mirror of https://github.com/django/django.git
2335 lines
87 KiB
Plaintext
2335 lines
87 KiB
Plaintext
=====================
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Model field reference
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=====================
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.. module:: django.db.models.fields
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:synopsis: Built-in field types.
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.. currentmodule:: django.db.models
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This document contains all the API references of :class:`Field` including the
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`field options`_ and `field types`_ Django offers.
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.. seealso::
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If the built-in fields don't do the trick, you can try `django-localflavor
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<https://github.com/django/django-localflavor>`_ (`documentation
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<https://django-localflavor.readthedocs.io/>`_), which contains assorted
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pieces of code that are useful for particular countries and cultures.
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Also, you can easily :doc:`write your own custom model fields
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</howto/custom-model-fields>`.
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.. note::
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Technically, these models are defined in :mod:`django.db.models.fields`, but
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for convenience they're imported into :mod:`django.db.models`; the standard
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convention is to use ``from django.db import models`` and refer to fields as
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``models.<Foo>Field``.
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.. _common-model-field-options:
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Field options
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=============
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The following arguments are available to all field types. All are optional.
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``null``
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--------
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.. attribute:: Field.null
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If ``True``, Django will store empty values as ``NULL`` in the database. Default
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is ``False``.
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Avoid using :attr:`~Field.null` on string-based fields such as
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:class:`CharField` and :class:`TextField`. If a string-based field has
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``null=True``, that means it has two possible values for "no data": ``NULL``,
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and the empty string. In most cases, it's redundant to have two possible values
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for "no data;" the Django convention is to use the empty string, not
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``NULL``. One exception is when a :class:`CharField` has both ``unique=True``
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and ``blank=True`` set. In this situation, ``null=True`` is required to avoid
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unique constraint violations when saving multiple objects with blank values.
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For both string-based and non-string-based fields, you will also need to
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set ``blank=True`` if you wish to permit empty values in forms, as the
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:attr:`~Field.null` parameter only affects database storage
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(see :attr:`~Field.blank`).
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.. note::
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When using the Oracle database backend, the value ``NULL`` will be stored to
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denote the empty string regardless of this attribute.
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``blank``
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---------
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.. attribute:: Field.blank
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If ``True``, the field is allowed to be blank. Default is ``False``.
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Note that this is different than :attr:`~Field.null`. :attr:`~Field.null` is
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purely database-related, whereas :attr:`~Field.blank` is validation-related. If
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a field has ``blank=True``, form validation will allow entry of an empty value.
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If a field has ``blank=False``, the field will be required.
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.. admonition:: Supplying missing values
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``blank=True`` can be used with fields having ``null=False``, but this will
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require implementing :meth:`~django.db.models.Model.clean` on the model in
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order to programmatically supply any missing values.
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.. _field-choices:
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``choices``
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-----------
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.. attribute:: Field.choices
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A :term:`sequence` consisting itself of iterables of exactly two items (e.g.
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``[(A, B), (A, B) ...]``) to use as choices for this field. If choices are
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given, they're enforced by :ref:`model validation <validating-objects>` and the
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default form widget will be a select box with these choices instead of the
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standard text field.
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The first element in each tuple is the actual value to be set on the model,
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and the second element is the human-readable name. For example::
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YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = [
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('FR', 'Freshman'),
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('SO', 'Sophomore'),
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('JR', 'Junior'),
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('SR', 'Senior'),
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('GR', 'Graduate'),
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]
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Generally, it's best to define choices inside a model class, and to
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define a suitably-named constant for each value::
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from django.db import models
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class Student(models.Model):
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FRESHMAN = 'FR'
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SOPHOMORE = 'SO'
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JUNIOR = 'JR'
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SENIOR = 'SR'
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GRADUATE = 'GR'
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YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = [
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(FRESHMAN, 'Freshman'),
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(SOPHOMORE, 'Sophomore'),
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(JUNIOR, 'Junior'),
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(SENIOR, 'Senior'),
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(GRADUATE, 'Graduate'),
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]
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year_in_school = models.CharField(
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max_length=2,
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choices=YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES,
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default=FRESHMAN,
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)
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def is_upperclass(self):
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return self.year_in_school in {self.JUNIOR, self.SENIOR}
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Though you can define a choices list outside of a model class and then
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refer to it, defining the choices and names for each choice inside the
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model class keeps all of that information with the class that uses it,
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and helps reference the choices (e.g, ``Student.SOPHOMORE``
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will work anywhere that the ``Student`` model has been imported).
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.. _field-choices-named-groups:
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You can also collect your available choices into named groups that can
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be used for organizational purposes::
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MEDIA_CHOICES = [
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('Audio', (
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('vinyl', 'Vinyl'),
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('cd', 'CD'),
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)
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),
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('Video', (
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('vhs', 'VHS Tape'),
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('dvd', 'DVD'),
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)
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),
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('unknown', 'Unknown'),
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]
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The first element in each tuple is the name to apply to the group. The
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second element is an iterable of 2-tuples, with each 2-tuple containing
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a value and a human-readable name for an option. Grouped options may be
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combined with ungrouped options within a single list (such as the
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``'unknown'`` option in this example).
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For each model field that has :attr:`~Field.choices` set, Django will add a
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method to retrieve the human-readable name for the field's current value. See
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:meth:`~django.db.models.Model.get_FOO_display` in the database API
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documentation.
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Note that choices can be any sequence object -- not necessarily a list or
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tuple. This lets you construct choices dynamically. But if you find yourself
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hacking :attr:`~Field.choices` to be dynamic, you're probably better off using
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a proper database table with a :class:`ForeignKey`. :attr:`~Field.choices` is
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meant for static data that doesn't change much, if ever.
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.. note::
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A new migration is created each time the order of ``choices`` changes.
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.. _field-choices-blank-label:
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Unless :attr:`blank=False<Field.blank>` is set on the field along with a
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:attr:`~Field.default` then a label containing ``"---------"`` will be rendered
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with the select box. To override this behavior, add a tuple to ``choices``
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containing ``None``; e.g. ``(None, 'Your String For Display')``.
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Alternatively, you can use an empty string instead of ``None`` where this makes
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sense - such as on a :class:`~django.db.models.CharField`.
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.. _field-choices-enum-types:
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Enumeration types
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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In addition, Django provides enumeration types that you can subclass to define
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choices in a concise way::
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from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
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class Student(models.Model):
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class YearInSchool(models.TextChoices):
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FRESHMAN = 'FR', _('Freshman')
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SOPHOMORE = 'SO', _('Sophomore')
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JUNIOR = 'JR', _('Junior')
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SENIOR = 'SR', _('Senior')
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GRADUATE = 'GR', _('Graduate')
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year_in_school = models.CharField(
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max_length=2,
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choices=YearInSchool.choices,
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default=YearInSchool.FRESHMAN,
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)
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def is_upperclass(self):
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return self.year_in_school in {
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self.YearInSchool.JUNIOR,
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self.YearInSchool.SENIOR,
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}
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These work similar to :mod:`enum` from Python's standard library, but with some
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modifications:
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* Enum member values are a tuple of arguments to use when constructing the
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concrete data type. Django supports adding an extra string value to the end
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of this tuple to be used as the human-readable name, or ``label``. The
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``label`` can be a lazy translatable string. Thus, in most cases, the member
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value will be a ``(value, label)`` two-tuple. See below for :ref:`an example
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of subclassing choices <field-choices-enum-subclassing>` using a more complex
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data type. If a tuple is not provided, or the last item is not a (lazy)
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string, the ``label`` is :ref:`automatically generated
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<field-choices-enum-auto-label>` from the member name.
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* A ``.label`` property is added on values, to return the human-readable name.
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* A number of custom properties are added to the enumeration classes --
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``.choices``, ``.labels``, ``.values``, and ``.names`` -- to make it easier
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to access lists of those separate parts of the enumeration. Use ``.choices``
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as a suitable value to pass to :attr:`~Field.choices` in a field definition.
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.. warning::
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These property names cannot be used as member names as they would conflict.
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* The use of :func:`enum.unique()` is enforced to ensure that values cannot be
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defined multiple times. This is unlikely to be expected in choices for a
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field.
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Note that using ``YearInSchool.SENIOR``, ``YearInSchool['SENIOR']``, or
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``YearInSchool('SR')`` to access or lookup enum members work as expected, as do
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the ``.name`` and ``.value`` properties on the members.
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.. _field-choices-enum-auto-label:
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If you don't need to have the human-readable names translated, you can have
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them inferred from the member name (replacing underscores with spaces and using
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title-case)::
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>>> class Vehicle(models.TextChoices):
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... CAR = 'C'
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... TRUCK = 'T'
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... JET_SKI = 'J'
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...
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>>> Vehicle.JET_SKI.label
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'Jet Ski'
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Since the case where the enum values need to be integers is extremely common,
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Django provides an ``IntegerChoices`` class. For example::
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class Card(models.Model):
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class Suit(models.IntegerChoices):
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DIAMOND = 1
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SPADE = 2
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HEART = 3
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CLUB = 4
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suit = models.IntegerField(choices=Suit.choices)
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It is also possible to make use of the `Enum Functional API
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<https://docs.python.org/3/library/enum.html#functional-api>`_ with the caveat
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that labels are automatically generated as highlighted above::
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>>> MedalType = models.TextChoices('MedalType', 'GOLD SILVER BRONZE')
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>>> MedalType.choices
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[('GOLD', 'Gold'), ('SILVER', 'Silver'), ('BRONZE', 'Bronze')]
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>>> Place = models.IntegerChoices('Place', 'FIRST SECOND THIRD')
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>>> Place.choices
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[(1, 'First'), (2, 'Second'), (3, 'Third')]
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.. _field-choices-enum-subclassing:
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If you require support for a concrete data type other than ``int`` or ``str``,
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you can subclass ``Choices`` and the required concrete data type, e.g.
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:class:`~datetime.date` for use with :class:`~django.db.models.DateField`::
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class MoonLandings(datetime.date, models.Choices):
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APOLLO_11 = 1969, 7, 20, 'Apollo 11 (Eagle)'
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APOLLO_12 = 1969, 11, 19, 'Apollo 12 (Intrepid)'
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APOLLO_14 = 1971, 2, 5, 'Apollo 14 (Antares)'
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APOLLO_15 = 1971, 7, 30, 'Apollo 15 (Falcon)'
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APOLLO_16 = 1972, 4, 21, 'Apollo 16 (Orion)'
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APOLLO_17 = 1972, 12, 11, 'Apollo 17 (Challenger)'
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There are some additional caveats to be aware of:
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- Enumeration types do not support :ref:`named groups
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<field-choices-named-groups>`.
