From 661b938fcad0ece7d017d76d412fff220e43a865 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zac Hatfield-Dodds <zac.hatfield.dodds@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2023 04:55:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] Add encoding in more tests

---
 scripts/towncrier-draft-to-file.py |  4 +-
 testing/_py/test_local.py          | 98 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 testing/acceptance_test.py         | 23 ++++---
 testing/code/test_excinfo.py       |  6 +-
 testing/code/test_source.py        |  2 +-
 testing/logging/test_reporting.py  | 18 +++---
 testing/python/collect.py          | 47 +++++++++-----
 testing/test_assertion.py          |  8 +--
 testing/test_assertrewrite.py      |  2 +-
 testing/test_cacheprovider.py      | 13 ++--
 testing/test_capture.py            | 13 ++--
 testing/test_collection.py         | 21 ++++---
 testing/test_conftest.py           |  2 +-
 testing/test_junitxml.py           | 12 ++--
 testing/test_link_resolve.py       |  3 +-
 testing/test_monkeypatch.py        |  2 +-
 testing/test_parseopt.py           |  2 +-
 testing/test_pathlib.py            | 26 +++++---
 testing/test_pluginmanager.py      |  2 +-
 testing/test_pytester.py           |  2 +-
 testing/test_reports.py            |  2 +-
 testing/test_session.py            | 12 ++--
 testing/test_skipping.py           | 21 ++++---
 testing/test_stepwise.py           |  2 +-
 testing/test_terminal.py           |  8 ++-
 testing/test_tmpdir.py             |  2 +-
 testing/test_warnings.py           |  4 +-
 27 files changed, 213 insertions(+), 144 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scripts/towncrier-draft-to-file.py b/scripts/towncrier-draft-to-file.py
index 81507b40b..1f1068689 100644
--- a/scripts/towncrier-draft-to-file.py
+++ b/scripts/towncrier-draft-to-file.py
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ def main():
     Platform agnostic wrapper script for towncrier.
     Fixes the issue (#7251) where windows users are unable to natively run tox -e docs to build pytest docs.
     """
-    with open("doc/en/_changelog_towncrier_draft.rst", "w") as draft_file:
+    with open(
+        "doc/en/_changelog_towncrier_draft.rst", "w", encoding="utf-8"
+    ) as draft_file:
         return call(("towncrier", "--draft"), stdout=draft_file)
 
 
diff --git a/testing/_py/test_local.py b/testing/_py/test_local.py
index b463d769d..348682b53 100644
--- a/testing/_py/test_local.py
+++ b/testing/_py/test_local.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+import contextlib
 import multiprocessing
 import os
 import sys
 import time
+import warnings
 from unittest import mock
 
 import pytest
@@ -9,6 +11,14 @@ from py import error
 from py.path import local
 
 
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def ignore_encoding_warning():
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        with contextlib.suppress(NameError):  # new in 3.10
+            warnings.simplefilter("ignore", EncodingWarning)
+        yield
+
+
 class CommonFSTests:
     def test_constructor_equality(self, path1):
         p = path1.__class__(path1)
@@ -223,7 +233,8 @@ class CommonFSTests:
         assert not (path1 < path1)
 
     def test_simple_read(self, path1):
-        x = path1.join("samplefile").read("r")
+        with ignore_encoding_warning():
+            x = path1.join("samplefile").read("r")
         assert x == "samplefile\n"
 
     def test_join_div_operator(self, path1):
@@ -265,12 +276,14 @@ class CommonFSTests:
 
     def test_readlines(self, path1):
         fn = path1.join("samplefile")
-        contents = fn.readlines()
+        with ignore_encoding_warning():
+            contents = fn.readlines()
         assert contents == ["samplefile\n"]
 
     def test_readlines_nocr(self, path1):
         fn = path1.join("samplefile")
-        contents = fn.readlines(cr=0)
+        with ignore_encoding_warning():
+            contents = fn.readlines(cr=0)
         assert contents == ["samplefile", ""]
 
     def test_file(self, path1):
@@ -362,8 +375,8 @@ class CommonFSTests:
         initpy.copy(copied)
         try:
             assert copied.check()
-            s1 = initpy.read()
-            s2 = copied.read()
+            s1 = initpy.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+            s2 = copied.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
             assert s1 == s2
         finally:
             if copied.check():
@@ -376,8 +389,8 @@ class CommonFSTests:
             otherdir.copy(copied)
             assert copied.check(dir=1)
             assert copied.join("__init__.py").check(file=1)
-            s1 = otherdir.join("__init__.py").read()
-            s2 = copied.join("__init__.py").read()
+            s1 = otherdir.join("__init__.py").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+            s2 = copied.join("__init__.py").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
             assert s1 == s2
         finally:
             if copied.check(dir=1):
@@ -463,13 +476,13 @@ def setuptestfs(path):
         return
     # print "setting up test fs for", repr(path)
     samplefile = path.ensure("samplefile")
-    samplefile.write("samplefile\n")
+    samplefile.write_text("samplefile\n", encoding="utf-8")
 
     execfile = path.ensure("execfile")
-    execfile.write("x=42")
+    execfile.write_text("x=42", encoding="utf-8")
 
     execfilepy = path.ensure("execfile.py")
-    execfilepy.write("x=42")
+    execfilepy.write_text("x=42", encoding="utf-8")
 
     d = {1: 2, "hello": "world", "answer": 42}
     path.ensure("samplepickle").dump(d)
@@ -481,22 +494,24 @@ def setuptestfs(path):
     otherdir.ensure("__init__.py")
 
     module_a = otherdir.ensure("a.py")
-    module_a.write("from .b import stuff as result\n")
+    module_a.write_text("from .b import stuff as result\n", encoding="utf-8")
     module_b = otherdir.ensure("b.py")
-    module_b.write('stuff="got it"\n')
+    module_b.write_text('stuff="got it"\n', encoding="utf-8")
     module_c = otherdir.ensure("c.py")
-    module_c.write(
+    module_c.write_text(
         """import py;
 import otherdir.a
 value = otherdir.a.result
-"""
+""",
+        encoding="utf-8",
     )
     module_d = otherdir.ensure("d.py")
-    module_d.write(
+    module_d.write_text(
         """import py;
 from otherdir import a
 value2 = a.result
-"""
+""",
+        encoding="utf-8",
     )
 
