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.objects.create()
        )
        rel_obj = Person.objects.create(first_name="Django", last_name="Reinhardt")
        obj.m2m_also_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.add(rel_obj)

    def test_sequence_name_length_limits_flush(self):
        """
        Sequence resetting as part of a flush with model with long name and
        long pk name doesn't error (#8901).
        """
        # A full flush is expensive to the full test, so we dig into the
        # internals to generate the likely offending SQL and run it manually

        # Some convenience aliases
        VLM = VeryLongModelNameZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
        VLM_m2m = (
            VLM.m2m_also_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.through
        )
        tables = [
            VLM._meta.db_table,
            VLM_m2m._meta.db_table,
        ]
        sql_list = connection.ops.sql_flush(no_style(), tables, reset_sequences=True)
        connection.ops.execute_sql_flush(sql_list)


@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_sequence_reset")
class SequenceResetTest(TestCase):
    def test_generic_relation(self):
        "Sequence names are correct when resetting generic relations (Ref #13941)"
        # Create an object with a manually specified PK
        Post.objects.create(id=10, name="1st post", text="hello world")

        # Reset the sequences for the database
        commands = connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].ops.sequence_reset_sql(
            no_style(), [Post]
        )
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            for sql in commands:
                cursor.execute(sql)

        # If we create a new object now, it should have a PK greater
        # than the PK we specified manually.
        obj = Post.objects.create(name="New post", text="goodbye world")
        self.assertGreater(obj.pk, 10)


# This test needs to run outside of a transaction, otherwise closing the
# connection would implicitly rollback and cause problems during teardown.
class ConnectionCreatedSignalTest(TransactionTestCase):
    available_apps = []

    # Unfortunately with sqlite3 the in-memory test database cannot be closed,
    # and so it cannot be re-opened during testing.
    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
    def test_signal(self):
        data = {}

        def receiver(sender, connection, **kwargs):
            data["connection"] = connection

        connection_created.connect(receiver)
        connection.close()
        with connection.cursor():
            pass
        self.assertIs(data["connection"].connection, connection.connection)

        connection_created.disconnect(receiver)
        data.clear()
        with connection.cursor():
            pass
        self.assertEqual(data, {})


class EscapingChecks(TestCase):
    """
    All tests in this test case are also run with settings.DEBUG=True in
    EscapingChecksDebug test case, to also test CursorDebugWrapper.
    """

    bare_select_suffix = connection.features.bare_select_suffix

    def test_paramless_no_escaping(self):
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute("SELECT '%s'" + self.bare_select_suffix)
            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], "%s")

    def test_parameter_escaping(self):
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute("SELECT '%%', %s" + self.bare_select_suffix, ("%d",))
            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0], ("%", "%d"))


@override_settings(DEBUG=True)
class EscapingChecksDebug(EscapingChecks):
    pass


class BackendTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
    available_apps = ["backends"]

    def create_squares_with_executemany(self, args):
        self.create_squares(args, "format", True)

    def create_squares(self, args, paramstyle, multiple):
        opts = Square._meta
        tbl = connection.introspection.identifier_converter(opts.db_table)
        f1 = connection.ops.quote_name(opts.get_field("root").column)
        f2 = connection.ops.quote_name(opts.get_field("square").column)
        if paramstyle == "format":
            query = "INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%s, %%s)" % (tbl, f1, f2)
        elif paramstyle == "pyformat":
            query = "INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%(root)s, %%(square)s)" % (
                tbl,
                f1,
                f2,
            )
        else:
            raise ValueError("unsupported paramstyle in test")
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            if multiple:
                cursor.executemany(query, args)
            else:
                cursor.execute(query, args)

    def test_cursor_executemany(self):
        # Test cursor.executemany #4896
        args = [(i, i**2) for i in range(-5, 6)]
        self.create_squares_with_executemany(args)
        self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 11)
        for i in range(-5, 6):
            square = Square.objects.get(root=i)
            self.assertEqual(square.square, i**2)

    def test_cursor_executemany_with_empty_params_list(self):
        # Test executemany with params=[] does nothing #4765
        args = []
        self.create_squares_with_executemany(args)
        self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 0)