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- Because an enumeration with a concrete data type requires all values to match
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the type, overriding the :ref:`blank label <field-choices-blank-label>`
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cannot be achieved by creating a member with a value of ``None``. Instead,
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set the ``__empty__`` attribute on the class::
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class Answer(models.IntegerChoices):
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NO = 0, _('No')
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YES = 1, _('Yes')
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__empty__ = _('(Unknown)')
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``db_column``
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-------------
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.. attribute:: Field.db_column
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The name of the database column to use for this field. If this isn't given,
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Django will use the field's name.
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If your database column name is an SQL reserved word, or contains
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characters that aren't allowed in Python variable names -- notably, the
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hyphen -- that's OK. Django quotes column and table names behind the
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scenes.
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``db_index``
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------------
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.. attribute:: Field.db_index
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If ``True``, a database index will be created for this field.
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``db_tablespace``
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-----------------
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.. attribute:: Field.db_tablespace
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The name of the :doc:`database tablespace </topics/db/tablespaces>` to use for
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this field's index, if this field is indexed. The default is the project's
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:setting:`DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE` setting, if set, or the
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:attr:`~Options.db_tablespace` of the model, if any. If the backend doesn't
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support tablespaces for indexes, this option is ignored.
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``default``
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-----------
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.. attribute:: Field.default
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The default value for the field. This can be a value or a callable object. If
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callable it will be called every time a new object is created.
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The default can't be a mutable object (model instance, ``list``, ``set``, etc.),
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as a reference to the same instance of that object would be used as the default
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value in all new model instances. Instead, wrap the desired default in a
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callable. For example, if you want to specify a default ``dict`` for
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:class:`~django.db.models.JSONField`, use a function::
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def contact_default():
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return {"email": "to1@example.com"}
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contact_info = JSONField("ContactInfo", default=contact_default)
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``lambda``\s can't be used for field options like ``default`` because they
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can't be :ref:`serialized by migrations <migration-serializing>`. See that
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documentation for other caveats.
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For fields like :class:`ForeignKey` that map to model instances, defaults
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should be the value of the field they reference (``pk`` unless
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:attr:`~ForeignKey.to_field` is set) instead of model instances.
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The default value is used when new model instances are created and a value
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isn't provided for the field. When the field is a primary key, the default is
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also used when the field is set to ``None``.
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``editable``
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------------
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.. attribute:: Field.editable
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If ``False``, the field will not be displayed in the admin or any other
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:class:`~django.forms.ModelForm`. They are also skipped during :ref:`model
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validation <validating-objects>`. Default is ``True``.
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``error_messages``
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------------------
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.. attribute:: Field.error_messages
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The ``error_messages`` argument lets you override the default messages that the
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field will raise. Pass in a dictionary with keys matching the error messages you
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want to override.
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Error message keys include ``null``, ``blank``, ``invalid``, ``invalid_choice``,
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``unique``, and ``unique_for_date``. Additional error message keys are
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specified for each field in the `Field types`_ section below.
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These error messages often don't propagate to forms. See
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:ref:`considerations-regarding-model-errormessages`.
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``help_text``
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-------------
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.. attribute:: Field.help_text
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Extra "help" text to be displayed with the form widget. It's useful for
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documentation even if your field isn't used on a form.
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Note that this value is *not* HTML-escaped in automatically-generated
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forms. This lets you include HTML in :attr:`~Field.help_text` if you so
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desire. For example::
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help_text="Please use the following format: <em>YYYY-MM-DD</em>."
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Alternatively you can use plain text and
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:func:`django.utils.html.escape` to escape any HTML special characters. Ensure
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that you escape any help text that may come from untrusted users to avoid a
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cross-site scripting attack.
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``primary_key``
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---------------
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.. attribute:: Field.primary_key
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If ``True``, this field is the primary key for the model.
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If you don't specify ``primary_key=True`` for any field in your model, Django
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will automatically add a field to hold the primary key, so you don't need to
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set ``primary_key=True`` on any of your fields unless you want to override the
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default primary-key behavior. The type of auto-created primary key fields can
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be specified per app in :attr:`AppConfig.default_auto_field
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<django.apps.AppConfig.default_auto_field>` or globally in the
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:setting:`DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD` setting. For more, see
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:ref:`automatic-primary-key-fields`.
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``primary_key=True`` implies :attr:`null=False <Field.null>` and
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:attr:`unique=True <Field.unique>`. Only one primary key is allowed on an
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object.
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The primary key field is read-only. If you change the value of the primary
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key on an existing object and then save it, a new object will be created
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alongside the old one.
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``unique``
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----------
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.. attribute:: Field.unique
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If ``True``, this field must be unique throughout the table.
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This is enforced at the database level and by model validation. If
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you try to save a model with a duplicate value in a :attr:`~Field.unique`
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field, a :exc:`django.db.IntegrityError` will be raised by the model's
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:meth:`~django.db.models.Model.save` method.
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This option is valid on all field types except :class:`ManyToManyField` and
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:class:`OneToOneField`.
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Note that when ``unique`` is ``True``, you don't need to specify
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:attr:`~Field.db_index`, because ``unique`` implies the creation of an index.
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``unique_for_date``
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-------------------
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.. attribute:: Field.unique_for_date
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Set this to the name of a :class:`DateField` or :class:`DateTimeField` to
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require that this field be unique for the value of the date field.
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For example, if you have a field ``title`` that has
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``unique_for_date="pub_date"``, then Django wouldn't allow the entry of two
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records with the same ``title`` and ``pub_date``.
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Note that if you set this to point to a :class:`DateTimeField`, only the date
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portion of the field will be considered. Besides, when :setting:`USE_TZ` is
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``True``, the check will be performed in the :ref:`current time zone
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<default-current-time-zone>` at the time the object gets saved.
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This is enforced by :meth:`Model.validate_unique()` during model validation
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but not at the database level. If any :attr:`~Field.unique_for_date` constraint
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involves fields that are not part of a :class:`~django.forms.ModelForm` (for
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example, if one of the fields is listed in ``exclude`` or has
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:attr:`editable=False<Field.editable>`), :meth:`Model.validate_unique()` will
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skip validation for that particular constraint.
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``unique_for_month``
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--------------------
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.. attribute:: Field.unique_for_month
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|
|
Like :attr:`~Field.unique_for_date`, but requires the field to be unique with
|
|
respect to the month.
|
|
|
|
``unique_for_year``
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.unique_for_year
|
|
|
|
Like :attr:`~Field.unique_for_date` and :attr:`~Field.unique_for_month`.
|
|
|
|
``verbose_name``
|
|
----------------
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.verbose_name
|
|
|
|
A human-readable name for the field. If the verbose name isn't given, Django
|
|
will automatically create it using the field's attribute name, converting
|
|
underscores to spaces. See :ref:`Verbose field names <verbose-field-names>`.
|
|
|
|
``validators``
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.validators
|
|
|
|
A list of validators to run for this field. See the :doc:`validators
|
|
documentation </ref/validators>` for more information.
|
|
|
|
Registering and fetching lookups
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
``Field`` implements the :ref:`lookup registration API <lookup-registration-api>`.
|
|
The API can be used to customize which lookups are available for a field class, and
|
|
how lookups are fetched from a field.
|
|
|
|
.. _model-field-types:
|
|
|
|
Field types
|
|
===========
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: django.db.models
|
|
|
|
``AutoField``
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: AutoField(**options)
|
|
|
|
An :class:`IntegerField` that automatically increments
|
|
according to available IDs. You usually won't need to use this directly; a
|
|
primary key field will automatically be added to your model if you don't specify
|
|
otherwise. See :ref:`automatic-primary-key-fields`.
|
|
|
|
``BigAutoField``
|
|
----------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: BigAutoField(**options)
|
|
|
|
A 64-bit integer, much like an :class:`AutoField` except that it is
|
|
guaranteed to fit numbers from ``1`` to ``9223372036854775807``.
|
|
|
|
``BigIntegerField``
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: BigIntegerField(**options)
|
|
|
|
A 64-bit integer, much like an :class:`IntegerField` except that it is
|
|
guaranteed to fit numbers from ``-9223372036854775808`` to
|
|
``9223372036854775807``. The default form widget for this field is a
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.NumberInput`.
|
|
|
|
``BinaryField``
|
|
---------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: BinaryField(max_length=None, **options)
|
|
|
|
A field to store raw binary data. It can be assigned :class:`bytes`,
|
|
:class:`bytearray`, or :class:`memoryview`.
|
|
|
|
By default, ``BinaryField`` sets :attr:`~Field.editable` to ``False``, in which
|
|
case it can't be included in a :class:`~django.forms.ModelForm`.
|
|
|
|
``BinaryField`` has one extra optional argument:
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: BinaryField.max_length
|
|
|
|
The maximum length (in bytes) of the field. The maximum length is enforced
|
|
in Django's validation using
|
|
:class:`~django.core.validators.MaxLengthValidator`.
|
|
|
|
.. admonition:: Abusing ``BinaryField``
|
|
|
|
Although you might think about storing files in the database, consider that
|
|
it is bad design in 99% of the cases. This field is *not* a replacement for
|
|
proper :doc:`static files </howto/static-files/index>` handling.
|
|
|
|
``BooleanField``
|
|
----------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: BooleanField(**options)
|
|
|
|
A true/false field.
|
|
|
|
The default form widget for this field is :class:`~django.forms.CheckboxInput`,
|
|
or :class:`~django.forms.NullBooleanSelect` if :attr:`null=True <Field.null>`.
|
|
|
|
The default value of ``BooleanField`` is ``None`` when :attr:`Field.default`
|
|
isn't defined.
|
|
|
|
``CharField``
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: CharField(max_length=None, **options)
|
|
|
|
A string field, for small- to large-sized strings.
|
|
|
|
For large amounts of text, use :class:`~django.db.models.TextField`.
|
|
|
|
The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.TextInput`.
|
|
|
|
:class:`CharField` has two extra arguments:
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: CharField.max_length
|
|
|
|
Required. The maximum length (in characters) of the field. The max_length
|
|
is enforced at the database level and in Django's validation using
|
|
:class:`~django.core.validators.MaxLengthValidator`.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
If you are writing an application that must be portable to multiple
|
|
database backends, you should be aware that there are restrictions on
|
|
``max_length`` for some backends. Refer to the :doc:`database backend
|
|
notes </ref/databases>` for details.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: CharField.db_collation
|
|
|
|
Optional. The database collation name of the field.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
Collation names are not standardized. As such, this will not be
|
|
portable across multiple database backends.
|
|
|
|
.. admonition:: Oracle
|
|
|
|
Oracle supports collations only when the ``MAX_STRING_SIZE`` database
|
|
initialization parameter is set to ``EXTENDED``.
|
|
|
|
``DateField``
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: DateField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)
|
|
|
|
A date, represented in Python by a ``datetime.date`` instance. Has a few extra,
|
|
optional arguments:
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: DateField.auto_now
|
|
|
|
Automatically set the field to now every time the object is saved. Useful
|
|
for "last-modified" timestamps. Note that the current date is *always*
|
|
used; it's not just a default value that you can override.
