Fixed #15042 -- Ensured that email addresses without a domain can still be mail recipients. Patch also improves the IDN handling introduced by r15006, and refactors the test suite to ensure even feature coverage. Thanks to net147 for the report, and to Łukasz Rekucki for the awesome patch.

git-svn-id: http://code.djangoproject.com/svn/django/trunk@15211 bcc190cf-cafb-0310-a4f2-bffc1f526a37

django/core/mail/backends/smtp.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 """SMTP email backend class."""
-
 import smtplib
 import socket
 import threading
@@ -7,6 +6,8 @@ import threading
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.mail.backends.base import BaseEmailBackend
 from django.core.mail.utils import DNS_NAME
+from django.core.mail.message import sanitize_address
+
 
 class EmailBackend(BaseEmailBackend):
     """
@@ -91,17 +92,13 @@ class EmailBackend(BaseEmailBackend):
             self._lock.release()
         return num_sent
 
-    def _sanitize(self, email):
-        name, domain = email.split('@', 1)
-        email = '@'.join([name, domain.encode('idna')])
-        return email
-
     def _send(self, email_message):
         """A helper method that does the actual sending."""
         if not email_message.recipients():
             return False
-        from_email = self._sanitize(email_message.from_email)
+        from_email = sanitize_address(email_message.from_email, email_message.encoding)
-        recipients = map(self._sanitize, email_message.recipients())
+        recipients = [sanitize_address(addr, email_message.encoding)
+                      for addr in email_message.recipients()]
         try:
             self.connection.sendmail(from_email, recipients,
                     email_message.message().as_string())

django/core/mail/message.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ from email.Utils import formatdate, getaddresses, formataddr
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.mail.utils import DNS_NAME
 from django.utils.encoding import smart_str, force_unicode
+from email.Utils import parseaddr
 
 # Don't BASE64-encode UTF-8 messages so that we avoid unwanted attention from
 # some spam filters.
@@ -54,6 +55,22 @@ def make_msgid(idstring=None):
     return msgid
 
 
+# Header names that contain structured address data (RFC #5322)
+ADDRESS_HEADERS = set([
+    'from',
+    'sender',
+    'reply-to',
+    'to',
+    'cc',
+    'bcc',
+    'resent-from',
+    'resent-sender',
+    'resent-to',
+    'resent-cc',
+    'resent-bcc',
+])
+
+
 def forbid_multi_line_headers(name, val, encoding):
     """Forbids multi-line headers, to prevent header injection."""
     encoding = encoding or settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET
@@ -63,23 +80,35 @@ def forbid_multi_line_headers(name, val, encoding):
     try:
         val = val.encode('ascii')
     except UnicodeEncodeError:
-        if name.lower() in ('to', 'from', 'cc'):
+        if name.lower() in ADDRESS_HEADERS:
-            result = []
+            val = ', '.join(sanitize_address(addr, encoding)
-            for nm, addr in getaddresses((val,)):
+                for addr in getaddresses((val,)))
-                nm = str(Header(nm.encode(encoding), encoding))
-                try:
-                    addr = addr.encode('ascii')
-                except UnicodeEncodeError:  # IDN
-                    addr = str(Header(addr.encode(encoding), encoding))
-                result.append(formataddr((nm, addr)))
-            val = ', '.join(result)
         else:
-            val = Header(val.encode(encoding), encoding)
+            val = str(Header(val, encoding))
     else:
         if name.lower() == 'subject':
             val = Header(val)
     return name, val
 
+
+def sanitize_address(addr, encoding):
+    if isinstance(addr, basestring):
+        addr = parseaddr(force_unicode(addr))
+    nm, addr = addr
+    nm = str(Header(nm, encoding))
+    try:
+        addr = addr.encode('ascii')
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:  # IDN
+        if u'@' in addr:
+            localpart, domain = addr.split(u'@', 1)
+            localpart = str(Header(localpart, encoding))
+            domain = domain.encode('idna')
+            addr = '@'.join([localpart, domain])
+        else:
+            addr = str(Header(addr, encoding))
+    return formataddr((nm, addr))
+
+
 class SafeMIMEText(MIMEText):
 
     def __init__(self, text, subtype, charset):
@@ -90,6 +119,7 @@ class SafeMIMEText(MIMEText):
         name, val = forbid_multi_line_headers(name, val, self.encoding)
         MIMEText.__setitem__(self, name, val)
 
+
 class SafeMIMEMultipart(MIMEMultipart):
 
     def __init__(self, _subtype='mixed', boundary=None, _subparts=None, encoding=None, **_params):
@@ -100,6 +130,7 @@ class SafeMIMEMultipart(MIMEMultipart):
         name, val = forbid_multi_line_headers(name, val, self.encoding)
         MIMEMultipart.__setitem__(self, name, val)
 
+
 class EmailMessage(object):
     """
     A container for email information.
@@ -274,7 +305,7 @@ class EmailMultiAlternatives(EmailMessage):
         conversions.
         """
         super(EmailMultiAlternatives, self).__init__(subject, body, from_email, to, bcc, connection, attachments, headers, cc)
-        self.alternatives=alternatives or []
+        self.alternatives = alternatives or []
 
     def attach_alternative(self, content, mimetype):
         """Attach an alternative content representation."""