    def test_cursor_executemany_with_iterator(self):
        # Test executemany accepts iterators #10320
        args = ((i, i**2) for i in range(-3, 2))
        self.create_squares_with_executemany(args)
        self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 5)

        args = ((i, i**2) for i in range(3, 7))
        with override_settings(DEBUG=True):
            # same test for DebugCursorWrapper
            self.create_squares_with_executemany(args)
        self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 9)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_paramstyle_pyformat")
    def test_cursor_execute_with_pyformat(self):
        # Support pyformat style passing of parameters #10070
        args = {"root": 3, "square": 9}
        self.create_squares(args, "pyformat", multiple=False)
        self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 1)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_paramstyle_pyformat")
    def test_cursor_executemany_with_pyformat(self):
        # Support pyformat style passing of parameters #10070
        args = [{"root": i, "square": i**2} for i in range(-5, 6)]
        self.create_squares(args, "pyformat", multiple=True)
        self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 11)
        for i in range(-5, 6):
            square = Square.objects.get(root=i)
            self.assertEqual(square.square, i**2)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_paramstyle_pyformat")
    def test_cursor_executemany_with_pyformat_iterator(self):
        args = ({"root": i, "square": i**2} for i in range(-3, 2))
        self.create_squares(args, "pyformat", multiple=True)
        self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 5)

        args = ({"root": i, "square": i**2} for i in range(3, 7))
        with override_settings(DEBUG=True):
            # same test for DebugCursorWrapper
            self.create_squares(args, "pyformat", multiple=True)
        self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 9)

    def test_unicode_fetches(self):
        # fetchone, fetchmany, fetchall return strings as Unicode objects.
        qn = connection.ops.quote_name
        Person(first_name="John", last_name="Doe").save()
        Person(first_name="Jane", last_name="Doe").save()
        Person(first_name="Mary", last_name="Agnelline").save()
        Person(first_name="Peter", last_name="Parker").save()
        Person(first_name="Clark", last_name="Kent").save()
        opts2 = Person._meta
        f3, f4 = opts2.get_field("first_name"), opts2.get_field("last_name")
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute(
                "SELECT %s, %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s"
                % (
                    qn(f3.column),
                    qn(f4.column),
                    connection.introspection.identifier_converter(opts2.db_table),
                    qn(f3.column),
                )
            )
            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchone(), ("Clark", "Kent"))
            self.assertEqual(
                list(cursor.fetchmany(2)), [("Jane", "Doe"), ("John", "Doe")]
            )
            self.assertEqual(
                list(cursor.fetchall()), [("Mary", "Agnelline"), ("Peter", "Parker")]
            )

    def test_unicode_password(self):
        old_password = connection.settings_dict["PASSWORD"]
        connection.settings_dict["PASSWORD"] = "françois"
        try:
            with connection.cursor():
                pass
        except DatabaseError:
            # As password is probably wrong, a database exception is expected
            pass
        except Exception as e:
            self.fail("Unexpected error raised with Unicode password: %s" % e)
        finally:
            connection.settings_dict["PASSWORD"] = old_password

    def test_database_operations_helper_class(self):
        # Ticket #13630
        self.assertTrue(hasattr(connection, "ops"))
        self.assertTrue(hasattr(connection.ops, "connection"))
        self.assertEqual(connection, connection.ops.connection)

    def test_database_operations_init(self):
        """
        DatabaseOperations initialization doesn't query the database.
        See #17656.
        """
        with self.assertNumQueries(0):
            connection.ops.__class__(connection)

    def test_cached_db_features(self):
        self.assertIn(connection.features.supports_transactions, (True, False))
        self.assertIn(connection.features.can_introspect_foreign_keys, (True, False))

    def test_duplicate_table_error(self):
        """Creating an existing table returns a DatabaseError"""
        query = "CREATE TABLE %s (id INTEGER);" % Article._meta.db_table
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
                cursor.execute(query)

    def test_cursor_contextmanager(self):
        """
        Cursors can be used as a context manager
        """
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            self.assertIsInstance(cursor, CursorWrapper)
        # Both InterfaceError and ProgrammingError seem to be used when
        # accessing closed cursor (psycopg has InterfaceError, rest seem
        # to use ProgrammingError).
        with self.assertRaises(connection.features.closed_cursor_error_class):
            # cursor should be closed, so no queries should be possible.
            cursor.execute("SELECT 1" + connection.features.bare_select_suffix)