|
|
|
|
The field is only automatically updated when calling :meth:`Model.save()
|
|
<django.db.models.Model.save>`. The field isn't updated when making updates
|
|
to other fields in other ways such as :meth:`QuerySet.update()
|
|
<django.db.models.query.QuerySet.update>`, though you can specify a custom
|
|
value for the field in an update like that.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: DateField.auto_now_add
|
|
|
|
Automatically set the field to now when the object is first created. Useful
|
|
for creation of timestamps. Note that the current date is *always* used;
|
|
it's not just a default value that you can override. So even if you
|
|
set a value for this field when creating the object, it will be ignored.
|
|
If you want to be able to modify this field, set the following instead of
|
|
``auto_now_add=True``:
|
|
|
|
* For :class:`DateField`: ``default=date.today`` - from
|
|
:meth:`datetime.date.today`
|
|
* For :class:`DateTimeField`: ``default=timezone.now`` - from
|
|
:func:`django.utils.timezone.now`
|
|
|
|
The default form widget for this field is a
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.DateInput`. The admin adds a JavaScript calendar,
|
|
and a shortcut for "Today". Includes an additional ``invalid_date`` error
|
|
message key.
|
|
|
|
The options ``auto_now_add``, ``auto_now``, and ``default`` are mutually exclusive.
|
|
Any combination of these options will result in an error.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
As currently implemented, setting ``auto_now`` or ``auto_now_add`` to
|
|
``True`` will cause the field to have ``editable=False`` and ``blank=True``
|
|
set.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
The ``auto_now`` and ``auto_now_add`` options will always use the date in
|
|
the :ref:`default timezone <default-current-time-zone>` at the moment of
|
|
creation or update. If you need something different, you may want to
|
|
consider using your own callable default or overriding ``save()`` instead
|
|
of using ``auto_now`` or ``auto_now_add``; or using a ``DateTimeField``
|
|
instead of a ``DateField`` and deciding how to handle the conversion from
|
|
datetime to date at display time.
|
|
|
|
``DateTimeField``
|
|
-----------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: DateTimeField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)
|
|
|
|
A date and time, represented in Python by a ``datetime.datetime`` instance.
|
|
Takes the same extra arguments as :class:`DateField`.
|
|
|
|
The default form widget for this field is a single
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.DateTimeInput`. The admin uses two separate
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.TextInput` widgets with JavaScript shortcuts.
|
|
|
|
``DecimalField``
|
|
----------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: DecimalField(max_digits=None, decimal_places=None, **options)
|
|
|
|
A fixed-precision decimal number, represented in Python by a
|
|
:class:`~decimal.Decimal` instance. It validates the input using
|
|
:class:`~django.core.validators.DecimalValidator`.
|
|
|
|
Has two **required** arguments:
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: DecimalField.max_digits
|
|
|
|
The maximum number of digits allowed in the number. Note that this number
|
|
must be greater than or equal to ``decimal_places``.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: DecimalField.decimal_places
|
|
|
|
The number of decimal places to store with the number.
|
|
|
|
For example, to store numbers up to ``999.99`` with a resolution of 2 decimal
|
|
places, you'd use::
|
|
|
|
models.DecimalField(..., max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
|
|
|
|
And to store numbers up to approximately one billion with a resolution of 10
|
|
decimal places::
|
|
|
|
models.DecimalField(..., max_digits=19, decimal_places=10)
|
|
|
|
The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.NumberInput`
|
|
when :attr:`~django.forms.Field.localize` is ``False`` or
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.TextInput` otherwise.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
For more information about the differences between the
|
|
:class:`FloatField` and :class:`DecimalField` classes, please
|
|
see :ref:`FloatField vs. DecimalField <floatfield_vs_decimalfield>`. You
|
|
should also be aware of :ref:`SQLite limitations <sqlite-decimal-handling>`
|
|
of decimal fields.
|
|
|
|
``DurationField``
|
|
-----------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: DurationField(**options)
|
|
|
|
A field for storing periods of time - modeled in Python by
|
|
:class:`~python:datetime.timedelta`. When used on PostgreSQL, the data type
|
|
used is an ``interval`` and on Oracle the data type is ``INTERVAL DAY(9) TO
|
|
SECOND(6)``. Otherwise a ``bigint`` of microseconds is used.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
Arithmetic with ``DurationField`` works in most cases. However on all
|
|
databases other than PostgreSQL, comparing the value of a ``DurationField``
|
|
to arithmetic on ``DateTimeField`` instances will not work as expected.
|
|
|
|
``EmailField``
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: EmailField(max_length=254, **options)
|
|
|
|
A :class:`CharField` that checks that the value is a valid email address using
|
|
:class:`~django.core.validators.EmailValidator`.
|
|
|
|
``FileField``
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: FileField(upload_to=None, max_length=100, **options)
|
|
|
|
A file-upload field.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
The ``primary_key`` argument isn't supported and will raise an error if
|
|
used.
|
|
|
|
Has two optional arguments:
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: FileField.upload_to
|
|
|
|
This attribute provides a way of setting the upload directory and file name,
|
|
and can be set in two ways. In both cases, the value is passed to the
|
|
:meth:`Storage.save() <django.core.files.storage.Storage.save>` method.
|
|
|
|
If you specify a string value or a :class:`~pathlib.Path`, it may contain
|
|
:func:`~time.strftime` formatting, which will be replaced by the date/time
|
|
of the file upload (so that uploaded files don't fill up the given
|
|
directory). For example::
|
|
|
|
class MyModel(models.Model):
|
|
# file will be uploaded to MEDIA_ROOT/uploads
|
|
upload = models.FileField(upload_to='uploads/')
|
|
# or...
|
|
# file will be saved to MEDIA_ROOT/uploads/2015/01/30
|
|
upload = models.FileField(upload_to='uploads/%Y/%m/%d/')
|
|
|
|
If you are using the default
|
|
:class:`~django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage`, the string value
|
|
will be appended to your :setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` path to form the location on
|
|
the local filesystem where uploaded files will be stored. If you are using
|
|
a different storage, check that storage's documentation to see how it
|
|
handles ``upload_to``.
|
|
|
|
``upload_to`` may also be a callable, such as a function. This will be
|
|
called to obtain the upload path, including the filename. This callable must
|
|
accept two arguments and return a Unix-style path (with forward slashes)
|
|
to be passed along to the storage system. The two arguments are:
|
|
|
|
====================== ===============================================
|
|
Argument Description
|
|
====================== ===============================================
|
|
``instance`` An instance of the model where the
|
|
``FileField`` is defined. More specifically,
|
|
this is the particular instance where the
|
|
current file is being attached.
|
|
|
|
In most cases, this object will not have been
|
|
saved to the database yet, so if it uses the
|
|
default ``AutoField``, *it might not yet have a
|
|
value for its primary key field*.
|
|
|
|
``filename`` The filename that was originally given to the
|
|
file. This may or may not be taken into account
|
|
when determining the final destination path.
|
|
====================== ===============================================
|
|
|
|
For example::
|
|
|
|
def user_directory_path(instance, filename):
|
|
# file will be uploaded to MEDIA_ROOT/user_<id>/<filename>
|
|
return 'user_{0}/{1}'.format(instance.user.id, filename)
|
|
|
|
class MyModel(models.Model):
|
|
upload = models.FileField(upload_to=user_directory_path)
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: FileField.storage
|
|
|
|
A storage object, or a callable which returns a storage object. This
|
|
handles the storage and retrieval of your files. See :doc:`/topics/files`
|
|
for details on how to provide this object.
|
|
|
|
The default form widget for this field is a
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.ClearableFileInput`.
|
|
|
|
Using a :class:`FileField` or an :class:`ImageField` (see below) in a model
|
|
takes a few steps:
|
|
|
|
#. In your settings file, you'll need to define :setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` as the
|
|
full path to a directory where you'd like Django to store uploaded files.
|
|
(For performance, these files are not stored in the database.) Define
|
|
:setting:`MEDIA_URL` as the base public URL of that directory. Make sure
|
|
that this directory is writable by the web server's user account.
|
|
|
|
#. Add the :class:`FileField` or :class:`ImageField` to your model, defining
|
|
the :attr:`~FileField.upload_to` option to specify a subdirectory of
|
|
:setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` to use for uploaded files.
|
|
|
|
#. All that will be stored in your database is a path to the file
|
|
(relative to :setting:`MEDIA_ROOT`). You'll most likely want to use the
|
|
convenience :attr:`~django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.url` attribute
|
|
provided by Django. For example, if your :class:`ImageField` is called
|
|
``mug_shot``, you can get the absolute path to your image in a template with
|
|
``{{ object.mug_shot.url }}``.
|
|
|
|
For example, say your :setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` is set to ``'/home/media'``, and
|
|
:attr:`~FileField.upload_to` is set to ``'photos/%Y/%m/%d'``. The ``'%Y/%m/%d'``
|
|
part of :attr:`~FileField.upload_to` is :func:`~time.strftime` formatting;
|
|
``'%Y'`` is the four-digit year, ``'%m'`` is the two-digit month and ``'%d'`` is
|
|
the two-digit day. If you upload a file on Jan. 15, 2007, it will be saved in
|
|
the directory ``/home/media/photos/2007/01/15``.
|
|
|
|
If you wanted to retrieve the uploaded file's on-disk filename, or the file's
|
|
size, you could use the :attr:`~django.core.files.File.name` and
|
|
:attr:`~django.core.files.File.size` attributes respectively; for more
|
|
information on the available attributes and methods, see the
|
|
:class:`~django.core.files.File` class reference and the :doc:`/topics/files`
|
|
topic guide.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
The file is saved as part of saving the model in the database, so the actual
|
|
file name used on disk cannot be relied on until after the model has been
|
|
saved.
|
|
|
|
The uploaded file's relative URL can be obtained using the
|
|
:attr:`~django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.url` attribute. Internally,
|
|
this calls the :meth:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage.url` method of the
|
|
underlying :class:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage` class.
|
|
|
|
.. _file-upload-security:
|
|
|
|
Note that whenever you deal with uploaded files, you should pay close attention
|
|
to where you're uploading them and what type of files they are, to avoid
|
|
security holes. *Validate all uploaded files* so that you're sure the files are
|
|
what you think they are. For example, if you blindly let somebody upload files,
|
|
without validation, to a directory that's within your web server's document
|
|
root, then somebody could upload a CGI or PHP script and execute that script by
|
|
visiting its URL on your site. Don't allow that.
|
|
|
|
Also note that even an uploaded HTML file, since it can be executed by the
|
|
browser (though not by the server), can pose security threats that are
|
|
equivalent to XSS or CSRF attacks.
