290 lines
9.6 KiB
Plaintext
290 lines
9.6 KiB
Plaintext
.. highlightlang:: python
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.. _`goodpractises`:
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Good Integration Practises
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=================================================
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Work with virtual environments
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-----------------------------------------------------------
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We recommend to use virtualenv_ environments and use pip_
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(or easy_install_) for installing your application and any dependencies
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as well as the ``pytest`` package itself. This way you will get an isolated
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and reproducible environment. Given you have installed virtualenv_
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and execute it from the command line, here is an example session for unix
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or windows::
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virtualenv . # create a virtualenv directory in the current directory
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source bin/activate # on unix
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scripts/activate # on Windows
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We can now install pytest::
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pip install pytest
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Due to the ``activate`` step above the ``pip`` will come from
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the virtualenv directory and install any package into the isolated
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virtual environment.
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Choosing a test layout / import rules
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------------------------------------------
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``pytest`` supports two common test layouts:
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* putting tests into an extra directory outside your actual application
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code, useful if you have many functional tests or for other reasons
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want to keep tests separate from actual application code (often a good
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idea)::
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setup.py # your distutils/setuptools Python package metadata
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mypkg/
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__init__.py
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appmodule.py
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tests/
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test_app.py
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...
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* inlining test directories into your application package, useful if you
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have direct relation between (unit-)test and application modules and
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want to distribute your tests along with your application::
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setup.py # your distutils/setuptools Python package metadata
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mypkg/
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__init__.py
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appmodule.py
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...
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test/
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test_app.py
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...
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Important notes relating to both schemes:
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- **make sure that "mypkg" is importable**, for example by typing once::
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pip install -e . # install package using setup.py in editable mode
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- **avoid "__init__.py" files in your test directories**.
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This way your tests can run easily against an installed version
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of ``mypkg``, independently from the installed package if it contains
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the tests or not.
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- With inlined tests you might put ``__init__.py`` into test
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directories and make them installable as part of your application.
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Using the ``py.test --pyargs mypkg`` invocation pytest will
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discover where mypkg is installed and collect tests from there.
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With the "external" test you can still distribute tests but they
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will not be installed or become importable.
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Typically you can run tests by pointing to test directories or modules::
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py.test tests/test_app.py # for external test dirs
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py.test mypkg/test/test_app.py # for inlined test dirs
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py.test mypkg # run tests in all below test directories
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py.test # run all tests below current dir
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...
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Because of the above ``editable install`` mode you can change your
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source code (both tests and the app) and rerun tests at will.
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Once you are done with your work, you can `use tox`_ to make sure
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that the package is really correct and tests pass in all
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required configurations.
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.. note::
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You can use Python3 namespace packages (PEP420) for your application
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but pytest will still perform `test package name`_ discovery based on the
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presence of ``__init__.py`` files. If you use one of the
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two recommended file system layouts above but leave away the ``__init__.py``
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files from your directories it should just work on Python3.3 and above. From
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"inlined tests", however, you will need to use absolute imports for
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getting at your application code.
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.. _`test package name`:
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.. note::
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If ``pytest`` finds a "a/b/test_module.py" test file while
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recursing into the filesystem it determines the import name
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as follows:
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* determine ``basedir``: this is the first "upward" (towards the root)
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directory not containing an ``__init__.py``. If e.g. both ``a``
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and ``b`` contain an ``__init__.py`` file then the parent directory
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of ``a`` will become the ``basedir``.
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* perform ``sys.path.insert(0, basedir)`` to make the test module
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importable under the fully qualified import name.
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* ``import a.b.test_module`` where the path is determined
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by converting path separators ``/`` into "." characters. This means
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you must follow the convention of having directory and file
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names map directly to the import names.
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The reason for this somewhat evolved importing technique is
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that in larger projects multiple test modules might import
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from each other and thus deriving a canonical import name helps
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to avoid surprises such as a test modules getting imported twice.