    @unittest.skipUnless(
        connection.vendor == "postgresql",
        "Psycopg specific cursor.closed attribute needed",
    )
    def test_cursor_contextmanager_closing(self):
        # There isn't a generic way to test that cursors are closed, but
        # psycopg offers us a way to check that by closed attribute.
        # So, run only on psycopg for that reason.
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            self.assertIsInstance(cursor, CursorWrapper)
        self.assertTrue(cursor.closed)

    # Unfortunately with sqlite3 the in-memory test database cannot be closed.
    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
    def test_is_usable_after_database_disconnects(self):
        """
        is_usable() doesn't crash when the database disconnects (#21553).
        """
        # Open a connection to the database.
        with connection.cursor():
            pass
        # Emulate a connection close by the database.
        connection._close()
        # Even then is_usable() should not raise an exception.
        try:
            self.assertFalse(connection.is_usable())
        finally:
            # Clean up the mess created by connection._close(). Since the
            # connection is already closed, this crashes on some backends.
            try:
                connection.close()
            except Exception:
                pass

    @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
    def test_queries(self):
        """
        Test the documented API of connection.queries.
        """
        sql = "SELECT 1" + connection.features.bare_select_suffix
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            reset_queries()
            cursor.execute(sql)
        self.assertEqual(1, len(connection.queries))
        self.assertIsInstance(connection.queries, list)
        self.assertIsInstance(connection.queries[0], dict)
        self.assertEqual(list(connection.queries[0]), ["sql", "time"])
        self.assertEqual(connection.queries[0]["sql"], sql)

        reset_queries()
        self.assertEqual(0, len(connection.queries))

        sql = "INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%s, %%s)" % (
            connection.introspection.identifier_converter("backends_square"),
            connection.ops.quote_name("root"),
            connection.ops.quote_name("square"),
        )
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.executemany(sql, [(1, 1), (2, 4)])
        self.assertEqual(1, len(connection.queries))
        self.assertIsInstance(connection.queries, list)
        self.assertIsInstance(connection.queries[0], dict)
        self.assertEqual(list(connection.queries[0]), ["sql", "time"])
        self.assertEqual(connection.queries[0]["sql"], "2 times: %s" % sql)

    # Unfortunately with sqlite3 the in-memory test database cannot be closed.
    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
    @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
    def test_queries_limit(self):
        """
        The backend doesn't store an unlimited number of queries (#12581).
        """
        old_queries_limit = BaseDatabaseWrapper.queries_limit
        BaseDatabaseWrapper.queries_limit = 3
        new_connection = connection.copy()

        # Initialize the connection and clear initialization statements.
        with new_connection.cursor():
            pass
        new_connection.queries_log.clear()

        try:
            with new_connection.cursor() as cursor:
                cursor.execute("SELECT 1" + new_connection.features.bare_select_suffix)
                cursor.execute("SELECT 2" + new_connection.features.bare_select_suffix)

            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
                self.assertEqual(2, len(new_connection.queries))
                self.assertEqual(0, len(w))

            with new_connection.cursor() as cursor:
                cursor.execute("SELECT 3" + new_connection.features.bare_select_suffix)
                cursor.execute("SELECT 4" + new_connection.features.bare_select_suffix)

            msg = (
                "Limit for query logging exceeded, only the last 3 queries will be "
                "returned."
            )
            with self.assertWarnsMessage(UserWarning, msg) as ctx:
                self.assertEqual(3, len(new_connection.queries))
            self.assertEqual(ctx.filename, __file__)

        finally:
            BaseDatabaseWrapper.queries_limit = old_queries_limit
            new_connection.close()