|
|
|
|
:class:`FileField` instances are created in your database as ``varchar``
|
|
columns with a default max length of 100 characters. As with other fields, you
|
|
can change the maximum length using the :attr:`~CharField.max_length` argument.
|
|
|
|
``FileField`` and ``FieldFile``
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: django.db.models.fields.files
|
|
|
|
.. class:: FieldFile
|
|
|
|
When you access a :class:`~django.db.models.FileField` on a model, you are
|
|
given an instance of :class:`FieldFile` as a proxy for accessing the underlying
|
|
file.
|
|
|
|
The API of :class:`FieldFile` mirrors that of :class:`~django.core.files.File`,
|
|
with one key difference: *The object wrapped by the class is not necessarily a
|
|
wrapper around Python's built-in file object.* Instead, it is a wrapper around
|
|
the result of the :attr:`Storage.open()<django.core.files.storage.Storage.open>`
|
|
method, which may be a :class:`~django.core.files.File` object, or it may be a
|
|
custom storage's implementation of the :class:`~django.core.files.File` API.
|
|
|
|
In addition to the API inherited from :class:`~django.core.files.File` such as
|
|
``read()`` and ``write()``, :class:`FieldFile` includes several methods that
|
|
can be used to interact with the underlying file:
|
|
|
|
.. warning::
|
|
|
|
Two methods of this class, :meth:`~FieldFile.save` and
|
|
:meth:`~FieldFile.delete`, default to saving the model object of the
|
|
associated ``FieldFile`` in the database.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: FieldFile.name
|
|
|
|
The name of the file including the relative path from the root of the
|
|
:class:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage` of the associated
|
|
:class:`~django.db.models.FileField`.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: FieldFile.path
|
|
|
|
A read-only property to access the file's local filesystem path by calling the
|
|
:meth:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage.path` method of the underlying
|
|
:class:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage` class.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: FieldFile.size
|
|
|
|
The result of the underlying :attr:`Storage.size()
|
|
<django.core.files.storage.Storage.size>` method.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: FieldFile.url
|
|
|
|
A read-only property to access the file's relative URL by calling the
|
|
:meth:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage.url` method of the underlying
|
|
:class:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage` class.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: FieldFile.open(mode='rb')
|
|
|
|
Opens or reopens the file associated with this instance in the specified
|
|
``mode``. Unlike the standard Python ``open()`` method, it doesn't return a
|
|
file descriptor.
|
|
|
|
Since the underlying file is opened implicitly when accessing it, it may be
|
|
unnecessary to call this method except to reset the pointer to the underlying
|
|
file or to change the ``mode``.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: FieldFile.close()
|
|
|
|
Behaves like the standard Python ``file.close()`` method and closes the file
|
|
associated with this instance.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: FieldFile.save(name, content, save=True)
|
|
|
|
This method takes a filename and file contents and passes them to the storage
|
|
class for the field, then associates the stored file with the model field.
|
|
If you want to manually associate file data with
|
|
:class:`~django.db.models.FileField` instances on your model, the ``save()``
|
|
method is used to persist that file data.
|
|
|
|
Takes two required arguments: ``name`` which is the name of the file, and
|
|
``content`` which is an object containing the file's contents. The
|
|
optional ``save`` argument controls whether or not the model instance is
|
|
saved after the file associated with this field has been altered. Defaults to
|
|
``True``.
|
|
|
|
Note that the ``content`` argument should be an instance of
|
|
:class:`django.core.files.File`, not Python's built-in file object.
|
|
You can construct a :class:`~django.core.files.File` from an existing
|
|
Python file object like this::
|
|
|
|
from django.core.files import File
|
|
# Open an existing file using Python's built-in open()
|
|
f = open('/path/to/hello.world')
|
|
myfile = File(f)
|
|
|
|
Or you can construct one from a Python string like this::
|
|
|
|
from django.core.files.base import ContentFile
|
|
myfile = ContentFile("hello world")
|
|
|
|
For more information, see :doc:`/topics/files`.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: FieldFile.delete(save=True)
|
|
|
|
Deletes the file associated with this instance and clears all attributes on
|
|
the field. Note: This method will close the file if it happens to be open when
|
|
``delete()`` is called.
|
|
|
|
The optional ``save`` argument controls whether or not the model instance is
|
|
saved after the file associated with this field has been deleted. Defaults to
|
|
``True``.
|
|
|
|
Note that when a model is deleted, related files are not deleted. If you need
|
|
to cleanup orphaned files, you'll need to handle it yourself (for instance,
|
|
with a custom management command that can be run manually or scheduled to run
|
|
periodically via e.g. cron).
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: django.db.models
|
|
|
|
``FilePathField``
|
|
-----------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: FilePathField(path='', match=None, recursive=False, allow_files=True, allow_folders=False, max_length=100, **options)
|
|
|
|
A :class:`CharField` whose choices are limited to the filenames in a certain
|
|
directory on the filesystem. Has some special arguments, of which the first is
|
|
**required**:
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: FilePathField.path
|
|
|
|
Required. The absolute filesystem path to a directory from which this
|
|
:class:`FilePathField` should get its choices. Example: ``"/home/images"``.
|
|
|
|
``path`` may also be a callable, such as a function to dynamically set the
|
|
path at runtime. Example::
|
|
|
|
import os
|
|
from django.conf import settings
|
|
from django.db import models
|
|
|
|
def images_path():
|
|
return os.path.join(settings.LOCAL_FILE_DIR, 'images')
|
|
|
|
class MyModel(models.Model):
|
|
file = models.FilePathField(path=images_path)
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: FilePathField.match
|
|
|
|
Optional. A regular expression, as a string, that :class:`FilePathField`
|
|
will use to filter filenames. Note that the regex will be applied to the
|
|
base filename, not the full path. Example: ``"foo.*\.txt$"``, which will
|
|
match a file called ``foo23.txt`` but not ``bar.txt`` or ``foo23.png``.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: FilePathField.recursive
|
|
|
|
Optional. Either ``True`` or ``False``. Default is ``False``. Specifies
|
|
whether all subdirectories of :attr:`~FilePathField.path` should be included
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: FilePathField.allow_files
|
|
|
|
Optional. Either ``True`` or ``False``. Default is ``True``. Specifies
|
|
whether files in the specified location should be included. Either this or
|
|
:attr:`~FilePathField.allow_folders` must be ``True``.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: FilePathField.allow_folders
|
|
|
|
Optional. Either ``True`` or ``False``. Default is ``False``. Specifies
|
|
whether folders in the specified location should be included. Either this
|
|
or :attr:`~FilePathField.allow_files` must be ``True``.
|
|
|
|
The one potential gotcha is that :attr:`~FilePathField.match` applies to the
|
|
base filename, not the full path. So, this example::
|
|
|
|
FilePathField(path="/home/images", match="foo.*", recursive=True)
|
|
|
|
...will match ``/home/images/foo.png`` but not ``/home/images/foo/bar.png``
|
|
because the :attr:`~FilePathField.match` applies to the base filename
|
|
(``foo.png`` and ``bar.png``).
|
|
|
|
:class:`FilePathField` instances are created in your database as ``varchar``
|
|
columns with a default max length of 100 characters. As with other fields, you
|
|
can change the maximum length using the :attr:`~CharField.max_length` argument.
|
|
|
|
``FloatField``
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: FloatField(**options)
|
|
|
|
A floating-point number represented in Python by a ``float`` instance.
|
|
|
|
The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.NumberInput`
|
|
when :attr:`~django.forms.Field.localize` is ``False`` or
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.TextInput` otherwise.
|
|
|
|
.. _floatfield_vs_decimalfield:
|
|
|
|
.. admonition:: ``FloatField`` vs. ``DecimalField``
|
|
|
|
The :class:`FloatField` class is sometimes mixed up with the
|
|
:class:`DecimalField` class. Although they both represent real numbers, they
|
|
represent those numbers differently. ``FloatField`` uses Python's ``float``
|
|
type internally, while ``DecimalField`` uses Python's ``Decimal`` type. For
|
|
information on the difference between the two, see Python's documentation
|
|
for the :mod:`decimal` module.
|
|
|
|
``GenericIPAddressField``
|
|
-------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: GenericIPAddressField(protocol='both', unpack_ipv4=False, **options)
|
|
|
|
An IPv4 or IPv6 address, in string format (e.g. ``192.0.2.30`` or
|
|
``2a02:42fe::4``). The default form widget for this field is a
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.TextInput`.
|
|
|
|
The IPv6 address normalization follows :rfc:`4291#section-2.2` section 2.2,
|
|
including using the IPv4 format suggested in paragraph 3 of that section, like
|
|
``::ffff:192.0.2.0``. For example, ``2001:0::0:01`` would be normalized to
|
|
``2001::1``, and ``::ffff:0a0a:0a0a`` to ``::ffff:10.10.10.10``. All characters
|
|
are converted to lowercase.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: GenericIPAddressField.protocol
|
|
|
|
Limits valid inputs to the specified protocol.
|
|
Accepted values are ``'both'`` (default), ``'IPv4'``
|
|
or ``'IPv6'``. Matching is case insensitive.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: GenericIPAddressField.unpack_ipv4
|
|
|
|
Unpacks IPv4 mapped addresses like ``::ffff:192.0.2.1``.
|
|
If this option is enabled that address would be unpacked to
|
|
``192.0.2.1``. Default is disabled. Can only be used
|
|
when ``protocol`` is set to ``'both'``.
|
|
|
|
If you allow for blank values, you have to allow for null values since blank
|
|
values are stored as null.
|
|
|
|
``ImageField``
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: ImageField(upload_to=None, height_field=None, width_field=None, max_length=100, **options)
|
|
|
|
Inherits all attributes and methods from :class:`FileField`, but also
|
|
validates that the uploaded object is a valid image.
|
|
|
|
In addition to the special attributes that are available for :class:`FileField`,
|
|
an :class:`ImageField` also has ``height`` and ``width`` attributes.
|
|
|
|
To facilitate querying on those attributes, :class:`ImageField` has two extra
|
|
optional arguments:
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ImageField.height_field
|
|
|
|
Name of a model field which will be auto-populated with the height of the
|
|
image each time the model instance is saved.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ImageField.width_field
|
|
|
|
Name of a model field which will be auto-populated with the width of the
|
|
image each time the model instance is saved.
|
|
|
|
Requires the `Pillow`_ library.
|
|
|
|
.. _Pillow: https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
|
|
|
|
:class:`ImageField` instances are created in your database as ``varchar``
|
|
columns with a default max length of 100 characters. As with other fields, you
|
|
can change the maximum length using the :attr:`~CharField.max_length` argument.
|
|
|
|
The default form widget for this field is a
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.ClearableFileInput`.
|
|
|
|
``IntegerField``
|
|
----------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: IntegerField(**options)
|
|
|
|
An integer. Values from ``-2147483648`` to ``2147483647`` are safe in all
|
|
databases supported by Django.
|
|
|
|
It uses :class:`~django.core.validators.MinValueValidator` and
|
|
:class:`~django.core.validators.MaxValueValidator` to validate the input based
|
|
on the values that the default database supports.
|
|
|
|
The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.NumberInput`
|
|
when :attr:`~django.forms.Field.localize` is ``False`` or
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.TextInput` otherwise.
|
|
|
|
``JSONField``
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: JSONField(encoder=None, decoder=None, **options)
|
|
|
|
A field for storing JSON encoded data. In Python the data is represented in its
|
|
Python native format: dictionaries, lists, strings, numbers, booleans and
|
|
``None``.
|
|
|
|
``JSONField`` is supported on MariaDB, MySQL 5.7.8+, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and
|
|
SQLite (with the :ref:`JSON1 extension enabled <sqlite-json1>`).