 
@@ -534,9 +549,11 @@ def batch_make_numbered_dirs(rootdir, repeats):
     for i in range(repeats):
         dir_ = local.make_numbered_dir(prefix="repro-", rootdir=rootdir)
         file_ = dir_.join("foo")
-        file_.write("%s" % i)
-        actual = int(file_.read())
-        assert actual == i, f"int(file_.read()) is {actual} instead of {i}"
+        file_.write_text("%s" % i, encoding="utf-8")
+        actual = int(file_.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+        assert (
+            actual == i
+        ), f"int(file_.read_text(encoding='utf-8')) is {actual} instead of {i}"
         dir_.join(".lock").remove(ignore_errors=True)
     return True
 
@@ -692,14 +709,14 @@ class TestLocalPath(CommonFSTests):
 
     def test_open_and_ensure(self, path1):
         p = path1.join("sub1", "sub2", "file")
-        with p.open("w", ensure=1) as f:
+        with p.open("w", ensure=1, encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write("hello")
-        assert p.read() == "hello"
+        assert p.read_text(encoding="utf-8") == "hello"
 
     def test_write_and_ensure(self, path1):
         p = path1.join("sub1", "sub2", "file")
-        p.write("hello", ensure=1)
-        assert p.read() == "hello"
+        p.write_text("hello", ensure=1, encoding="utf-8")
+        assert p.read_text(encoding="utf-8") == "hello"
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("bin", (False, True))
     def test_dump(self, tmpdir, bin):
@@ -770,9 +787,9 @@ class TestLocalPath(CommonFSTests):
         newfile = tmpdir.join("test1", "test")
         newfile.ensure()
         assert newfile.check(file=1)
-        newfile.write("42")
+        newfile.write_text("42", encoding="utf-8")
         newfile.ensure()
-        s = newfile.read()
+        s = newfile.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert s == "42"
 
     def test_ensure_filepath_withoutdir(self, tmpdir):
@@ -806,9 +823,9 @@ class TestLocalPath(CommonFSTests):
         newfilename = "/test" * 60  # type:ignore[unreachable]
         l1 = tmpdir.join(newfilename)
         l1.ensure(file=True)
-        l1.write("foo")
+        l1.write_text("foo", encoding="utf-8")
         l2 = tmpdir.join(newfilename)
-        assert l2.read() == "foo"
+        assert l2.read_text(encoding="utf-8") == "foo"
 
     def test_visit_depth_first(self, tmpdir):
         tmpdir.ensure("a", "1")
@@ -1278,14 +1295,14 @@ class TestPOSIXLocalPath:
     def test_hardlink(self, tmpdir):
         linkpath = tmpdir.join("test")
         filepath = tmpdir.join("file")
-        filepath.write("Hello")
+        filepath.write_text("Hello", encoding="utf-8")
         nlink = filepath.stat().nlink
         linkpath.mklinkto(filepath)
         assert filepath.stat().nlink == nlink + 1
 
     def test_symlink_are_identical(self, tmpdir):
         filepath = tmpdir.join("file")
-        filepath.write("Hello")
+        filepath.write_text("Hello", encoding="utf-8")
         linkpath = tmpdir.join("test")
         linkpath.mksymlinkto(filepath)
         assert linkpath.readlink() == str(filepath)
@@ -1293,7 +1310,7 @@ class TestPOSIXLocalPath:
     def test_symlink_isfile(self, tmpdir):
         linkpath = tmpdir.join("test")
         filepath = tmpdir.join("file")
-        filepath.write("")
+        filepath.write_text("", encoding="utf-8")
         linkpath.mksymlinkto(filepath)
         assert linkpath.check(file=1)
         assert not linkpath.check(link=0, file=1)
@@ -1302,10 +1319,12 @@ class TestPOSIXLocalPath:
     def test_symlink_relative(self, tmpdir):
         linkpath = tmpdir.join("test")
         filepath = tmpdir.join("file")
-        filepath.write("Hello")
+        filepath.write_text("Hello", encoding="utf-8")
         linkpath.mksymlinkto(filepath, absolute=False)
         assert linkpath.readlink() == "file"
-        assert filepath.read() == linkpath.read()
+        assert filepath.read_text(encoding="utf-8") == linkpath.read_text(
+            encoding="utf-8"
+        )
 
     def test_symlink_not_existing(self, tmpdir):
         linkpath = tmpdir.join("testnotexisting")
@@ -1338,7 +1357,7 @@ class TestPOSIXLocalPath:
     def test_realpath_file(self, tmpdir):
         linkpath = tmpdir.join("test")
         filepath = tmpdir.join("file")
-        filepath.write("")
+        filepath.write_text("", encoding="utf-8")
         linkpath.mksymlinkto(filepath)
         realpath = linkpath.realpath()
         assert realpath.basename == "file"
@@ -1383,7 +1402,7 @@ class TestPOSIXLocalPath:
         atime1 = path.atime()
         # we could wait here but timer resolution is very
         # system dependent
-        path.read()
+        path.read_binary()
         time.sleep(ATIME_RESOLUTION)
         atime2 = path.atime()
         time.sleep(ATIME_RESOLUTION)
@@ -1467,7 +1486,7 @@ class TestPOSIXLocalPath:
         test_files = ["a", "b", "c"]
         src = tmpdir.join("src")
         for f in test_files:
-            src.join(f).write(f, ensure=True)
+            src.join(f).write_text(f, ensure=True, encoding="utf-8")
         dst = tmpdir.join("dst")
         # a small delay before the copy
         time.sleep(ATIME_RESOLUTION)
@@ -1521,10 +1540,11 @@ class TestUnicodePy2Py3:
     def test_read_write(self, tmpdir):
         x = tmpdir.join("hello")
         part = "hällo"
-        x.write(part)
-        assert x.read() == part
-        x.write(part.encode(sys.getdefaultencoding()))
-        assert x.read() == part.encode(sys.getdefaultencoding())
+        with ignore_encoding_warning():
+            x.write(part)
+            assert x.read() == part
+            x.write(part.encode(sys.getdefaultencoding()))
+            assert x.read() == part.encode(sys.getdefaultencoding())
 
 
 class TestBinaryAndTextMethods:
diff --git a/testing/acceptance_test.py b/testing/acceptance_test.py
index 0046d05b8..5658f2fd6 100644
--- a/testing/acceptance_test.py
+++ b/testing/acceptance_test.py
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ class TestInvocationVariants:
 
     def test_pyargs_filename_looks_like_module(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
         pytester.path.joinpath("conftest.py").touch()
-        pytester.path.joinpath("t.py").write_text("def test(): pass")
+        pytester.path.joinpath("t.py").write_text("def test(): pass", encoding="utf-8")
         result = pytester.runpytest("--pyargs", "t.py")
         assert result.ret == ExitCode.OK
 