    @mock.patch("django.db.backends.utils.logger")
    @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
    def test_queries_logger(self, mocked_logger):
        sql = "SELECT 1" + connection.features.bare_select_suffix
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute(sql)
        params, kwargs = mocked_logger.debug.call_args
        self.assertIn("; alias=%s", params[0])
        self.assertEqual(params[2], sql)
        self.assertIsNone(params[3])
        self.assertEqual(params[4], connection.alias)
        self.assertEqual(
            list(kwargs["extra"]),
            ["duration", "sql", "params", "alias"],
        )
        self.assertEqual(tuple(kwargs["extra"].values()), params[1:])

    def test_queries_bare_where(self):
        sql = f"SELECT 1{connection.features.bare_select_suffix} WHERE 1=1"
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute(sql)
            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchone(), (1,))

    def test_timezone_none_use_tz_false(self):
        connection.ensure_connection()
        with self.settings(TIME_ZONE=None, USE_TZ=False):
            connection.init_connection_state()


# These tests aren't conditional because it would require differentiating
# between MySQL+InnoDB and MySQL+MYISAM (something we currently can't do).
class FkConstraintsTests(TransactionTestCase):
    available_apps = ["backends"]

    def setUp(self):
        # Create a Reporter.
        self.r = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="John", last_name="Smith")

    def test_integrity_checks_on_creation(self):
        """
        Try to create a model instance that violates a FK constraint. If it
        fails it should fail with IntegrityError.
        """
        a1 = Article(
            headline="This is a test",
            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 27),
            reporter_id=30,
        )
        try:
            a1.save()
        except IntegrityError:
            pass
        else:
            self.skipTest("This backend does not support integrity checks.")
        # Now that we know this backend supports integrity checks we make sure
        # constraints are also enforced for proxy  Refs #17519
        a2 = Article(
            headline="This is another test",
            reporter=self.r,
            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2012, 8, 3),
            reporter_proxy_id=30,
        )
        with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
            a2.save()

    def test_integrity_checks_on_update(self):
        """
        Try to update a model instance introducing a FK constraint violation.
        If it fails it should fail with IntegrityError.
        """
        # Create an Article.
        Article.objects.create(
            headline="Test article",
            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2010, 9, 4),
            reporter=self.r,
        )
        # Retrieve it from the DB
        a1 = Article.objects.get(headline="Test article")
        a1.reporter_id = 30
        try:
            a1.save()
        except IntegrityError:
            pass
        else:
            self.skipTest("This backend does not support integrity checks.")
        # Now that we know this backend supports integrity checks we make sure
        # constraints are also enforced for proxy  Refs #17519
        # Create another article
        r_proxy = ReporterProxy.objects.get(pk=self.r.pk)
        Article.objects.create(
            headline="Another article",
            pub_date=datetime.datetime(1988, 5, 15),
            reporter=self.r,
            reporter_proxy=r_proxy,
        )
        # Retrieve the second article from the DB
        a2 = Article.objects.get(headline="Another article")
        a2.reporter_proxy_id = 30
        with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
            a2.save()

    def test_disable_constraint_checks_manually(self):
        """
        When constraint checks are disabled, should be able to write bad data
        without IntegrityErrors.
        """
        with transaction.atomic():
            # Create an Article.
            Article.objects.create(
                headline="Test article",
                pub_date=datetime.datetime(2010, 9, 4),
                reporter=self.r,
            )
            # Retrieve it from the DB
            a = Article.objects.get(headline="Test article")
            a.reporter_id = 30
            try:
                connection.disable_constraint_checking()
                a.save()
                connection.enable_constraint_checking()
            except IntegrityError:
                self.fail("IntegrityError should not have occurred.")
            transaction.set_rollback(True)

    def test_disable_constraint_checks_context_manager(self):
        """
        When constraint checks are disabled (using context manager), should be
        able to write bad data without IntegrityErrors.
        """
        with transaction.atomic():
            # Create an Article.
            Article.objects.create(
                headline="Test article",
                pub_date=datetime.datetime(2010, 9, 4),
                reporter=self.r,
            )
            # Retrieve it from the DB
            a = Article.objects.get(headline="Test article")
            a.reporter_id = 30
            try:
                with connection.constraint_checks_disabled():
                    a.save()
            except IntegrityError:
                self.fail("IntegrityError should not have occurred.")
            transaction.set_rollback(True)