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: JSONField.encoder
|
|
|
|
An optional :py:class:`json.JSONEncoder` subclass to serialize data types
|
|
not supported by the standard JSON serializer (e.g. ``datetime.datetime``
|
|
or :class:`~python:uuid.UUID`). For example, you can use the
|
|
:class:`~django.core.serializers.json.DjangoJSONEncoder` class.
|
|
|
|
Defaults to ``json.JSONEncoder``.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: JSONField.decoder
|
|
|
|
An optional :py:class:`json.JSONDecoder` subclass to deserialize the value
|
|
retrieved from the database. The value will be in the format chosen by the
|
|
custom encoder (most often a string). Your deserialization may need to
|
|
account for the fact that you can't be certain of the input type. For
|
|
example, you run the risk of returning a ``datetime`` that was actually a
|
|
string that just happened to be in the same format chosen for
|
|
``datetime``\s.
|
|
|
|
Defaults to ``json.JSONDecoder``.
|
|
|
|
If you give the field a :attr:`~django.db.models.Field.default`, ensure it's an
|
|
immutable object, such as a ``str``, or a callable object that returns a fresh
|
|
mutable object each time, such as ``dict`` or a function. Providing a mutable
|
|
default object like ``default={}`` or ``default=[]`` shares the one object
|
|
between all model instances.
|
|
|
|
To query ``JSONField`` in the database, see :ref:`querying-jsonfield`.
|
|
|
|
.. admonition:: Indexing
|
|
|
|
:class:`~django.db.models.Index` and :attr:`.Field.db_index` both create a
|
|
B-tree index, which isn't particularly helpful when querying ``JSONField``.
|
|
On PostgreSQL only, you can use
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GinIndex` that is better suited.
|
|
|
|
.. admonition:: PostgreSQL users
|
|
|
|
PostgreSQL has two native JSON based data types: ``json`` and ``jsonb``.
|
|
The main difference between them is how they are stored and how they can be
|
|
queried. PostgreSQL's ``json`` field is stored as the original string
|
|
representation of the JSON and must be decoded on the fly when queried
|
|
based on keys. The ``jsonb`` field is stored based on the actual structure
|
|
of the JSON which allows indexing. The trade-off is a small additional cost
|
|
on writing to the ``jsonb`` field. ``JSONField`` uses ``jsonb``.
|
|
|
|
.. admonition:: Oracle users
|
|
|
|
Oracle Database does not support storing JSON scalar values. Only JSON
|
|
objects and arrays (represented in Python using :py:class:`dict` and
|
|
:py:class:`list`) are supported.
|
|
|
|
``PositiveBigIntegerField``
|
|
---------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: PositiveBigIntegerField(**options)
|
|
|
|
Like a :class:`PositiveIntegerField`, but only allows values under a certain
|
|
(database-dependent) point. Values from ``0`` to ``9223372036854775807`` are
|
|
safe in all databases supported by Django.
|
|
|
|
``PositiveIntegerField``
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: PositiveIntegerField(**options)
|
|
|
|
Like an :class:`IntegerField`, but must be either positive or zero (``0``).
|
|
Values from ``0`` to ``2147483647`` are safe in all databases supported by
|
|
Django. The value ``0`` is accepted for backward compatibility reasons.
|
|
|
|
``PositiveSmallIntegerField``
|
|
-----------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: PositiveSmallIntegerField(**options)
|
|
|
|
Like a :class:`PositiveIntegerField`, but only allows values under a certain
|
|
(database-dependent) point. Values from ``0`` to ``32767`` are safe in all
|
|
databases supported by Django.
|
|
|
|
``SlugField``
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: SlugField(max_length=50, **options)
|
|
|
|
:term:`Slug <slug>` is a newspaper term. A slug is a short label for something,
|
|
containing only letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens. They're generally used
|
|
in URLs.
|
|
|
|
Like a CharField, you can specify :attr:`~CharField.max_length` (read the note
|
|
about database portability and :attr:`~CharField.max_length` in that section,
|
|
too). If :attr:`~CharField.max_length` is not specified, Django will use a
|
|
default length of 50.
|
|
|
|
Implies setting :attr:`Field.db_index` to ``True``.
|
|
|
|
It is often useful to automatically prepopulate a SlugField based on the value
|
|
of some other value. You can do this automatically in the admin using
|
|
:attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.prepopulated_fields`.
|
|
|
|
It uses :class:`~django.core.validators.validate_slug` or
|
|
:class:`~django.core.validators.validate_unicode_slug` for validation.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: SlugField.allow_unicode
|
|
|
|
If ``True``, the field accepts Unicode letters in addition to ASCII
|
|
letters. Defaults to ``False``.
|
|
|
|
``SmallAutoField``
|
|
------------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: SmallAutoField(**options)
|
|
|
|
Like an :class:`AutoField`, but only allows values under a certain
|
|
(database-dependent) limit. Values from ``1`` to ``32767`` are safe in all
|
|
databases supported by Django.
|
|
|
|
``SmallIntegerField``
|
|
---------------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: SmallIntegerField(**options)
|
|
|
|
Like an :class:`IntegerField`, but only allows values under a certain
|
|
(database-dependent) point. Values from ``-32768`` to ``32767`` are safe in all
|
|
databases supported by Django.
|
|
|
|
``TextField``
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: TextField(**options)
|
|
|
|
A large text field. The default form widget for this field is a
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.Textarea`.
|
|
|
|
If you specify a ``max_length`` attribute, it will be reflected in the
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.Textarea` widget of the auto-generated form field.
|
|
However it is not enforced at the model or database level. Use a
|
|
:class:`CharField` for that.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: TextField.db_collation
|
|
|
|
The database collation name of the field.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
Collation names are not standardized. As such, this will not be
|
|
portable across multiple database backends.
|
|
|
|
.. admonition:: Oracle
|
|
|
|
Oracle does not support collations for a ``TextField``.
|
|
|
|
``TimeField``
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: TimeField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)
|
|
|
|
A time, represented in Python by a ``datetime.time`` instance. Accepts the same
|
|
auto-population options as :class:`DateField`.
|
|
|
|
The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.TimeInput`.
|
|
The admin adds some JavaScript shortcuts.
|
|
|
|
``URLField``
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: URLField(max_length=200, **options)
|
|
|
|
A :class:`CharField` for a URL, validated by
|
|
:class:`~django.core.validators.URLValidator`.
|
|
|
|
The default form widget for this field is a :class:`~django.forms.URLInput`.
|
|
|
|
Like all :class:`CharField` subclasses, :class:`URLField` takes the optional
|
|
:attr:`~CharField.max_length` argument. If you don't specify
|
|
:attr:`~CharField.max_length`, a default of 200 is used.
|
|
|
|
``UUIDField``
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: UUIDField(**options)
|
|
|
|
A field for storing universally unique identifiers. Uses Python's
|
|
:class:`~python:uuid.UUID` class. When used on PostgreSQL, this stores in a
|
|
``uuid`` datatype, otherwise in a ``char(32)``.
|
|
|
|
Universally unique identifiers are a good alternative to :class:`AutoField` for
|
|
:attr:`~Field.primary_key`. The database will not generate the UUID for you, so
|
|
it is recommended to use :attr:`~Field.default`::
|
|
|
|
import uuid
|
|
from django.db import models
|
|
|
|
class MyUUIDModel(models.Model):
|
|
id = models.UUIDField(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4, editable=False)
|
|
# other fields
|
|
|
|
Note that a callable (with the parentheses omitted) is passed to ``default``,
|
|
not an instance of ``UUID``.
|
|
|
|
.. admonition:: Lookups on PostgreSQL
|
|
|
|
Using :lookup:`iexact`, :lookup:`contains`, :lookup:`icontains`,
|
|
:lookup:`startswith`, :lookup:`istartswith`, :lookup:`endswith`, or
|
|
:lookup:`iendswith` lookups on PostgreSQL don't work for values without
|
|
hyphens, because PostgreSQL stores them in a hyphenated uuid datatype type.
|
|
|
|
Relationship fields
|
|
===================
|
|
|
|
.. module:: django.db.models.fields.related
|
|
:synopsis: Related field types
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: django.db.models
|
|
|
|
Django also defines a set of fields that represent relations.
|
|
|
|
.. _ref-foreignkey:
|
|
|
|
``ForeignKey``
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: ForeignKey(to, on_delete, **options)
|
|
|
|
A many-to-one relationship. Requires two positional arguments: the class to
|
|
which the model is related and the :attr:`~ForeignKey.on_delete` option.
|
|
|
|
.. _recursive-relationships:
|
|
|
|
To create a recursive relationship -- an object that has a many-to-one
|
|
relationship with itself -- use ``models.ForeignKey('self',
|
|
on_delete=models.CASCADE)``.
|
|
|
|
.. _lazy-relationships:
|
|
|
|
If you need to create a relationship on a model that has not yet been defined,
|
|
you can use the name of the model, rather than the model object itself::
|
|
|
|
from django.db import models
|
|
|
|
class Car(models.Model):
|
|
manufacturer = models.ForeignKey(
|
|
'Manufacturer',
|
|
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
|
|
)
|
|
# ...
|
|
|
|
class Manufacturer(models.Model):
|
|
# ...
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
Relationships defined this way on :ref:`abstract models
|
|
<abstract-base-classes>` are resolved when the model is subclassed as a
|
|
concrete model and are not relative to the abstract model's ``app_label``:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: python
|
|
:caption: products/models.py
|
|
|
|
from django.db import models
|
|
|
|
class AbstractCar(models.Model):
|
|
manufacturer = models.ForeignKey('Manufacturer', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
|
|
|
|
class Meta:
|
|
abstract = True
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: python
|
|
:caption: production/models.py
|
|
|
|
from django.db import models
|
|
from products.models import AbstractCar
|
|
|
|
class Manufacturer(models.Model):
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
class Car(AbstractCar):
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
# Car.manufacturer will point to `production.Manufacturer` here.
|
|
|
|
To refer to models defined in another application, you can explicitly specify
|
|
a model with the full application label. For example, if the ``Manufacturer``
|
|
model above is defined in another application called ``production``, you'd
|
|
need to use::
|
|
|
|
class Car(models.Model):
|
|
manufacturer = models.ForeignKey(
|
|
'production.Manufacturer',
|
|
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
This sort of reference, called a lazy relationship, can be useful when
|
|
resolving circular import dependencies between two applications.
