mirror of https://github.com/django/django.git
122 lines
6.0 KiB
Plaintext
122 lines
6.0 KiB
Plaintext
.. _using-translations-in-your-own-projects:
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===============================================
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Using internationalization in your own projects
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===============================================
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At runtime, Django builds an in-memory unified catalog of literals-translations.
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To achieve this it looks for translations by following this algorithm regarding
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the order in which it examines the different file paths to load the compiled
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:term:`message files <message file>` (``.mo``) and the precedence of multiple
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translations for the same literal:
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1. The directories listed in :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` have the highest
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precedence, with the ones appearing first having higher precedence than
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the ones appearing later.
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2. Then, it looks for and uses if it exists a ``locale`` directory in each
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of the installed apps listed in :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`. The ones
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appearing first have higher precedence than the ones appearing later.
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3. Then, it looks for a ``locale`` directory in the project directory, or
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more accurately, in the directory containing your settings file.
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4. Finally, the Django-provided base translation in ``django/conf/locale``
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is used as a fallback.
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.. deprecated:: 1.3
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Lookup in the ``locale`` subdirectory of the directory containing your
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settings file (item 3 above) is deprecated since the 1.3 release and will be
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removed in Django 1.5. You can use the :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` setting
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instead, by listing the absolute filesystem path of such ``locale``
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directory in the setting value.
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.. seealso::
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The translations for literals included in JavaScript assets are looked up
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following a similar but not identical algorithm. See the
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:ref:`javascript_catalog view documentation <javascript_catalog-view>` for
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more details.
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In all cases the name of the directory containing the translation is expected to
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be named using :term:`locale name` notation. E.g. ``de``, ``pt_BR``, ``es_AR``,
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etc.
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This way, you can write applications that include their own translations, and
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you can override base translations in your project path. Or, you can just build
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a big project out of several apps and put all translations into one big common
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message file specific to the project you are composing. The choice is yours.
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.. note::
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If you're using manually configured settings, as described in
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:ref:`settings-without-django-settings-module`, the ``locale`` directory in
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the project directory will not be examined, since Django loses the ability
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to work out the location of the project directory. (Django normally uses the
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location of the settings file to determine this, and a settings file doesn't
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exist if you're manually configuring your settings.)
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All message file repositories are structured the same way. They are:
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* All paths listed in :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` in your settings file are
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searched for ``<language>/LC_MESSAGES/django.(po|mo)``
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* ``$PROJECTPATH/locale/<language>/LC_MESSAGES/django.(po|mo)`` --
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deprecated, see above.
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* ``$APPPATH/locale/<language>/LC_MESSAGES/django.(po|mo)``
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* ``$PYTHONPATH/django/conf/locale/<language>/LC_MESSAGES/django.(po|mo)``
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To create message files, you use the :djadmin:`django-admin.py makemessages <makemessages>`
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tool. You only need to be in the same directory where the ``locale/`` directory
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is located. And you use :djadmin:`django-admin.py compilemessages <compilemessages>`
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to produce the binary ``.mo`` files that are used by ``gettext``. Read the
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:doc:`/topics/i18n/localization` document for more details.
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You can also run ``django-admin.py compilemessages --settings=path.to.settings``
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to make the compiler process all the directories in your :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS`
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setting.
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Finally, you should give some thought to the structure of your translation
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files. If your applications need to be delivered to other users and will
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be used in other projects, you might want to use app-specific translations.
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But using app-specific translations and project-specific translations could
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produce weird problems with ``makemessages``: It will traverse all directories
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below the current path and so might put message IDs into a unified, common
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message file for the current project that are already in application message
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files.
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The easiest way out is to store applications that are not part of the project
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(and so carry their own translations) outside the project tree. That way,
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``django-admin.py makemessages``, when ran on a project level will only extract
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strings that are connected to your explicit project and not strings that are
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distributed independently.
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Using translations outside views and templates
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==============================================
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While Django provides a rich set of i18n tools for use in views and templates,
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it does not restrict the usage to Django-specific code. The Django translation
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mechanisms can be used to translate arbitrary texts to any language that is
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supported by Django (as long as an appropriate translation catalog exists, of
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course). You can load a translation catalog, activate it and translate text to
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language of your choice, but remember to switch back to original language, as
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activating a translation catalog is done on per-thread basis and such change
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will affect code running in the same thread.
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For example::
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from django.utils import translation
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def welcome_translated(language):
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cur_language = translation.get_language()
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try:
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translation.activate(language)
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text = translation.ugettext('welcome')
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finally:
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translation.activate(cur_language)
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return text
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Calling this function with the value 'de' will give you ``"Willkommen"``,
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regardless of :setting:`LANGUAGE_CODE` and language set by middleware.
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Functions of particular interest are ``django.utils.translation.get_language()``
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which returns the language used in the current thread,
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``django.utils.translation.activate()`` which activates a translation catalog
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for the current thread, and ``django.utils.translation.check_for_language()``
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which checks if the given language is supported by Django.
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