@@ -622,8 +622,12 @@ class TestInvocationVariants:
 
         monkeypatch.delenv("PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE", False)
         path = pytester.mkpydir("tpkg")
-        path.joinpath("test_hello.py").write_text("def test_hello(): pass")
-        path.joinpath("test_world.py").write_text("def test_world(): pass")
+        path.joinpath("test_hello.py").write_text(
+            "def test_hello(): pass", encoding="utf-8"
+        )
+        path.joinpath("test_world.py").write_text(
+            "def test_world(): pass", encoding="utf-8"
+        )
         result = pytester.runpytest("--pyargs", "tpkg")
         assert result.ret == 0
         result.stdout.fnmatch_lines(["*2 passed*"])
@@ -662,13 +666,15 @@ class TestInvocationVariants:
             ns = d.joinpath("ns_pkg")
             ns.mkdir()
             ns.joinpath("__init__.py").write_text(
-                "__import__('pkg_resources').declare_namespace(__name__)"
+                "__import__('pkg_resources').declare_namespace(__name__)",
+                encoding="utf-8",
             )
             lib = ns.joinpath(dirname)
             lib.mkdir()
             lib.joinpath("__init__.py").touch()
             lib.joinpath(f"test_{dirname}.py").write_text(
-                f"def test_{dirname}(): pass\ndef test_other():pass"
+                f"def test_{dirname}(): pass\ndef test_other():pass",
+                encoding="utf-8",
             )
 
         # The structure of the test directory is now:
@@ -754,10 +760,10 @@ class TestInvocationVariants:
         lib.mkdir()
         lib.joinpath("__init__.py").touch()
         lib.joinpath("test_bar.py").write_text(
-            "def test_bar(): pass\ndef test_other(a_fixture):pass"
+            "def test_bar(): pass\ndef test_other(a_fixture):pass", encoding="utf-8"
         )
         lib.joinpath("conftest.py").write_text(
-            "import pytest\n@pytest.fixture\ndef a_fixture():pass"
+            "import pytest\n@pytest.fixture\ndef a_fixture():pass", encoding="utf-8"
         )
 
         d_local = pytester.mkdir("symlink_root")
@@ -1276,8 +1282,7 @@ def test_tee_stdio_captures_and_live_prints(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     result.stderr.fnmatch_lines(["*@this is stderr@*"])
 
     # now ensure the output is in the junitxml
-    with open(pytester.path.joinpath("output.xml")) as f:
-        fullXml = f.read()
+    fullXml = pytester.path.joinpath("output.xml").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
     assert "@this is stdout@\n" in fullXml
     assert "@this is stderr@\n" in fullXml
 
diff --git a/testing/code/test_excinfo.py b/testing/code/test_excinfo.py
index 88aa5f0f1..e5c030c4d 100644
--- a/testing/code/test_excinfo.py
+++ b/testing/code/test_excinfo.py
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ def test_excinfo_no_sourcecode():
 
 def test_excinfo_no_python_sourcecode(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     # XXX: simplified locally testable version
-    tmp_path.joinpath("test.txt").write_text("{{ h()}}:")
+    tmp_path.joinpath("test.txt").write_text("{{ h()}}:", encoding="utf-8")
 
     jinja2 = pytest.importorskip("jinja2")
     loader = jinja2.FileSystemLoader(str(tmp_path))
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ class TestFormattedExcinfo:
             source = textwrap.dedent(source)
             modpath = tmp_path.joinpath("mod.py")
             tmp_path.joinpath("__init__.py").touch()
-            modpath.write_text(source)
+            modpath.write_text(source, encoding="utf-8")
             importlib.invalidate_caches()
             return import_path(modpath, root=tmp_path)
 
@@ -1023,7 +1023,7 @@ raise ValueError()
         """
         )
         excinfo = pytest.raises(ValueError, mod.f)
-        tmp_path.joinpath("mod.py").write_text("asdf")
+        tmp_path.joinpath("mod.py").write_text("asdf", encoding="utf-8")
         excinfo.traceback = excinfo.traceback.filter(excinfo)
         repr = excinfo.getrepr()
         repr.toterminal(tw_mock)
diff --git a/testing/code/test_source.py b/testing/code/test_source.py
index 52417f2f8..dc35c9496 100644
--- a/testing/code/test_source.py
+++ b/testing/code/test_source.py
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ def test_source_of_class_at_eof_without_newline(_sys_snapshot, tmp_path: Path) -
     """
     )
     path = tmp_path.joinpath("a.py")
-    path.write_text(str(source))
+    path.write_text(str(source), encoding="utf-8")
     mod: Any = import_path(path, root=tmp_path)
     s2 = Source(mod.A)
     assert str(source).strip() == str(s2).strip()
diff --git a/testing/logging/test_reporting.py b/testing/logging/test_reporting.py
index 14b77236a..0c8e3fd08 100644
--- a/testing/logging/test_reporting.py
+++ b/testing/logging/test_reporting.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def test_root_logger_affected(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     # not the info one, because the default level of the root logger is
     # WARNING.
     assert os.path.isfile(log_file)
-    with open(log_file) as rfh:
+    with open(log_file, encoding="utf-8") as rfh:
         contents = rfh.read()
         assert "info text going to logger" not in contents
         assert "warning text going to logger" in contents
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ def test_log_file_cli(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     # make sure that we get a '0' exit code for the testsuite
     assert result.ret == 0
     assert os.path.isfile(log_file)
-    with open(log_file) as rfh:
+    with open(log_file, encoding="utf-8") as rfh:
         contents = rfh.read()
         assert "This log message will be shown" in contents
         assert "This log message won't be shown" not in contents
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ def test_log_file_cli_level(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     # make sure that we get a '0' exit code for the testsuite
     assert result.ret == 0
     assert os.path.isfile(log_file)
-    with open(log_file) as rfh:
+    with open(log_file, encoding="utf-8") as rfh:
         contents = rfh.read()
         assert "This log message will be shown" in contents
         assert "This log message won't be shown" not in contents
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ def test_log_file_ini(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     # make sure that we get a '0' exit code for the testsuite
     assert result.ret == 0
     assert os.path.isfile(log_file)
-    with open(log_file) as rfh:
+    with open(log_file, encoding="utf-8") as rfh:
         contents = rfh.read()
         assert "This log message will be shown" in contents
         assert "This log message won't be shown" not in contents
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ def test_log_file_ini_level(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     # make sure that we get a '0' exit code for the testsuite
     assert result.ret == 0
     assert os.path.isfile(log_file)
-    with open(log_file) as rfh:
+    with open(log_file, encoding="utf-8") as rfh:
         contents = rfh.read()
         assert "This log message will be shown" in contents
         assert "This log message won't be shown" not in contents
@@ -985,7 +985,7 @@ def test_log_in_hooks(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     )
     result = pytester.runpytest()
     result.stdout.fnmatch_lines(["*sessionstart*", "*runtestloop*", "*sessionfinish*"])
-    with open(log_file) as rfh:
+    with open(log_file, encoding="utf-8") as rfh:
         contents = rfh.read()
         assert "sessionstart" in contents
         assert "runtestloop" in contents
@@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ def test_log_in_runtest_logreport(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
         """
     )
     pytester.runpytest()
-    with open(log_file) as rfh:
+    with open(log_file, encoding="utf-8") as rfh:
         contents = rfh.read()
         assert contents.count("logreport") == 3
 