|
|
|
|
A database index is automatically created on the ``ForeignKey``. You can
|
|
disable this by setting :attr:`~Field.db_index` to ``False``. You may want to
|
|
avoid the overhead of an index if you are creating a foreign key for
|
|
consistency rather than joins, or if you will be creating an alternative index
|
|
like a partial or multiple column index.
|
|
|
|
Database Representation
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Behind the scenes, Django appends ``"_id"`` to the field name to create its
|
|
database column name. In the above example, the database table for the ``Car``
|
|
model will have a ``manufacturer_id`` column. (You can change this explicitly by
|
|
specifying :attr:`~Field.db_column`) However, your code should never have to
|
|
deal with the database column name, unless you write custom SQL. You'll always
|
|
deal with the field names of your model object.
|
|
|
|
.. _foreign-key-arguments:
|
|
|
|
Arguments
|
|
~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
:class:`ForeignKey` accepts other arguments that define the details of how the
|
|
relation works.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ForeignKey.on_delete
|
|
|
|
When an object referenced by a :class:`ForeignKey` is deleted, Django will
|
|
emulate the behavior of the SQL constraint specified by the
|
|
:attr:`on_delete` argument. For example, if you have a nullable
|
|
:class:`ForeignKey` and you want it to be set null when the referenced
|
|
object is deleted::
|
|
|
|
user = models.ForeignKey(
|
|
User,
|
|
models.SET_NULL,
|
|
blank=True,
|
|
null=True,
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
``on_delete`` doesn't create an SQL constraint in the database. Support for
|
|
database-level cascade options :ticket:`may be implemented later <21961>`.
|
|
|
|
The possible values for :attr:`~ForeignKey.on_delete` are found in
|
|
:mod:`django.db.models`:
|
|
|
|
* .. attribute:: CASCADE
|
|
|
|
Cascade deletes. Django emulates the behavior of the SQL constraint ON
|
|
DELETE CASCADE and also deletes the object containing the ForeignKey.
|
|
|
|
:meth:`.Model.delete` isn't called on related models, but the
|
|
:data:`~django.db.models.signals.pre_delete` and
|
|
:data:`~django.db.models.signals.post_delete` signals are sent for all
|
|
deleted objects.
|
|
|
|
* .. attribute:: PROTECT
|
|
|
|
Prevent deletion of the referenced object by raising
|
|
:exc:`~django.db.models.ProtectedError`, a subclass of
|
|
:exc:`django.db.IntegrityError`.
|
|
|
|
* .. attribute:: RESTRICT
|
|
|
|
Prevent deletion of the referenced object by raising
|
|
:exc:`~django.db.models.RestrictedError` (a subclass of
|
|
:exc:`django.db.IntegrityError`). Unlike :attr:`PROTECT`, deletion of the
|
|
referenced object is allowed if it also references a different object
|
|
that is being deleted in the same operation, but via a :attr:`CASCADE`
|
|
relationship.
|
|
|
|
Consider this set of models::
|
|
|
|
class Artist(models.Model):
|
|
name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
|
|
|
|
class Album(models.Model):
|
|
artist = models.ForeignKey(Artist, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
|
|
|
|
class Song(models.Model):
|
|
artist = models.ForeignKey(Artist, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
|
|
album = models.ForeignKey(Album, on_delete=models.RESTRICT)
|
|
|
|
``Artist`` can be deleted even if that implies deleting an ``Album``
|
|
which is referenced by a ``Song``, because ``Song`` also references
|
|
``Artist`` itself through a cascading relationship. For example::
|
|
|
|
>>> artist_one = Artist.objects.create(name='artist one')
|
|
>>> artist_two = Artist.objects.create(name='artist two')
|
|
>>> album_one = Album.objects.create(artist=artist_one)
|
|
>>> album_two = Album.objects.create(artist=artist_two)
|
|
>>> song_one = Song.objects.create(artist=artist_one, album=album_one)
|
|
>>> song_two = Song.objects.create(artist=artist_one, album=album_two)
|
|
>>> album_one.delete()
|
|
# Raises RestrictedError.
|
|
>>> artist_two.delete()
|
|
# Raises RestrictedError.
|
|
>>> artist_one.delete()
|
|
(4, {'Song': 2, 'Album': 1, 'Artist': 1})
|
|
|
|
* .. attribute:: SET_NULL
|
|
|
|
Set the :class:`ForeignKey` null; this is only possible if
|
|
:attr:`~Field.null` is ``True``.
|
|
|
|
* .. attribute:: SET_DEFAULT
|
|
|
|
Set the :class:`ForeignKey` to its default value; a default for the
|
|
:class:`ForeignKey` must be set.
|
|
|
|
* .. function:: SET()
|
|
|
|
Set the :class:`ForeignKey` to the value passed to
|
|
:func:`~django.db.models.SET()`, or if a callable is passed in,
|
|
the result of calling it. In most cases, passing a callable will be
|
|
necessary to avoid executing queries at the time your models.py is
|
|
imported::
|
|
|
|
from django.conf import settings
|
|
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
|
|
from django.db import models
|
|
|
|
def get_sentinel_user():
|
|
return get_user_model().objects.get_or_create(username='deleted')[0]
|
|
|
|
class MyModel(models.Model):
|
|
user = models.ForeignKey(
|
|
settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
|
|
on_delete=models.SET(get_sentinel_user),
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
* .. attribute:: DO_NOTHING
|
|
|
|
Take no action. If your database backend enforces referential
|
|
integrity, this will cause an :exc:`~django.db.IntegrityError` unless
|
|
you manually add an SQL ``ON DELETE`` constraint to the database field.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ForeignKey.limit_choices_to
|
|
|
|
Sets a limit to the available choices for this field when this field is
|
|
rendered using a ``ModelForm`` or the admin (by default, all objects
|
|
in the queryset are available to choose). Either a dictionary, a
|
|
:class:`~django.db.models.Q` object, or a callable returning a
|
|
dictionary or :class:`~django.db.models.Q` object can be used.
|
|
|
|
For example::
|
|
|
|
staff_member = models.ForeignKey(
|
|
User,
|
|
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
|
|
limit_choices_to={'is_staff': True},
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
causes the corresponding field on the ``ModelForm`` to list only ``Users``
|
|
that have ``is_staff=True``. This may be helpful in the Django admin.
|
|
|
|
The callable form can be helpful, for instance, when used in conjunction
|
|
with the Python ``datetime`` module to limit selections by date range. For
|
|
example::
|
|
|
|
def limit_pub_date_choices():
|
|
return {'pub_date__lte': datetime.date.today()}
|
|
|
|
limit_choices_to = limit_pub_date_choices
|
|
|
|
If ``limit_choices_to`` is or returns a :class:`Q object
|
|
<django.db.models.Q>`, which is useful for :ref:`complex queries
|
|
<complex-lookups-with-q>`, then it will only have an effect on the choices
|
|
available in the admin when the field is not listed in
|
|
:attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.raw_id_fields` in the
|
|
``ModelAdmin`` for the model.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
If a callable is used for ``limit_choices_to``, it will be invoked
|
|
every time a new form is instantiated. It may also be invoked when a
|
|
model is validated, for example by management commands or the admin.
|
|
The admin constructs querysets to validate its form inputs in various
|
|
edge cases multiple times, so there is a possibility your callable may
|
|
be invoked several times.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ForeignKey.related_name
|
|
|
|
The name to use for the relation from the related object back to this one.
|
|
It's also the default value for :attr:`related_query_name` (the name to use
|
|
for the reverse filter name from the target model). See the :ref:`related
|
|
objects documentation <backwards-related-objects>` for a full explanation
|
|
and example. Note that you must set this value when defining relations on
|
|
:ref:`abstract models <abstract-base-classes>`; and when you do so
|
|
:ref:`some special syntax <abstract-related-name>` is available.
|
|
|
|
If you'd prefer Django not to create a backwards relation, set
|
|
``related_name`` to ``'+'`` or end it with ``'+'``. For example, this will
|
|
ensure that the ``User`` model won't have a backwards relation to this
|
|
model::
|
|
|
|
user = models.ForeignKey(
|
|
User,
|
|
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
|
|
related_name='+',
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ForeignKey.related_query_name
|
|
|
|
The name to use for the reverse filter name from the target model. It
|
|
defaults to the value of :attr:`related_name` or
|
|
:attr:`~django.db.models.Options.default_related_name` if set, otherwise it
|
|
defaults to the name of the model::
|
|
|
|
# Declare the ForeignKey with related_query_name
|
|
class Tag(models.Model):
|
|
article = models.ForeignKey(
|
|
Article,
|
|
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
|
|
related_name="tags",
|
|
related_query_name="tag",
|
|
)
|
|
name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
|
|
|
|
# That's now the name of the reverse filter
|
|
Article.objects.filter(tag__name="important")
|
|
|
|
Like :attr:`related_name`, ``related_query_name`` supports app label and
|
|
class interpolation via :ref:`some special syntax <abstract-related-name>`.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ForeignKey.to_field
|
|
|
|
The field on the related object that the relation is to. By default, Django
|
|
uses the primary key of the related object. If you reference a different
|
|
field, that field must have ``unique=True``.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ForeignKey.db_constraint
|
|
|
|
Controls whether or not a constraint should be created in the database for
|
|
this foreign key. The default is ``True``, and that's almost certainly what
|
|
you want; setting this to ``False`` can be very bad for data integrity.
|
|
That said, here are some scenarios where you might want to do this:
|
|
|
|
* You have legacy data that is not valid.
|
|
* You're sharding your database.
|
|
|
|
If this is set to ``False``, accessing a related object that doesn't exist
|
|
will raise its ``DoesNotExist`` exception.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ForeignKey.swappable
|
|
|
|
Controls the migration framework's reaction if this :class:`ForeignKey`
|
|
is pointing at a swappable model. If it is ``True`` - the default -
|
|
then if the :class:`ForeignKey` is pointing at a model which matches
|
|
the current value of ``settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL`` (or another swappable
|
|
model setting) the relationship will be stored in the migration using
|
|
a reference to the setting, not to the model directly.
|
|
|
|
You only want to override this to be ``False`` if you are sure your
|
|
model should always point toward the swapped-in model - for example,
|
|
if it is a profile model designed specifically for your custom user model.
