django/tests/select_for_update/tests.py

import threading
import time
from unittest import mock

from multiple_database.routers import TestRouter

from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
from django.db import (
    DatabaseError, NotSupportedError, connection, connections, router,
    transaction,
)
from django.test import (
    TransactionTestCase, override_settings, skipIfDBFeature,
    skipUnlessDBFeature,
)
from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext

from .models import City, Country, Person, PersonProfile


class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):

    available_apps = ['select_for_update']

    def setUp(self):
        # This is executed in autocommit mode so that code in
        # run_select_for_update can see this data.
        self.country1 = Country.objects.create(name='Belgium')
        self.country2 = Country.objects.create(name='France')
        self.city1 = City.objects.create(name='Liberchies', country=self.country1)
        self.city2 = City.objects.create(name='Samois-sur-Seine', country=self.country2)
        self.person = Person.objects.create(name='Reinhardt', born=self.city1, died=self.city2)
        self.person_profile = PersonProfile.objects.create(person=self.person)

        # We need another database connection in transaction to test that one
        # connection issuing a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE will block.
        self.new_connection = connection.copy()

    def tearDown(self):
        try:
            self.end_blocking_transaction()
        except (DatabaseError, AttributeError):
            pass
        self.new_connection.close()

    def start_blocking_transaction(self):
        self.new_connection.set_autocommit(False)
        # Start a blocking transaction. At some point,
        # end_blocking_transaction() should be called.
        self.cursor = self.new_connection.cursor()
        sql = 'SELECT * FROM %(db_table)s %(for_update)s;' % {
            'db_table': Person._meta.db_table,
            'for_update': self.new_connection.ops.for_update_sql(),
        }
        self.cursor.execute(sql, ())
        self.cursor.fetchone()

    def end_blocking_transaction(self):
        # Roll back the blocking transaction.
        self.cursor.close()
        self.new_connection.rollback()
        self.new_connection.set_autocommit(True)

    def has_for_update_sql(self, queries, **kwargs):
        # Examine the SQL that was executed to determine whether it
        # contains the 'SELECT..FOR UPDATE' stanza.
        for_update_sql = connection.ops.for_update_sql(**kwargs)
        return any(for_update_sql in query['sql'] for query in queries)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
    def test_for_update_sql_generated(self):
        """
        The backend's FOR UPDATE variant appears in
        generated SQL when select_for_update is invoked.
        """
        with transaction.atomic(), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
            list(Person.objects.all().select_for_update())
        self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries))

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_nowait')
    def test_for_update_sql_generated_nowait(self):
        """
        The backend's FOR UPDATE NOWAIT variant appears in
        generated SQL when select_for_update is invoked.
        """
        with transaction.atomic(), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
            list(Person.objects.all().select_for_update(nowait=True))
        self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, nowait=True))

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_skip_locked')
    def test_for_update_sql_generated_skip_locked(self):
        """
        The backend's FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED variant appears in
        generated SQL when select_for_update is invoked.
        """
        with transaction.atomic(), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
            list(Person.objects.all().select_for_update(skip_locked=True))
        self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, skip_locked=True))

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
    def test_for_update_sql_generated_of(self):
        """
        The backend's FOR UPDATE OF variant appears in the generated SQL when
        select_for_update() is invoked.
        """
        with transaction.atomic(), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
            list(Person.objects.select_related(
                'born__country',
            ).select_for_update(
                of=('born__country',),
            ).select_for_update(
                of=('self', 'born__country')
            ))
        features = connections['default'].features
        if features.select_for_update_of_column:
            expected = ['select_for_update_person"."id', 'select_for_update_country"."id']
        else:
            expected = ['select_for_update_person', 'select_for_update_country']
        expected = [connection.ops.quote_name(value) for value in expected]
        self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, of=expected))

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
    def test_for_update_of_followed_by_values(self):
        with transaction.atomic():
            values = list(Person.objects.select_for_update(of=('self',)).values('pk'))
        self.assertEqual(values, [{'pk': self.person.pk}])

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
    def test_for_update_of_followed_by_values_list(self):
        with transaction.atomic():
            values = list(Person.objects.select_for_update(of=('self',)).values_list('pk'))
        self.assertEqual(values, [(self.person.pk,)])

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
    def test_for_update_of_self_when_self_is_not_selected(self):
        """
        select_for_update(of=['self']) when the only columns selected are from
        related tables.
        """
        with transaction.atomic():
            values = list(Person.objects.select_related('born').select_for_update(of=('self',)).values('born__name'))
        self.assertEqual(values, [{'born__name': self.city1.name}])