@@ -1065,11 +1065,11 @@ def test_log_set_path(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
         """
     )
     pytester.runpytest()
-    with open(os.path.join(report_dir_base, "test_first")) as rfh:
+    with open(os.path.join(report_dir_base, "test_first"), encoding="utf-8") as rfh:
         content = rfh.read()
         assert "message from test 1" in content
 
-    with open(os.path.join(report_dir_base, "test_second")) as rfh:
+    with open(os.path.join(report_dir_base, "test_second"), encoding="utf-8") as rfh:
         content = rfh.read()
         assert "message from test 2" in content
 
diff --git a/testing/python/collect.py b/testing/python/collect.py
index de10ce408..9bf6e00d1 100644
--- a/testing/python/collect.py
+++ b/testing/python/collect.py
@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ class TestModule:
                 """.format(
                     str(root2)
                 )
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         with monkeypatch.context() as mp:
             mp.chdir(root2)
@@ -832,7 +833,8 @@ class TestConftestCustomization:
                     mod = outcome.get_result()
                     mod.obj.hello = "world"
                 """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         b.joinpath("test_module.py").write_text(
             textwrap.dedent(
@@ -840,7 +842,8 @@ class TestConftestCustomization:
                 def test_hello():
                     assert hello == "world"
                 """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         reprec = pytester.inline_run()
         reprec.assertoutcome(passed=1)
@@ -861,7 +864,8 @@ class TestConftestCustomization:
                             for func in result:
                                 func._some123 = "world"
                 """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         b.joinpath("test_module.py").write_text(
             textwrap.dedent(
@@ -874,7 +878,8 @@ class TestConftestCustomization:
                 def test_hello(obj):
                     assert obj == "world"
                 """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         reprec = pytester.inline_run()
         reprec.assertoutcome(passed=1)
@@ -974,7 +979,8 @@ def test_setup_only_available_in_subdir(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
             def pytest_runtest_teardown(item):
                 assert item.path.stem == "test_in_sub1"
             """
-        )
+        ),
+        encoding="utf-8",
     )
     sub2.joinpath("conftest.py").write_text(
         textwrap.dedent(
@@ -987,10 +993,11 @@ def test_setup_only_available_in_subdir(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
             def pytest_runtest_teardown(item):
                 assert item.path.stem == "test_in_sub2"
             """
-        )
+        ),
+        encoding="utf-8",
     )
-    sub1.joinpath("test_in_sub1.py").write_text("def test_1(): pass")
-    sub2.joinpath("test_in_sub2.py").write_text("def test_2(): pass")
+    sub1.joinpath("test_in_sub1.py").write_text("def test_1(): pass", encoding="utf-8")
+    sub2.joinpath("test_in_sub2.py").write_text("def test_2(): pass", encoding="utf-8")
     result = pytester.runpytest("-v", "-s")
     result.assert_outcomes(passed=2)
 
@@ -1378,7 +1385,8 @@ def test_skip_duplicates_by_default(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
             def test_real():
                 pass
             """
-        )
+        ),
+        encoding="utf-8",
     )
     result = pytester.runpytest(str(a), str(a))
     result.stdout.fnmatch_lines(["*collected 1 item*"])
@@ -1398,7 +1406,8 @@ def test_keep_duplicates(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
             def test_real():
                 pass
             """
-        )
+        ),
+        encoding="utf-8",
     )
     result = pytester.runpytest("--keep-duplicates", str(a), str(a))
     result.stdout.fnmatch_lines(["*collected 2 item*"])
@@ -1443,8 +1452,12 @@ def test_package_with_modules(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     sub2_test = sub2.joinpath("test")
     sub2_test.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-    sub1_test.joinpath("test_in_sub1.py").write_text("def test_1(): pass")
-    sub2_test.joinpath("test_in_sub2.py").write_text("def test_2(): pass")
+    sub1_test.joinpath("test_in_sub1.py").write_text(
+        "def test_1(): pass", encoding="utf-8"
+    )
+    sub2_test.joinpath("test_in_sub2.py").write_text(
+        "def test_2(): pass", encoding="utf-8"
+    )
 
     # Execute from .
     result = pytester.runpytest("-v", "-s")
@@ -1488,9 +1501,11 @@ def test_package_ordering(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     sub2_test = sub2.joinpath("test")
     sub2_test.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-    root.joinpath("Test_root.py").write_text("def test_1(): pass")
-    sub1.joinpath("Test_sub1.py").write_text("def test_2(): pass")
-    sub2_test.joinpath("test_sub2.py").write_text("def test_3(): pass")
+    root.joinpath("Test_root.py").write_text("def test_1(): pass", encoding="utf-8")
+    sub1.joinpath("Test_sub1.py").write_text("def test_2(): pass", encoding="utf-8")
+    sub2_test.joinpath("test_sub2.py").write_text(
+        "def test_3(): pass", encoding="utf-8"
+    )
 