|
|
|
|
Setting it to ``False`` does not mean you can reference a swappable model
|
|
even if it is swapped out - ``False`` means that the migrations made
|
|
with this ForeignKey will always reference the exact model you specify
|
|
(so it will fail hard if the user tries to run with a User model you don't
|
|
support, for example).
|
|
|
|
If in doubt, leave it to its default of ``True``.
|
|
|
|
``ManyToManyField``
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: ManyToManyField(to, **options)
|
|
|
|
A many-to-many relationship. Requires a positional argument: the class to
|
|
which the model is related, which works exactly the same as it does for
|
|
:class:`ForeignKey`, including :ref:`recursive <recursive-relationships>` and
|
|
:ref:`lazy <lazy-relationships>` relationships.
|
|
|
|
Related objects can be added, removed, or created with the field's
|
|
:class:`~django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager`.
|
|
|
|
Database Representation
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Behind the scenes, Django creates an intermediary join table to represent the
|
|
many-to-many relationship. By default, this table name is generated using the
|
|
name of the many-to-many field and the name of the table for the model that
|
|
contains it. Since some databases don't support table names above a certain
|
|
length, these table names will be automatically truncated and a uniqueness hash
|
|
will be used, e.g. ``author_books_9cdf``. You can manually provide the name of
|
|
the join table using the :attr:`~ManyToManyField.db_table` option.
|
|
|
|
.. _manytomany-arguments:
|
|
|
|
Arguments
|
|
~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
:class:`ManyToManyField` accepts an extra set of arguments -- all optional --
|
|
that control how the relationship functions.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ManyToManyField.related_name
|
|
|
|
Same as :attr:`ForeignKey.related_name`.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ManyToManyField.related_query_name
|
|
|
|
Same as :attr:`ForeignKey.related_query_name`.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ManyToManyField.limit_choices_to
|
|
|
|
Same as :attr:`ForeignKey.limit_choices_to`.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ManyToManyField.symmetrical
|
|
|
|
Only used in the definition of ManyToManyFields on self. Consider the
|
|
following model::
|
|
|
|
from django.db import models
|
|
|
|
class Person(models.Model):
|
|
friends = models.ManyToManyField("self")
|
|
|
|
When Django processes this model, it identifies that it has a
|
|
:class:`ManyToManyField` on itself, and as a result, it doesn't add a
|
|
``person_set`` attribute to the ``Person`` class. Instead, the
|
|
:class:`ManyToManyField` is assumed to be symmetrical -- that is, if I am
|
|
your friend, then you are my friend.
|
|
|
|
If you do not want symmetry in many-to-many relationships with ``self``, set
|
|
:attr:`~ManyToManyField.symmetrical` to ``False``. This will force Django to
|
|
add the descriptor for the reverse relationship, allowing
|
|
:class:`ManyToManyField` relationships to be non-symmetrical.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ManyToManyField.through
|
|
|
|
Django will automatically generate a table to manage many-to-many
|
|
relationships. However, if you want to manually specify the intermediary
|
|
table, you can use the :attr:`~ManyToManyField.through` option to specify
|
|
the Django model that represents the intermediate table that you want to
|
|
use.
|
|
|
|
The most common use for this option is when you want to associate
|
|
:ref:`extra data with a many-to-many relationship
|
|
<intermediary-manytomany>`.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
If you don't want multiple associations between the same instances, add
|
|
a :class:`~django.db.models.UniqueConstraint` including the from and to
|
|
fields. Django's automatically generated many-to-many tables include
|
|
such a constraint.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
Recursive relationships using an intermediary model can't determine the
|
|
reverse accessors names, as they would be the same. You need to set a
|
|
:attr:`~ForeignKey.related_name` to at least one of them. If you'd
|
|
prefer Django not to create a backwards relation, set ``related_name``
|
|
to ``'+'``.
|
|
|
|
If you don't specify an explicit ``through`` model, there is still an
|
|
implicit ``through`` model class you can use to directly access the table
|
|
created to hold the association. It has three fields to link the models.
|
|
|
|
If the source and target models differ, the following fields are
|
|
generated:
|
|
|
|
* ``id``: the primary key of the relation.
|
|
* ``<containing_model>_id``: the ``id`` of the model that declares the
|
|
``ManyToManyField``.
|
|
* ``<other_model>_id``: the ``id`` of the model that the
|
|
``ManyToManyField`` points to.
|
|
|
|
If the ``ManyToManyField`` points from and to the same model, the following
|
|
fields are generated:
|
|
|
|
* ``id``: the primary key of the relation.
|
|
* ``from_<model>_id``: the ``id`` of the instance which points at the
|
|
model (i.e. the source instance).
|
|
* ``to_<model>_id``: the ``id`` of the instance to which the relationship
|
|
points (i.e. the target model instance).
|
|
|
|
This class can be used to query associated records for a given model
|
|
instance like a normal model::
|
|
|
|
Model.m2mfield.through.objects.all()
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ManyToManyField.through_fields
|
|
|
|
Only used when a custom intermediary model is specified. Django will
|
|
normally determine which fields of the intermediary model to use in order
|
|
to establish a many-to-many relationship automatically. However,
|
|
consider the following models::
|
|
|
|
from django.db import models
|
|
|
|
class Person(models.Model):
|
|
name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
|
|
|
|
class Group(models.Model):
|
|
name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
|
|
members = models.ManyToManyField(
|
|
Person,
|
|
through='Membership',
|
|
through_fields=('group', 'person'),
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
class Membership(models.Model):
|
|
group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
|
|
person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
|
|
inviter = models.ForeignKey(
|
|
Person,
|
|
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
|
|
related_name="membership_invites",
|
|
)
|
|
invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64)
|
|
|
|
``Membership`` has *two* foreign keys to ``Person`` (``person`` and
|
|
``inviter``), which makes the relationship ambiguous and Django can't know
|
|
which one to use. In this case, you must explicitly specify which
|
|
foreign keys Django should use using ``through_fields``, as in the example
|
|
above.
|
|
|
|
``through_fields`` accepts a 2-tuple ``('field1', 'field2')``, where
|
|
``field1`` is the name of the foreign key to the model the
|
|
:class:`ManyToManyField` is defined on (``group`` in this case), and
|
|
``field2`` the name of the foreign key to the target model (``person``
|
|
in this case).
|
|
|
|
When you have more than one foreign key on an intermediary model to any
|
|
(or even both) of the models participating in a many-to-many relationship,
|
|
you *must* specify ``through_fields``. This also applies to
|
|
:ref:`recursive relationships <recursive-relationships>`
|
|
when an intermediary model is used and there are more than two
|
|
foreign keys to the model, or you want to explicitly specify which two
|
|
Django should use.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ManyToManyField.db_table
|
|
|
|
The name of the table to create for storing the many-to-many data. If this
|
|
is not provided, Django will assume a default name based upon the names of:
|
|
the table for the model defining the relationship and the name of the field
|
|
itself.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ManyToManyField.db_constraint
|
|
|
|
Controls whether or not constraints should be created in the database for
|
|
the foreign keys in the intermediary table. The default is ``True``, and
|
|
that's almost certainly what you want; setting this to ``False`` can be
|
|
very bad for data integrity. That said, here are some scenarios where you
|
|
might want to do this:
|
|
|
|
* You have legacy data that is not valid.
|
|
* You're sharding your database.
|
|
|
|
It is an error to pass both ``db_constraint`` and ``through``.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: ManyToManyField.swappable
|
|
|
|
Controls the migration framework's reaction if this :class:`ManyToManyField`
|
|
is pointing at a swappable model. If it is ``True`` - the default -
|
|
then if the :class:`ManyToManyField` is pointing at a model which matches
|
|
the current value of ``settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL`` (or another swappable
|
|
model setting) the relationship will be stored in the migration using
|
|
a reference to the setting, not to the model directly.
|
|
|
|
You only want to override this to be ``False`` if you are sure your
|
|
model should always point toward the swapped-in model - for example,
|
|
if it is a profile model designed specifically for your custom user model.
|
|
|
|
If in doubt, leave it to its default of ``True``.
|
|
|
|
:class:`ManyToManyField` does not support :attr:`~Field.validators`.
|
|
|
|
:attr:`~Field.null` has no effect since there is no way to require a
|
|
relationship at the database level.
|
|
|
|
``OneToOneField``
|
|
-----------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: OneToOneField(to, on_delete, parent_link=False, **options)
|
|
|
|
A one-to-one relationship. Conceptually, this is similar to a
|
|
:class:`ForeignKey` with :attr:`unique=True <Field.unique>`, but the
|
|
"reverse" side of the relation will directly return a single object.
|
|
|
|
This is most useful as the primary key of a model which "extends"
|
|
another model in some way; :ref:`multi-table-inheritance` is
|
|
implemented by adding an implicit one-to-one relation from the child
|
|
model to the parent model, for example.
|
|
|
|
One positional argument is required: the class to which the model will be
|
|
related. This works exactly the same as it does for :class:`ForeignKey`,
|
|
including all the options regarding :ref:`recursive <recursive-relationships>`
|
|
and :ref:`lazy <lazy-relationships>` relationships.
|
|
|
|
If you do not specify the :attr:`~ForeignKey.related_name` argument for the
|
|
``OneToOneField``, Django will use the lowercase name of the current model as
|
|
default value.
|
|
|
|
With the following example::
|
|
|
|
from django.conf import settings
|
|
from django.db import models
|
|
|
|
class MySpecialUser(models.Model):
|
|
user = models.OneToOneField(
|
|
settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
|
|
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
|
|
)
|
|
supervisor = models.OneToOneField(
|
|
settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
|
|
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
|
|
related_name='supervisor_of',
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
your resulting ``User`` model will have the following attributes::
|
|
|
|
>>> user = User.objects.get(pk=1)
|
|
>>> hasattr(user, 'myspecialuser')
|
|
True
|
|
>>> hasattr(user, 'supervisor_of')
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
A ``RelatedObjectDoesNotExist`` exception is raised when accessing the reverse
|
|
relationship if an entry in the related table doesn't exist. This is a subclass
|
|
of the target model's :exc:`Model.DoesNotExist
|
|
<django.db.models.Model.DoesNotExist>` exception. For example, if a user
|
|
doesn't have a supervisor designated by ``MySpecialUser``::
|
|
|
|
>>> user.supervisor_of
|
|
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
|
...
|
|
RelatedObjectDoesNotExist: User has no supervisor_of.
|
|
|
|
.. _onetoone-arguments:
|
|
|
|
Additionally, ``OneToOneField`` accepts all of the extra arguments
|
|
accepted by :class:`ForeignKey`, plus one extra argument:
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: OneToOneField.parent_link
|
|
|
|
When ``True`` and used in a model which inherits from another
|
|
:term:`concrete model`, indicates that this field should be used as the
|
|
link back to the parent class, rather than the extra
|
|
``OneToOneField`` which would normally be implicitly created by
|
|
subclassing.