    def test_check_constraints(self):
        """
        Constraint checks should raise an IntegrityError when bad data is in the DB.
        """
        with transaction.atomic():
            # Create an Article.
            Article.objects.create(
                headline="Test article",
                pub_date=datetime.datetime(2010, 9, 4),
                reporter=self.r,
            )
            # Retrieve it from the DB
            a = Article.objects.get(headline="Test article")
            a.reporter_id = 30
            with connection.constraint_checks_disabled():
                a.save()
                try:
                    connection.check_constraints(table_names=[Article._meta.db_table])
                except IntegrityError:
                    pass
                else:
                    self.skipTest("This backend does not support integrity checks.")
            transaction.set_rollback(True)

    def test_check_constraints_sql_keywords(self):
        with transaction.atomic():
            obj = SQLKeywordsModel.objects.create(reporter=self.r)
            obj.refresh_from_db()
            obj.reporter_id = 30
            with connection.constraint_checks_disabled():
                obj.save()
                try:
                    connection.check_constraints(table_names=["order"])
                except IntegrityError:
                    pass
                else:
                    self.skipTest("This backend does not support integrity checks.")
            transaction.set_rollback(True)


class ThreadTests(TransactionTestCase):
    available_apps = ["backends"]

    def test_default_connection_thread_local(self):
        """
        The default connection (i.e. django.db.connection) is different for
        each thread (#17258).
        """
        # Map connections by id because connections with identical aliases
        # have the same hash.
        connections_dict = {}
        with connection.cursor():
            pass
        connections_dict[id(connection)] = connection

        def runner():
            # Passing django.db.connection between threads doesn't work while
            # connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS] does.
            from django.db import connections

            connection = connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]
            # Allow thread sharing so the connection can be closed by the
            # main thread.
            connection.inc_thread_sharing()
            with connection.cursor():
                pass
            connections_dict[id(connection)] = connection

        try:
            for x in range(2):
                t = threading.Thread(target=runner)
                t.start()
                t.join()
            # Each created connection got different inner connection.
            self.assertEqual(
                len({conn.connection for conn in connections_dict.values()}), 3
            )
        finally:
            # Finish by closing the connections opened by the other threads
            # (the connection opened in the main thread will automatically be
            # closed on teardown).
            for conn in connections_dict.values():
                if conn is not connection and conn.allow_thread_sharing:
                    conn.validate_thread_sharing()
                    conn._close()
                    conn.dec_thread_sharing()

    def test_connections_thread_local(self):
        """
        The connections are different for each thread (#17258).
        """
        # Map connections by id because connections with identical aliases
        # have the same hash.
        connections_dict = {}
        for conn in connections.all():
            connections_dict[id(conn)] = conn

        def runner():
            from django.db import connections

            for conn in connections.all():
                # Allow thread sharing so the connection can be closed by the
                # main thread.
                conn.inc_thread_sharing()
                connections_dict[id(conn)] = conn

        try:
            num_new_threads = 2
            for x in range(num_new_threads):
                t = threading.Thread(target=runner)
                t.start()
                t.join()
            self.assertEqual(
                len(connections_dict),
                len(connections.all()) * (num_new_threads + 1),
            )
        finally:
            # Finish by closing the connections opened by the other threads
            # (the connection opened in the main thread will automatically be
            # closed on teardown).
            for conn in connections_dict.values():
                if conn is not connection and conn.allow_thread_sharing:
                    conn.close()
                    conn.dec_thread_sharing()

    def test_pass_connection_between_threads(self):
        """
        A connection can be passed from one thread to the other (#17258).
        """
        Person.objects.create(first_name="John", last_name="Doe")

        def do_thread():
            def runner(main_thread_connection):
                from django.db import connections

                connections["default"] = main_thread_connection
                try:
                    Person.objects.get(first_name="John", last_name="Doe")
                except Exception as e:
                    exceptions.append(e)

            t = threading.Thread(target=runner, args=[connections["default"]])
            t.start()
            t.join()