     # Execute from .
     result = pytester.runpytest("-v", "-s")
diff --git a/testing/test_assertion.py b/testing/test_assertion.py
index 473ae44d9..7119b3b5a 100644
--- a/testing/test_assertion.py
+++ b/testing/test_assertion.py
@@ -1392,14 +1392,14 @@ def test_sequence_comparison_uses_repr(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
 def test_assertrepr_loaded_per_dir(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     pytester.makepyfile(test_base=["def test_base(): assert 1 == 2"])
     a = pytester.mkdir("a")
-    a.joinpath("test_a.py").write_text("def test_a(): assert 1 == 2")
+    a.joinpath("test_a.py").write_text("def test_a(): assert 1 == 2", encoding="utf-8")
     a.joinpath("conftest.py").write_text(
-        'def pytest_assertrepr_compare(): return ["summary a"]'
+        'def pytest_assertrepr_compare(): return ["summary a"]', encoding="utf-8"
     )
     b = pytester.mkdir("b")
-    b.joinpath("test_b.py").write_text("def test_b(): assert 1 == 2")
+    b.joinpath("test_b.py").write_text("def test_b(): assert 1 == 2", encoding="utf-8")
     b.joinpath("conftest.py").write_text(
-        'def pytest_assertrepr_compare(): return ["summary b"]'
+        'def pytest_assertrepr_compare(): return ["summary b"]', encoding="utf-8"
     )
 
     result = pytester.runpytest()
diff --git a/testing/test_assertrewrite.py b/testing/test_assertrewrite.py
index 057b609ac..778f843e6 100644
--- a/testing/test_assertrewrite.py
+++ b/testing/test_assertrewrite.py
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@ class TestAssertionRewriteHookDetails:
                 return False
 
             def rewrite_self():
-                with open(__file__, 'w') as self:
+                with open(__file__, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as self:
                     self.write('def reloaded(): return True')
             """,
             test_fun="""
diff --git a/testing/test_cacheprovider.py b/testing/test_cacheprovider.py
index 6f3cccbf1..e2e195ca7 100644
--- a/testing/test_cacheprovider.py
+++ b/testing/test_cacheprovider.py
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ class TestNewAPI:
     @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:could not create cache path")
     def test_cache_writefail_cachfile_silent(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
         pytester.makeini("[pytest]")
-        pytester.path.joinpath(".pytest_cache").write_text("gone wrong")
+        pytester.path.joinpath(".pytest_cache").write_text(
+            "gone wrong", encoding="utf-8"
+        )
         config = pytester.parseconfigure()
         cache = config.cache
         assert cache is not None
@@ -1134,7 +1136,9 @@ class TestNewFirst:
             ["*test_2/test_2.py::test_1 PASSED*", "*test_1/test_1.py::test_1 PASSED*"]
         )
 
-        p1.write_text("def test_1(): assert 1\n" "def test_2(): assert 1\n")
+        p1.write_text(
+            "def test_1(): assert 1\n" "def test_2(): assert 1\n", encoding="utf-8"
+        )
         os.utime(p1, ns=(p1.stat().st_atime_ns, int(1e9)))
 
         result = pytester.runpytest("--nf", "--collect-only", "-q")
@@ -1207,7 +1211,8 @@ class TestNewFirst:
         p1.write_text(
             "import pytest\n"
             "@pytest.mark.parametrize('num', [1, 2, 3])\n"
-            "def test_1(num): assert num\n"
+            "def test_1(num): assert num\n",
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         os.utime(p1, ns=(p1.stat().st_atime_ns, int(1e9)))
 
@@ -1259,7 +1264,7 @@ def test_gitignore(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     assert gitignore_path.read_text(encoding="UTF-8") == msg
 
     # Does not overwrite existing/custom one.
-    gitignore_path.write_text("custom")
+    gitignore_path.write_text("custom", encoding="utf-8")
     cache.set("something", "else")
     assert gitignore_path.read_text(encoding="UTF-8") == "custom"
 
diff --git a/testing/test_capture.py b/testing/test_capture.py
index 5d6ef64ef..b6ea81613 100644
--- a/testing/test_capture.py
+++ b/testing/test_capture.py
@@ -750,9 +750,10 @@ def test_setup_failure_does_not_kill_capturing(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
             def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
                 raise ValueError(42)
             """
-        )
+        ),
+        encoding="utf-8",
     )
-    sub1.joinpath("test_mod.py").write_text("def test_func1(): pass")
+    sub1.joinpath("test_mod.py").write_text("def test_func1(): pass", encoding="utf-8")
     result = pytester.runpytest(pytester.path, "--traceconfig")
     result.stdout.fnmatch_lines(["*ValueError(42)*", "*1 error*"])
 
@@ -1523,9 +1524,9 @@ def test_global_capture_with_live_logging(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
         def pytest_runtest_logreport(report):
             if "test_global" in report.nodeid:
                 if report.when == "teardown":
-                    with open("caplog", "w") as f:
+                    with open("caplog", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                         f.write(report.caplog)
-                    with open("capstdout", "w") as f:
+                    with open("capstdout", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                         f.write(report.capstdout)
         """
     )
@@ -1555,14 +1556,14 @@ def test_global_capture_with_live_logging(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     result = pytester.runpytest_subprocess("--log-cli-level=INFO")
     assert result.ret == 0
 
-    with open("caplog") as f:
+    with open("caplog", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         caplog = f.read()
 
     assert "fix setup" in caplog
     assert "something in test" in caplog
     assert "fix teardown" in caplog
 
-    with open("capstdout") as f:
+    with open("capstdout", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         capstdout = f.read()
 
     assert "fix setup" in capstdout
diff --git a/testing/test_collection.py b/testing/test_collection.py
index 3e1a04443..8b0a1ab36 100644
--- a/testing/test_collection.py
+++ b/testing/test_collection.py
@@ -1273,7 +1273,8 @@ def test_initial_conftests_with_testpaths(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
             def pytest_sessionstart(session):
                 raise Exception("pytest_sessionstart hook successfully run")
             """
-        )
+        ),
+        encoding="utf-8",
     )
     pytester.makeini(
         """
@@ -1369,12 +1370,16 @@ def test_collect_symlink_dir(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
 def test_collectignore_via_conftest(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     """collect_ignore in parent conftest skips importing child (issue #4592)."""
     tests = pytester.mkpydir("tests")
-    tests.joinpath("conftest.py").write_text("collect_ignore = ['ignore_me']")
+    tests.joinpath("conftest.py").write_text(
+        "collect_ignore = ['ignore_me']", encoding="utf-8"
+    )
 