|
|
|
|
See :doc:`One-to-one relationships </topics/db/examples/one_to_one>` for usage
|
|
examples of ``OneToOneField``.
|
|
|
|
Field API reference
|
|
===================
|
|
|
|
.. class:: Field
|
|
|
|
``Field`` is an abstract class that represents a database table column.
|
|
Django uses fields to create the database table (:meth:`db_type`), to map
|
|
Python types to database (:meth:`get_prep_value`) and vice-versa
|
|
(:meth:`from_db_value`).
|
|
|
|
A field is thus a fundamental piece in different Django APIs, notably,
|
|
:class:`models <django.db.models.Model>` and :class:`querysets
|
|
<django.db.models.query.QuerySet>`.
|
|
|
|
In models, a field is instantiated as a class attribute and represents a
|
|
particular table column, see :doc:`/topics/db/models`. It has attributes
|
|
such as :attr:`null` and :attr:`unique`, and methods that Django uses to
|
|
map the field value to database-specific values.
|
|
|
|
A ``Field`` is a subclass of
|
|
:class:`~django.db.models.lookups.RegisterLookupMixin` and thus both
|
|
:class:`~django.db.models.Transform` and
|
|
:class:`~django.db.models.Lookup` can be registered on it to be used
|
|
in ``QuerySet``\s (e.g. ``field_name__exact="foo"``). All :ref:`built-in
|
|
lookups <field-lookups>` are registered by default.
|
|
|
|
All of Django's built-in fields, such as :class:`CharField`, are particular
|
|
implementations of ``Field``. If you need a custom field, you can either
|
|
subclass any of the built-in fields or write a ``Field`` from scratch. In
|
|
either case, see :doc:`/howto/custom-model-fields`.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: description
|
|
|
|
A verbose description of the field, e.g. for the
|
|
:mod:`django.contrib.admindocs` application.
|
|
|
|
The description can be of the form::
|
|
|
|
description = _("String (up to %(max_length)s)")
|
|
|
|
where the arguments are interpolated from the field's ``__dict__``.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: descriptor_class
|
|
|
|
A class implementing the :py:ref:`descriptor protocol <descriptors>`
|
|
that is instantiated and assigned to the model instance attribute. The
|
|
constructor must accept a single argument, the ``Field`` instance.
|
|
Overriding this class attribute allows for customizing the get and set
|
|
behavior.
|
|
|
|
To map a ``Field`` to a database-specific type, Django exposes several
|
|
methods:
|
|
|
|
.. method:: get_internal_type()
|
|
|
|
Returns a string naming this field for backend specific purposes.
|
|
By default, it returns the class name.
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`emulating-built-in-field-types` for usage in custom fields.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: db_type(connection)
|
|
|
|
Returns the database column data type for the :class:`Field`, taking
|
|
into account the ``connection``.
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`custom-database-types` for usage in custom fields.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: rel_db_type(connection)
|
|
|
|
Returns the database column data type for fields such as ``ForeignKey``
|
|
and ``OneToOneField`` that point to the :class:`Field`, taking
|
|
into account the ``connection``.
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`custom-database-types` for usage in custom fields.
|
|
|
|
There are three main situations where Django needs to interact with the
|
|
database backend and fields:
|
|
|
|
* when it queries the database (Python value -> database backend value)
|
|
* when it loads data from the database (database backend value -> Python
|
|
value)
|
|
* when it saves to the database (Python value -> database backend value)
|
|
|
|
When querying, :meth:`get_db_prep_value` and :meth:`get_prep_value` are used:
|
|
|
|
.. method:: get_prep_value(value)
|
|
|
|
``value`` is the current value of the model's attribute, and the method
|
|
should return data in a format that has been prepared for use as a
|
|
parameter in a query.
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`converting-python-objects-to-query-values` for usage.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: get_db_prep_value(value, connection, prepared=False)
|
|
|
|
Converts ``value`` to a backend-specific value. By default it returns
|
|
``value`` if ``prepared=True`` and :meth:`~Field.get_prep_value` if is
|
|
``False``.
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`converting-query-values-to-database-values` for usage.
|
|
|
|
When loading data, :meth:`from_db_value` is used:
|
|
|
|
.. method:: from_db_value(value, expression, connection)
|
|
|
|
Converts a value as returned by the database to a Python object. It is
|
|
the reverse of :meth:`get_prep_value`.
|
|
|
|
This method is not used for most built-in fields as the database
|
|
backend already returns the correct Python type, or the backend itself
|
|
does the conversion.
|
|
|
|
``expression`` is the same as ``self``.
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`converting-values-to-python-objects` for usage.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
For performance reasons, ``from_db_value`` is not implemented as a
|
|
no-op on fields which do not require it (all Django fields).
|
|
Consequently you may not call ``super`` in your definition.
|
|
|
|
When saving, :meth:`pre_save` and :meth:`get_db_prep_save` are used:
|
|
|
|
.. method:: get_db_prep_save(value, connection)
|
|
|
|
Same as the :meth:`get_db_prep_value`, but called when the field value
|
|
must be *saved* to the database. By default returns
|
|
:meth:`get_db_prep_value`.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: pre_save(model_instance, add)
|
|
|
|
Method called prior to :meth:`get_db_prep_save` to prepare the value
|
|
before being saved (e.g. for :attr:`DateField.auto_now`).
|
|
|
|
``model_instance`` is the instance this field belongs to and ``add``
|
|
is whether the instance is being saved to the database for the first
|
|
time.
|
|
|
|
It should return the value of the appropriate attribute from
|
|
``model_instance`` for this field. The attribute name is in
|
|
``self.attname`` (this is set up by :class:`~django.db.models.Field`).
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`preprocessing-values-before-saving` for usage.
|
|
|
|
Fields often receive their values as a different type, either from
|
|
serialization or from forms.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: to_python(value)
|
|
|
|
Converts the value into the correct Python object. It acts as the
|
|
reverse of :meth:`value_to_string`, and is also called in
|
|
:meth:`~django.db.models.Model.clean`.
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`converting-values-to-python-objects` for usage.
|
|
|
|
Besides saving to the database, the field also needs to know how to
|
|
serialize its value:
|
|
|
|
.. method:: value_from_object(obj)
|
|
|
|
Returns the field's value for the given model instance.
|
|
|
|
This method is often used by :meth:`value_to_string`.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: value_to_string(obj)
|
|
|
|
Converts ``obj`` to a string. Used to serialize the value of the field.
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`converting-model-field-to-serialization` for usage.
|
|
|
|
When using :class:`model forms <django.forms.ModelForm>`, the ``Field``
|
|
needs to know which form field it should be represented by:
|
|
|
|
.. method:: formfield(form_class=None, choices_form_class=None, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
Returns the default :class:`django.forms.Field` of this field for
|
|
:class:`~django.forms.ModelForm`.
|
|
|
|
By default, if both ``form_class`` and ``choices_form_class`` are
|
|
``None``, it uses :class:`~django.forms.CharField`. If the field has
|
|
:attr:`~django.db.models.Field.choices` and ``choices_form_class``
|
|
isn't specified, it uses :class:`~django.forms.TypedChoiceField`.
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`specifying-form-field-for-model-field` for usage.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: deconstruct()
|
|
|
|
Returns a 4-tuple with enough information to recreate the field:
|
|
|
|
1. The name of the field on the model.
|
|
2. The import path of the field (e.g. ``"django.db.models.IntegerField"``).
|
|
This should be the most portable version, so less specific may be better.
|
|
3. A list of positional arguments.
|
|
4. A dict of keyword arguments.
|
|
|
|
This method must be added to fields prior to 1.7 to migrate its data
|
|
using :doc:`/topics/migrations`.
|
|
|
|
.. _model-field-attributes:
|
|
|
|
=========================
|
|
Field attribute reference
|
|
=========================
|
|
|
|
Every ``Field`` instance contains several attributes that allow
|
|
introspecting its behavior. Use these attributes instead of ``isinstance``
|
|
checks when you need to write code that depends on a field's functionality.
|
|
These attributes can be used together with the :ref:`Model._meta API
|
|
<model-meta-field-api>` to narrow down a search for specific field types.
|
|
Custom model fields should implement these flags.
|
|
|
|
Attributes for fields
|
|
=====================
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.auto_created
|
|
|
|
Boolean flag that indicates if the field was automatically created, such
|
|
as the ``OneToOneField`` used by model inheritance.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.concrete
|
|
|
|
Boolean flag that indicates if the field has a database column associated
|
|
with it.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.hidden
|
|
|
|
Boolean flag that indicates if a field is used to back another non-hidden
|
|
field's functionality (e.g. the ``content_type`` and ``object_id`` fields
|
|
that make up a ``GenericForeignKey``). The ``hidden`` flag is used to
|
|
distinguish what constitutes the public subset of fields on the model from
|
|
all the fields on the model.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
:meth:`Options.get_fields()
|
|
<django.db.models.options.Options.get_fields()>`
|
|
excludes hidden fields by default. Pass in ``include_hidden=True`` to
|
|
return hidden fields in the results.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.is_relation
|
|
|
|
Boolean flag that indicates if a field contains references to one or
|
|
more other models for its functionality (e.g. ``ForeignKey``,
|
|
``ManyToManyField``, ``OneToOneField``, etc.).
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.model
|
|
|
|
Returns the model on which the field is defined. If a field is defined on
|
|
a superclass of a model, ``model`` will refer to the superclass, not the
|
|
class of the instance.
|
|
|
|
Attributes for fields with relations
|
|
====================================
|
|
|
|
These attributes are used to query for the cardinality and other details of a
|
|
relation. These attribute are present on all fields; however, they will only
|
|
have boolean values (rather than ``None``) if the field is a relation type
|
|
(:attr:`Field.is_relation=True <Field.is_relation>`).
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.many_to_many
|
|
|
|
Boolean flag that is ``True`` if the field has a many-to-many relation;
|
|
``False`` otherwise. The only field included with Django where this is
|
|
``True`` is ``ManyToManyField``.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.many_to_one
|
|
|
|
Boolean flag that is ``True`` if the field has a many-to-one relation, such
|
|
as a ``ForeignKey``; ``False`` otherwise.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.one_to_many
|
|
|
|
Boolean flag that is ``True`` if the field has a one-to-many relation, such
|
|
as a ``GenericRelation`` or the reverse of a ``ForeignKey``; ``False``
|
|
otherwise.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.one_to_one
|
|
|
|
Boolean flag that is ``True`` if the field has a one-to-one relation, such
|
|
as a ``OneToOneField``; ``False`` otherwise.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Field.related_model
|
|
|
|
Points to the model the field relates to. For example, ``Author`` in
|
|
``ForeignKey(Author, on_delete=models.CASCADE)``. The ``related_model`` for
|
|
a ``GenericForeignKey`` is always ``None``.
|