        # Without touching thread sharing, which should be False by default.
        exceptions = []
        do_thread()
        # Forbidden!
        self.assertIsInstance(exceptions[0], DatabaseError)
        connections["default"].close()

        # After calling inc_thread_sharing() on the connection.
        connections["default"].inc_thread_sharing()
        try:
            exceptions = []
            do_thread()
            # All good
            self.assertEqual(exceptions, [])
        finally:
            connections["default"].dec_thread_sharing()

    def test_closing_non_shared_connections(self):
        """
        A connection that is not explicitly shareable cannot be closed by
        another thread (#17258).
        """
        # First, without explicitly enabling the connection for sharing.
        exceptions = set()

        def runner1():
            def runner2(other_thread_connection):
                try:
                    other_thread_connection.close()
                except DatabaseError as e:
                    exceptions.add(e)

            t2 = threading.Thread(target=runner2, args=[connections["default"]])
            t2.start()
            t2.join()

        t1 = threading.Thread(target=runner1)
        t1.start()
        t1.join()
        # The exception was raised
        self.assertEqual(len(exceptions), 1)

        # Then, with explicitly enabling the connection for sharing.
        exceptions = set()

        def runner1():
            def runner2(other_thread_connection):
                try:
                    other_thread_connection.close()
                except DatabaseError as e:
                    exceptions.add(e)

            # Enable thread sharing
            connections["default"].inc_thread_sharing()
            try:
                t2 = threading.Thread(target=runner2, args=[connections["default"]])
                t2.start()
                t2.join()
            finally:
                connections["default"].dec_thread_sharing()

        t1 = threading.Thread(target=runner1)
        t1.start()
        t1.join()
        # No exception was raised
        self.assertEqual(len(exceptions), 0)

    def test_thread_sharing_count(self):
        self.assertIs(connection.allow_thread_sharing, False)
        connection.inc_thread_sharing()
        self.assertIs(connection.allow_thread_sharing, True)
        connection.inc_thread_sharing()
        self.assertIs(connection.allow_thread_sharing, True)
        connection.dec_thread_sharing()
        self.assertIs(connection.allow_thread_sharing, True)
        connection.dec_thread_sharing()
        self.assertIs(connection.allow_thread_sharing, False)
        msg = "Cannot decrement the thread sharing count below zero."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg):
            connection.dec_thread_sharing()


class MySQLPKZeroTests(TestCase):
    """
    Zero as id for AutoField should raise exception in MySQL, because MySQL
    does not allow zero for autoincrement primary key if the
    NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO SQL mode is not enabled.
    """

    @skipIfDBFeature("allows_auto_pk_0")
    def test_zero_as_autoval(self):
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            Square.objects.create(id=0, root=0, square=1)


class DBConstraintTestCase(TestCase):
    def test_can_reference_existent(self):
        obj = Object.objects.create()
        ref = ObjectReference.objects.create(obj=obj)
        self.assertEqual(ref.obj, obj)

        ref = ObjectReference.objects.get(obj=obj)
        self.assertEqual(ref.obj, obj)

    def test_can_reference_non_existent(self):
        self.assertFalse(Object.objects.filter(id=12345).exists())
        ref = ObjectReference.objects.create(obj_id=12345)
        ref_new = ObjectReference.objects.get(obj_id=12345)
        self.assertEqual(ref, ref_new)

        with self.assertRaises(Object.DoesNotExist):
            ref.obj

    def test_many_to_many(self):
        obj = Object.objects.create()
        obj.related_objects.create()
        self.assertEqual(Object.objects.count(), 2)
        self.assertEqual(obj.related_objects.count(), 1)

        intermediary_model = Object._meta.get_field(
            "related_objects"
        ).remote_field.through
        intermediary_model.objects.create(from_object_id=obj.id, to_object_id=12345)
        self.assertEqual(obj.related_objects.count(), 1)
        self.assertEqual(intermediary_model.objects.count(), 2)