     ignore_me = tests.joinpath("ignore_me")
     ignore_me.mkdir()
     ignore_me.joinpath("__init__.py").touch()
-    ignore_me.joinpath("conftest.py").write_text("assert 0, 'should_not_be_called'")
+    ignore_me.joinpath("conftest.py").write_text(
+        "assert 0, 'should_not_be_called'", encoding="utf-8"
+    )
 
     result = pytester.runpytest()
     assert result.ret == ExitCode.NO_TESTS_COLLECTED
@@ -1383,9 +1388,9 @@ def test_collectignore_via_conftest(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
 def test_collect_pkg_init_and_file_in_args(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     subdir = pytester.mkdir("sub")
     init = subdir.joinpath("__init__.py")
-    init.write_text("def test_init(): pass")
+    init.write_text("def test_init(): pass", encoding="utf-8")
     p = subdir.joinpath("test_file.py")
-    p.write_text("def test_file(): pass")
+    p.write_text("def test_file(): pass", encoding="utf-8")
 
     # NOTE: without "-o python_files=*.py" this collects test_file.py twice.
     # This changed/broke with "Add package scoped fixtures #2283" (2b1410895)
@@ -1412,7 +1417,7 @@ def test_collect_pkg_init_and_file_in_args(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
 def test_collect_pkg_init_only(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     subdir = pytester.mkdir("sub")
     init = subdir.joinpath("__init__.py")
-    init.write_text("def test_init(): pass")
+    init.write_text("def test_init(): pass", encoding="utf-8")
 
     result = pytester.runpytest(str(init))
     result.stdout.fnmatch_lines(["*no tests ran in*"])
@@ -1427,7 +1432,7 @@ def test_collect_sub_with_symlinks(use_pkg: bool, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     sub = pytester.mkdir("sub")
     if use_pkg:
         sub.joinpath("__init__.py").touch()
-    sub.joinpath("test_file.py").write_text("def test_file(): pass")
+    sub.joinpath("test_file.py").write_text("def test_file(): pass", encoding="utf-8")
 
     # Create a broken symlink.
     symlink_or_skip("test_doesnotexist.py", sub.joinpath("test_broken.py"))
@@ -1465,7 +1470,7 @@ def test_collector_respects_tbstyle(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
 def test_does_not_eagerly_collect_packages(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     pytester.makepyfile("def test(): pass")
     pydir = pytester.mkpydir("foopkg")
-    pydir.joinpath("__init__.py").write_text("assert False")
+    pydir.joinpath("__init__.py").write_text("assert False", encoding="utf-8")
     result = pytester.runpytest()
     assert result.ret == ExitCode.OK
 
diff --git a/testing/test_conftest.py b/testing/test_conftest.py
index 7ec9feb8b..427831507 100644
--- a/testing/test_conftest.py
+++ b/testing/test_conftest.py
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ def test_search_conftest_up_to_inifile(
     root = pytester.path
     src = root.joinpath("src")
     src.mkdir()
-    src.joinpath("pytest.ini").write_text("[pytest]")
+    src.joinpath("pytest.ini").write_text("[pytest]", encoding="utf-8")
     src.joinpath("conftest.py").write_text(
         textwrap.dedent(
             """\
diff --git a/testing/test_junitxml.py b/testing/test_junitxml.py
index 90804c619..690830329 100644
--- a/testing/test_junitxml.py
+++ b/testing/test_junitxml.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from _pytest.stash import Stash
 def schema() -> xmlschema.XMLSchema:
     """Return an xmlschema.XMLSchema object for the junit-10.xsd file."""
     fn = Path(__file__).parent / "example_scripts/junit-10.xsd"
-    with fn.open() as f:
+    with fn.open(encoding="utf-8") as f:
         return xmlschema.XMLSchema(f)
 
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class RunAndParse:
         xml_path = self.pytester.path.joinpath("junit.xml")
         result = self.pytester.runpytest("--junitxml=%s" % xml_path, *args)
         if family == "xunit2":
-            with xml_path.open() as f:
+            with xml_path.open(encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 self.schema.validate(f)
         xmldoc = minidom.parse(str(xml_path))
         return result, DomNode(xmldoc)
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ class TestPython:
         self, pytester: Pytester, run_and_parse: RunAndParse, xunit_family: str
     ) -> None:
         p = pytester.mkdir("sub").joinpath("test_hello.py")
-        p.write_text("def test_func(): 0/0")
+        p.write_text("def test_func(): 0/0", encoding="utf-8")
         result, dom = run_and_parse(family=xunit_family)
         assert result.ret
         node = dom.find_first_by_tag("testsuite")
@@ -987,7 +987,7 @@ class TestNonPython:
                     return "custom item runtest failed"
         """
         )
-        pytester.path.joinpath("myfile.xyz").write_text("hello")
+        pytester.path.joinpath("myfile.xyz").write_text("hello", encoding="utf-8")
         result, dom = run_and_parse(family=xunit_family)
         assert result.ret
         node = dom.find_first_by_tag("testsuite")
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ def test_nullbyte(pytester: Pytester, junit_logging: str) -> None:
     )
     xmlf = pytester.path.joinpath("junit.xml")
     pytester.runpytest("--junitxml=%s" % xmlf, "-o", "junit_logging=%s" % junit_logging)
-    text = xmlf.read_text()
+    text = xmlf.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
     assert "\x00" not in text
     if junit_logging == "system-out":
         assert "#x00" in text
@@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ def test_nullbyte_replace(pytester: Pytester, junit_logging: str) -> None:
     )
     xmlf = pytester.path.joinpath("junit.xml")
     pytester.runpytest("--junitxml=%s" % xmlf, "-o", "junit_logging=%s" % junit_logging)
-    text = xmlf.read_text()
+    text = xmlf.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
     if junit_logging == "system-out":
         assert "#x0" in text
     if junit_logging == "no":
diff --git a/testing/test_link_resolve.py b/testing/test_link_resolve.py
index 60a86ada3..1ac3afd09 100644
--- a/testing/test_link_resolve.py
+++ b/testing/test_link_resolve.py
@@ -59,7 +59,8 @@ def test_link_resolve(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
         def test_foo():
             raise AssertionError()
         """
-        )
+        ),
+        encoding="utf-8",
     )
 