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_nowait')
    def test_nowait_raises_error_on_block(self):
        """
        If nowait is specified, we expect an error to be raised rather
        than blocking.
        """
        self.start_blocking_transaction()
        status = []

        thread = threading.Thread(
            target=self.run_select_for_update,
            args=(status,),
            kwargs={'nowait': True},
        )

        thread.start()
        time.sleep(1)
        thread.join()
        self.end_blocking_transaction()
        self.assertIsInstance(status[-1], DatabaseError)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_skip_locked')
    def test_skip_locked_skips_locked_rows(self):
        """
        If skip_locked is specified, the locked row is skipped resulting in
        Person.DoesNotExist.
        """
        self.start_blocking_transaction()
        status = []
        thread = threading.Thread(
            target=self.run_select_for_update,
            args=(status,),
            kwargs={'skip_locked': True},
        )
        thread.start()
        time.sleep(1)
        thread.join()
        self.end_blocking_transaction()
        self.assertIsInstance(status[-1], Person.DoesNotExist)

    @skipIfDBFeature('has_select_for_update_nowait')
    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
    def test_unsupported_nowait_raises_error(self):
        """
        NotSupportedError is raised if a SELECT...FOR UPDATE NOWAIT is run on
        a database backend that supports FOR UPDATE but not NOWAIT.
        """
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, 'NOWAIT is not supported on this database backend.'):
            with transaction.atomic():
                Person.objects.select_for_update(nowait=True).get()

    @skipIfDBFeature('has_select_for_update_skip_locked')
    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
    def test_unsupported_skip_locked_raises_error(self):
        """
        NotSupportedError is raised if a SELECT...FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED is run
        on a database backend that supports FOR UPDATE but not SKIP LOCKED.
        """
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, 'SKIP LOCKED is not supported on this database backend.'):
            with transaction.atomic():
                Person.objects.select_for_update(skip_locked=True).get()

    @skipIfDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
    def test_unsupported_of_raises_error(self):
        """
        NotSupportedError is raised if a SELECT...FOR UPDATE OF... is run on
        a database backend that supports FOR UPDATE but not OF.
        """
        msg = 'FOR UPDATE OF is not supported on this database backend.'
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
            with transaction.atomic():
                Person.objects.select_for_update(of=('self',)).get()

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update', 'has_select_for_update_of')
    def test_unrelated_of_argument_raises_error(self):
        """
        FieldError is raised if a non-relation field is specified in of=(...).
        """
        msg = (
            'Invalid field name(s) given in select_for_update(of=(...)): %s. '
            'Only relational fields followed in the query are allowed. '
            'Choices are: self, born, born__country.'
        )
        invalid_of = [
            ('nonexistent',),
            ('name',),
            ('born__nonexistent',),
            ('born__name',),
            ('born__nonexistent', 'born__name'),
        ]
        for of in invalid_of:
            with self.subTest(of=of):
                with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg % ', '.join(of)):
                    with transaction.atomic():
                        Person.objects.select_related('born__country').select_for_update(of=of).get()

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update', 'has_select_for_update_of')
    def test_related_but_unselected_of_argument_raises_error(self):
        """
        FieldError is raised if a relation field that is not followed in the
        query is specified in of=(...).
        """
        msg = (
            'Invalid field name(s) given in select_for_update(of=(...)): %s. '
            'Only relational fields followed in the query are allowed. '
            'Choices are: self, born, profile.'
        )
        for name in ['born__country', 'died', 'died__country']:
            with self.subTest(name=name):
                with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg % name):
                    with transaction.atomic():
                        Person.objects.select_related(
                            'born', 'profile',
                        ).exclude(profile=None).select_for_update(of=(name,)).get()

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update', 'has_select_for_update_of')
    def test_reverse_one_to_one_of_arguments(self):
        """
        Reverse OneToOneFields may be included in of=(...) as long as NULLs
        are excluded because LEFT JOIN isn't allowed in SELECT FOR UPDATE.
        """
        with transaction.atomic():
            person = Person.objects.select_related(
                'profile',
            ).exclude(profile=None).select_for_update(of=('profile',)).get()
            self.assertEqual(person.profile, self.person_profile)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
    def test_for_update_after_from(self):
        features_class = connections['default'].features.__class__
        attribute_to_patch = "%s.%s.for_update_after_from" % (features_class.__module__, features_class.__name__)
        with mock.patch(attribute_to_patch, return_value=True):
            with transaction.atomic():
                self.assertIn('FOR UPDATE WHERE', str(Person.objects.filter(name='foo').select_for_update().query))

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
    def test_for_update_requires_transaction(self):
        """
        A TransactionManagementError is raised
        when a select_for_update query is executed outside of a transaction.
        """
        msg = 'select_for_update cannot be used outside of a transaction.'
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(transaction.TransactionManagementError, msg):
            list(Person.objects.all().select_for_update())