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.. _`virtualenv`: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv
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.. _`buildout`: http://www.buildout.org/
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.. _pip: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip
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.. _`use tox`:
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Use tox and Continuous Integration servers
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-------------------------------------------------
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If you frequently release code and want to make sure that your actual
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package passes all tests you may want to look into `tox`_, the
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virtualenv test automation tool and its `pytest support
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<http://testrun.org/tox/latest/example/pytest.html>`_.
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Tox helps you to setup virtualenv environments with pre-defined
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dependencies and then executing a pre-configured test command with
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options. It will run tests against the installed package and not
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against your source code checkout, helping to detect packaging
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glitches.
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If you want to use Jenkins_ you can use the ``--junitxml=PATH`` option
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to create a JUnitXML file that Jenkins_ can pick up and generate reports.
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.. _standalone:
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.. _`genscript method`:
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Create a pytest standalone script
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-------------------------------------------
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If you are a maintainer or application developer and want people
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who don't deal with python much to easily run tests you may generate
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a standalone ``pytest`` script::
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py.test --genscript=runtests.py
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This generates a ``runtests.py`` script which is a fully functional basic
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``pytest`` script, running unchanged under Python2 and Python3.
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You can tell people to download the script and then e.g. run it like this::
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python runtests.py
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Integrating with distutils / ``python setup.py test``
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--------------------------------------------------------
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You can integrate test runs into your distutils or
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setuptools based project. Use the `genscript method`_
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to generate a standalone ``pytest`` script::
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py.test --genscript=runtests.py
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and make this script part of your distribution and then add
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this to your ``setup.py`` file::
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from distutils.core import setup, Command
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# you can also import from setuptools
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class PyTest(Command):
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user_options = []
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def initialize_options(self):
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pass
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def finalize_options(self):
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pass
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def run(self):
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import subprocess
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import sys
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errno = subprocess.call([sys.executable, 'runtests.py'])
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raise SystemExit(errno)
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setup(
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#...,
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cmdclass = {'test': PyTest},
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#...,
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)
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If you now type::
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python setup.py test
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this will execute your tests using ``runtests.py``. As this is a
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standalone version of ``pytest`` no prior installation whatsoever is
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required for calling the test command. You can also pass additional
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arguments to the subprocess-calls such as your test directory or other
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options.
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Integration with setuptools test commands
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----------------------------------------------------
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Setuptools supports writing our own Test command for invoking pytest.
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Most often it is better to use tox_ instead, but here is how you can
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get started with setuptools integration::
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import sys
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from setuptools.command.test import test as TestCommand
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class PyTest(TestCommand):
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user_options = [('pytest-args=', 'a', "Arguments to pass to py.test")]
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def initialize_options(self):
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TestCommand.initialize_options(self)
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self.pytest_args = []
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def finalize_options(self):
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TestCommand.finalize_options(self)
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self.test_args = []
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self.test_suite = True
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def run_tests(self):
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#import here, cause outside the eggs aren't loaded
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import pytest
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errno = pytest.main(self.pytest_args)
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sys.exit(errno)
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setup(
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#...,
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tests_require=['pytest'],
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cmdclass = {'test': PyTest},
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)
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Now if you run::
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python setup.py test
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this will download ``pytest`` if needed and then run your tests
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as you would expect it to. You can pass a single string of arguments
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using the ``--pytest-args`` or ``-a`` command-line option. For example::
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python setup.py test -a "--durations=5"
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is equivalent to running ``py.test --durations=5``.
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.. _`test discovery`:
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.. _`Python test discovery`:
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Conventions for Python test discovery
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-------------------------------------------------
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``pytest`` implements the following standard test discovery:
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* collection starts from the initial command line arguments
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which may be directories, filenames or test ids.
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* recurse into directories, unless they match :confval:`norecursedirs`
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* ``test_*.py`` or ``*_test.py`` files, imported by their `test package name`_.
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* ``Test`` prefixed test classes (without an ``__init__`` method)
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* ``test_`` prefixed test functions or methods are test items
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For examples of how to customize your test discovery :doc:`example/pythoncollection`.
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Within Python modules, ``pytest`` also discovers tests using the standard
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:ref:`unittest.TestCase <unittest.TestCase>` subclassing technique.
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.. include:: links.inc
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