     subst = subst_path_linux
diff --git a/testing/test_monkeypatch.py b/testing/test_monkeypatch.py
index 8a9dd600b..8175b5f0f 100644
--- a/testing/test_monkeypatch.py
+++ b/testing/test_monkeypatch.py
@@ -461,5 +461,5 @@ def test_syspath_prepend_with_namespace_packages(
     # Should invalidate caches via importlib.invalidate_caches.
     modules_tmpdir = pytester.mkdir("modules_tmpdir")
     monkeypatch.syspath_prepend(str(modules_tmpdir))
-    modules_tmpdir.joinpath("main_app.py").write_text("app = True")
+    modules_tmpdir.joinpath("main_app.py").write_text("app = True", encoding="utf-8")
     from main_app import app  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/testing/test_parseopt.py b/testing/test_parseopt.py
index c051ec338..1899abe15 100644
--- a/testing/test_parseopt.py
+++ b/testing/test_parseopt.py
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ def test_argcomplete(pytester: Pytester, monkeypatch: MonkeyPatch) -> None:
 
     script = str(pytester.path.joinpath("test_argcomplete"))
 
-    with open(str(script), "w") as fp:
+    with open(str(script), "w", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
         # redirect output from argcomplete to stdin and stderr is not trivial
         # http://stackoverflow.com/q/12589419/1307905
         # so we use bash
diff --git a/testing/test_pathlib.py b/testing/test_pathlib.py
index 0fd372b51..56c54e484 100644
--- a/testing/test_pathlib.py
+++ b/testing/test_pathlib.py
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ class TestImportPath:
         otherdir.joinpath("__init__.py").touch()
 
         module_a = otherdir / "a.py"
-        module_a.write_text("from .b import stuff as result\n")
+        module_a.write_text("from .b import stuff as result\n", encoding="utf-8")
         module_b = otherdir / "b.py"
-        module_b.write_text('stuff="got it"\n')
+        module_b.write_text('stuff="got it"\n', encoding="utf-8")
         module_c = otherdir / "c.py"
         module_c.write_text(
             dedent(
@@ -131,7 +131,8 @@ class TestImportPath:
             import otherdir.a
             value = otherdir.a.result
         """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         module_d = otherdir / "d.py"
         module_d.write_text(
@@ -141,7 +142,8 @@ class TestImportPath:
             from otherdir import a
             value2 = a.result
         """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
 
     def test_smoke_test(self, path1: Path) -> None:
@@ -283,7 +285,7 @@ class TestImportPath:
     def simple_module(self, tmp_path: Path) -> Path:
         fn = tmp_path / "_src/tests/mymod.py"
         fn.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
-        fn.write_text("def foo(x): return 40 + x")
+        fn.write_text("def foo(x): return 40 + x", encoding="utf-8")
         return fn
 
     def test_importmode_importlib(self, simple_module: Path, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -447,7 +449,7 @@ def test_samefile_false_negatives(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: MonkeyPatch) -> N
     return False, even when they are clearly equal.
     """
     module_path = tmp_path.joinpath("my_module.py")
-    module_path.write_text("def foo(): return 42")
+    module_path.write_text("def foo(): return 42", encoding="utf-8")
     monkeypatch.syspath_prepend(tmp_path)
 
     with monkeypatch.context() as mp:
@@ -473,7 +475,8 @@ class TestImportLibMode:
                 class Data:
                     value: str
                 """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
 
         module = import_path(fn, mode="importlib", root=tmp_path)
@@ -498,7 +501,8 @@ class TestImportLibMode:
                     s = pickle.dumps(_action)
                     return pickle.loads(s)
                 """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
 
         module = import_path(fn, mode="importlib", root=tmp_path)
@@ -525,7 +529,8 @@ class TestImportLibMode:
                 class Data:
                     x: int = 42
                 """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
 
         fn2 = tmp_path.joinpath("_src/m2/tests/test.py")
@@ -540,7 +545,8 @@ class TestImportLibMode:
                 class Data:
                     x: str = ""
                 """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
 
         import pickle
diff --git a/testing/test_pluginmanager.py b/testing/test_pluginmanager.py
index 9fe23d177..c6f518b1d 100644
--- a/testing/test_pluginmanager.py
+++ b/testing/test_pluginmanager.py
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ class TestPytestPluginManager:
         pytest.raises(ImportError, pytestpm.import_plugin, "pytest_qweqwex.y")
 
         pytester.syspathinsert()
-        pytester.mkpydir("pkg").joinpath("plug.py").write_text("x=3")
+        pytester.mkpydir("pkg").joinpath("plug.py").write_text("x=3", encoding="utf-8")
         pluginname = "pkg.plug"
         pytestpm.import_plugin(pluginname)
         mod = pytestpm.get_plugin("pkg.plug")
diff --git a/testing/test_pytester.py b/testing/test_pytester.py
index 62dad9858..8f8b4d291 100644
--- a/testing/test_pytester.py
+++ b/testing/test_pytester.py
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class TestInlineRunModulesCleanup:
         result = pytester.inline_run(str(test_mod))
         assert result.ret == ExitCode.OK
         # rewrite module, now test should fail if module was re-imported
-        test_mod.write_text("def test_foo(): assert False")
+        test_mod.write_text("def test_foo(): assert False", encoding="utf-8")
         result2 = pytester.inline_run(str(test_mod))
         assert result2.ret == ExitCode.TESTS_FAILED
 
diff --git a/testing/test_reports.py b/testing/test_reports.py
index e101b51da..387d2e807 100644
--- a/testing/test_reports.py
+++ b/testing/test_reports.py
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ class TestReportSerialization:
     ) -> None:
         sub_dir = pytester.path.joinpath("ns")
         sub_dir.mkdir()
-        sub_dir.joinpath("conftest.py").write_text("import unknown")
+        sub_dir.joinpath("conftest.py").write_text("import unknown", encoding="utf-8")
 
         result = pytester.runpytest_subprocess(".")
         result.stdout.fnmatch_lines(["E   *Error: No module named 'unknown'"])
diff --git a/testing/test_session.py b/testing/test_session.py
index f73dc89ef..48dc08e8c 100644
--- a/testing/test_session.py
+++ b/testing/test_session.py
@@ -265,9 +265,9 @@ def test_plugin_already_exists(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
 