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
    def test_for_update_requires_transaction_only_in_execution(self):
        """
        No TransactionManagementError is raised
        when select_for_update is invoked outside of a transaction -
        only when the query is executed.
        """
        people = Person.objects.all().select_for_update()
        msg = 'select_for_update cannot be used outside of a transaction.'
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(transaction.TransactionManagementError, msg):
            list(people)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_for_update_with_limit')
    def test_select_for_update_with_limit(self):
        other = Person.objects.create(name='Grappeli', born=self.city1, died=self.city2)
        with transaction.atomic():
            qs = list(Person.objects.all().order_by('pk').select_for_update()[1:2])
            self.assertEqual(qs[0], other)

    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_select_for_update_with_limit')
    def test_unsupported_select_for_update_with_limit(self):
        msg = 'LIMIT/OFFSET is not supported with select_for_update on this database backend.'
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
            with transaction.atomic():
                list(Person.objects.all().order_by('pk').select_for_update()[1:2])

    def run_select_for_update(self, status, **kwargs):
        """
        Utility method that runs a SELECT FOR UPDATE against all
        Person instances. After the select_for_update, it attempts
        to update the name of the only record, save, and commit.

        This function expects to run in a separate thread.
        """
        status.append('started')
        try:
            # We need to enter transaction management again, as this is done on
            # per-thread basis
            with transaction.atomic():
                person = Person.objects.select_for_update(**kwargs).get()
                person.name = 'Fred'
                person.save()
        except (DatabaseError, Person.DoesNotExist) as e:
            status.append(e)
        finally:
            # This method is run in a separate thread. It uses its own
            # database connection. Close it without waiting for the GC.
            connection.close()

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_transactions')
    def test_block(self):
        """
        A thread running a select_for_update that accesses rows being touched
        by a similar operation on another connection blocks correctly.
        """
        # First, let's start the transaction in our thread.
        self.start_blocking_transaction()

        # Now, try it again using the ORM's select_for_update
        # facility. Do this in a separate thread.
        status = []
        thread = threading.Thread(
            target=self.run_select_for_update, args=(status,)
        )

        # The thread should immediately block, but we'll sleep
        # for a bit to make sure.
        thread.start()
        sanity_count = 0
        while len(status) != 1 and sanity_count < 10:
            sanity_count += 1
            time.sleep(1)
        if sanity_count >= 10:
            raise ValueError('Thread did not run and block')

        # Check the person hasn't been updated. Since this isn't
        # using FOR UPDATE, it won't block.
        p = Person.objects.get(pk=self.person.pk)
        self.assertEqual('Reinhardt', p.name)

        # When we end our blocking transaction, our thread should
        # be able to continue.
        self.end_blocking_transaction()
        thread.join(5.0)

        # Check the thread has finished. Assuming it has, we should
        # find that it has updated the person's name.
        self.assertFalse(thread.isAlive())

        # We must commit the transaction to ensure that MySQL gets a fresh read,
        # since by default it runs in REPEATABLE READ mode
        transaction.commit()

        p = Person.objects.get(pk=self.person.pk)
        self.assertEqual('Fred', p.name)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
    def test_raw_lock_not_available(self):
        """
        Running a raw query which can't obtain a FOR UPDATE lock raises
        the correct exception
        """
        self.start_blocking_transaction()

        def raw(status):
            try:
                list(
                    Person.objects.raw(
                        'SELECT * FROM %s %s' % (
                            Person._meta.db_table,
                            connection.ops.for_update_sql(nowait=True)
                        )
                    )
                )
            except DatabaseError as e:
                status.append(e)
            finally:
                # This method is run in a separate thread. It uses its own
                # database connection. Close it without waiting for the GC.
                # Connection cannot be closed on Oracle because cursor is still
                # open.
                if connection.vendor != 'oracle':
                    connection.close()

        status = []
        thread = threading.Thread(target=raw, kwargs={'status': status})
        thread.start()
        time.sleep(1)
        thread.join()
        self.end_blocking_transaction()
        self.assertIsInstance(status[-1], DatabaseError)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
    @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[TestRouter()])
    def test_select_for_update_on_multidb(self):
        query = Person.objects.select_for_update()
        self.assertEqual(router.db_for_write(Person), query.db)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
    def test_select_for_update_with_get(self):
        with transaction.atomic():
            person = Person.objects.select_for_update().get(name='Reinhardt')
        self.assertEqual(person.name, 'Reinhardt')

    def test_nowait_and_skip_locked(self):
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'The nowait option cannot be used with skip_locked.'):
            Person.objects.select_for_update(nowait=True, skip_locked=True)

    def test_ordered_select_for_update(self):
        """
        Subqueries should respect ordering as an ORDER BY clause may be useful
        to specify a row locking order to prevent deadlocks (#27193).
        """
        with transaction.atomic():
            qs = Person.objects.filter(id__in=Person.objects.order_by('-id').select_for_update())
            self.assertIn('ORDER BY', str(qs.query))