 def test_exclude(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     hellodir = pytester.mkdir("hello")
-    hellodir.joinpath("test_hello.py").write_text("x y syntaxerror")
+    hellodir.joinpath("test_hello.py").write_text("x y syntaxerror", encoding="utf-8")
     hello2dir = pytester.mkdir("hello2")
-    hello2dir.joinpath("test_hello2.py").write_text("x y syntaxerror")
+    hello2dir.joinpath("test_hello2.py").write_text("x y syntaxerror", encoding="utf-8")
     pytester.makepyfile(test_ok="def test_pass(): pass")
     result = pytester.runpytest("--ignore=hello", "--ignore=hello2")
     assert result.ret == 0
@@ -276,13 +276,13 @@ def test_exclude(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
 
 def test_exclude_glob(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     hellodir = pytester.mkdir("hello")
-    hellodir.joinpath("test_hello.py").write_text("x y syntaxerror")
+    hellodir.joinpath("test_hello.py").write_text("x y syntaxerror", encoding="utf-8")
     hello2dir = pytester.mkdir("hello2")
-    hello2dir.joinpath("test_hello2.py").write_text("x y syntaxerror")
+    hello2dir.joinpath("test_hello2.py").write_text("x y syntaxerror", encoding="utf-8")
     hello3dir = pytester.mkdir("hallo3")
-    hello3dir.joinpath("test_hello3.py").write_text("x y syntaxerror")
+    hello3dir.joinpath("test_hello3.py").write_text("x y syntaxerror", encoding="utf-8")
     subdir = pytester.mkdir("sub")
-    subdir.joinpath("test_hello4.py").write_text("x y syntaxerror")
+    subdir.joinpath("test_hello4.py").write_text("x y syntaxerror", encoding="utf-8")
     pytester.makepyfile(test_ok="def test_pass(): pass")
     result = pytester.runpytest("--ignore-glob=*h[ea]llo*")
     assert result.ret == 0
diff --git a/testing/test_skipping.py b/testing/test_skipping.py
index 892ed8547..6b8034610 100644
--- a/testing/test_skipping.py
+++ b/testing/test_skipping.py
@@ -195,7 +195,8 @@ class TestEvaluation:
             def pytest_markeval_namespace():
                 return {"arg": "root"}
             """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         root.joinpath("test_root.py").write_text(
             textwrap.dedent(
@@ -206,7 +207,8 @@ class TestEvaluation:
             def test_root():
                 assert False
             """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         foo = root.joinpath("foo")
         foo.mkdir()
@@ -219,7 +221,8 @@ class TestEvaluation:
             def pytest_markeval_namespace():
                 return {"arg": "foo"}
             """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         foo.joinpath("test_foo.py").write_text(
             textwrap.dedent(
@@ -230,7 +233,8 @@ class TestEvaluation:
             def test_foo():
                 assert False
             """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         bar = root.joinpath("bar")
         bar.mkdir()
@@ -243,7 +247,8 @@ class TestEvaluation:
             def pytest_markeval_namespace():
                 return {"arg": "bar"}
             """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         bar.joinpath("test_bar.py").write_text(
             textwrap.dedent(
@@ -254,7 +259,8 @@ class TestEvaluation:
             def test_bar():
                 assert False
             """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
 
         reprec = pytester.inline_run("-vs", "--capture=no")
@@ -629,7 +635,8 @@ class TestXFail:
 
             @pytest.mark.xfail(reason='unsupported feature', strict=%s)
             def test_foo():
-                with open('foo_executed', 'w'): pass  # make sure test executes
+                with open('foo_executed', 'w', encoding='utf-8'):
+                    pass  # make sure test executes
         """
             % strict
         )
diff --git a/testing/test_stepwise.py b/testing/test_stepwise.py
index 2094abc4e..85e38c7d5 100644
--- a/testing/test_stepwise.py
+++ b/testing/test_stepwise.py
@@ -352,6 +352,6 @@ def test_one():
     assert result.ret == 0
 
     assert Path(stepwise_cache_file).exists()
-    with stepwise_cache_file.open() as file_handle:
+    with stepwise_cache_file.open(encoding="utf-8") as file_handle:
         observed_value = file_handle.readlines()
     assert [expected_value] == observed_value
diff --git a/testing/test_terminal.py b/testing/test_terminal.py
index c0acb6006..7c2f7c94a 100644
--- a/testing/test_terminal.py
+++ b/testing/test_terminal.py
@@ -244,7 +244,8 @@ class TestTerminal:
                     def test_method(self):
                         pass
                 """
-            )
+            ),
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         result = pytester.runpytest("-vv")
         assert result.ret == 0
@@ -1567,7 +1568,8 @@ class TestGenericReporting:
             """
 def pytest_report_header(config, start_path):
     return ["line1", str(start_path)]
-"""
+""",
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         result = pytester.runpytest("a")
         result.stdout.fnmatch_lines(["*hello: 42*", "line1", str(pytester.path)])
@@ -1671,7 +1673,7 @@ def test_fdopen_kept_alive_issue124(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
         import os, sys
         k = []
         def test_open_file_and_keep_alive(capfd):
-            stdout = os.fdopen(1, 'w', 1)
+            stdout = os.fdopen(1, 'w', buffering=1, encoding='utf-8')
             k.append(stdout)
 
         def test_close_kept_alive_file():
diff --git a/testing/test_tmpdir.py b/testing/test_tmpdir.py
index 110a68b27..1e1446af1 100644
--- a/testing/test_tmpdir.py
+++ b/testing/test_tmpdir.py
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ def test_basetemp_with_read_only_files(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
 
         def test(tmp_path):
             fn = tmp_path / 'foo.txt'
-            fn.write_text('hello')
+            fn.write_text('hello', encoding='utf-8')
             mode = os.stat(str(fn)).st_mode
             os.chmod(str(fn), mode & ~stat.S_IREAD)
     """
diff --git a/testing/test_warnings.py b/testing/test_warnings.py
index a1ecba247..03846cb30 100644
--- a/testing/test_warnings.py
+++ b/testing/test_warnings.py
@@ -810,12 +810,12 @@ def test_resource_warning(pytester: Pytester, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -
     pytester.makepyfile(
         """
         def open_file(p):
-            f = p.open("r")
+            f = p.open("r", encoding="utf-8")
             assert p.read_text() == "hello"
 
         def test_resource_warning(tmp_path):
             p = tmp_path.joinpath("foo.txt")
-            p.write_text("hello")
+            p.write_text("hello", encoding="utf-8")
             open_file(p)
         """
     )