tests/regressiontests/mail/tests.py

@@ -1,21 +1,62 @@
 # coding: utf-8
+import asyncore
 import email
 import os
 import shutil
+import smtpd
 import sys
-import tempfile
 from StringIO import StringIO
+import tempfile
+import threading
+
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core import mail
 from django.core.mail import EmailMessage, mail_admins, mail_managers, EmailMultiAlternatives
 from django.core.mail import send_mail, send_mass_mail
-from django.core.mail.backends.base import BaseEmailBackend
 from django.core.mail.backends import console, dummy, locmem, filebased, smtp
 from django.core.mail.message import BadHeaderError
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy
+from django.utils.functional import wraps
+
+
+def alter_django_settings(**kwargs):
+    oldvalues = {}
+    nonexistant = []
+    for setting, newvalue in kwargs.iteritems():
+        try:
+            oldvalues[setting] = getattr(settings, setting)
+        except AttributeError:
+            nonexistant.append(setting)
+        setattr(settings, setting, newvalue)
+    return oldvalues, nonexistant
+
+
+def restore_django_settings(state):
+    oldvalues, nonexistant = state
+    for setting, oldvalue in oldvalues.iteritems():
+        setattr(settings, setting, oldvalue)
+    for setting in nonexistant:
+        delattr(settings, setting)
+
+
+def with_django_settings(**kwargs):
+    def decorator(test):
+        @wraps(test)
+        def decorated_test(self):
+            state = alter_django_settings(**kwargs)
+            try:
+                return test(self)
+            finally:
+                restore_django_settings(state)
+        return decorated_test
+    return decorator
+
 
 class MailTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Non-backend specific tests.
+    """
 
     def test_ascii(self):
         email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
@@ -26,7 +67,7 @@ class MailTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(message['To'], 'to@example.com')
 
     def test_multiple_recipients(self):
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com','other@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com', 'other@example.com'])
         message = email.message()
         self.assertEqual(message['Subject'].encode(), 'Subject')
         self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), 'Content')
@@ -40,14 +81,6 @@ class MailTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(message['Cc'], 'cc@example.com')
         self.assertEqual(email.recipients(), ['to@example.com', 'cc@example.com'])
 
-        # Verify headers
-        old_stdout = sys.stdout
-        sys.stdout = StringIO()
-        connection = console.EmailBackend()
-        connection.send_messages([email])
-        self.assertTrue(sys.stdout.getvalue().startswith('Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"\nMIME-Version: 1.0\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable\nSubject: Subject\nFrom: from@example.com\nTo: to@example.com\nCc: cc@example.com\nDate: '))
-        sys.stdout = old_stdout
-
         # Test multiple CC with multiple To
         email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com', 'other@example.com'], cc=['cc@example.com', 'cc.other@example.com'])
         message = email.message()
@@ -83,33 +116,6 @@ class MailTests(TestCase):
         email = EmailMessage('subject', 'content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'], headers=headers)
         self.assertEqual(email.message().as_string(), 'Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"\nMIME-Version: 1.0\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable\nSubject: subject\nFrom: from@example.com\nTo: to@example.com\ndate: Fri, 09 Nov 2001 01:08:47 -0000\nMessage-ID: foo\n\ncontent')
 
-    def test_empty_admins(self):
-        """
-        Test that mail_admins/mail_managers doesn't connect to the mail server
-        if there are no recipients (#9383)
-        """
-        old_admins = settings.ADMINS
-        old_managers = settings.MANAGERS
-
-        settings.ADMINS = settings.MANAGERS = [('nobody','nobody@example.com')]
-        mail.outbox = []
-        mail_admins('hi', 'there')
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        mail.outbox = []
-        mail_managers('hi', 'there')
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-
-        settings.ADMINS = settings.MANAGERS = []
-        mail.outbox = []
-        mail_admins('hi', 'there')
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
-        mail.outbox = []
-        mail_managers('hi', 'there')
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
-
-        settings.ADMINS = old_admins
-        settings.MANAGERS = old_managers
-
     def test_from_header(self):
         """
         Make sure we can manually set the From header (#9214)
@@ -129,17 +135,26 @@ class MailTests(TestCase):
         message = email.message()
         self.assertEqual(message['From'], 'from@example.com')
 
-    def test_unicode_header(self):
+    def test_unicode_address_header(self):
         """
         Regression for #11144 - When a to/from/cc header contains unicode,
         make sure the email addresses are parsed correctly (especially with
         regards to commas)
         """
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['"Firstname Sürname" <to@example.com>','other@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['"Firstname Sürname" <to@example.com>', 'other@example.com'])
         self.assertEqual(email.message()['To'], '=?utf-8?q?Firstname_S=C3=BCrname?= <to@example.com>, other@example.com')
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['"Sürname, Firstname" <to@example.com>','other@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['"Sürname, Firstname" <to@example.com>', 'other@example.com'])
         self.assertEqual(email.message()['To'], '=?utf-8?q?S=C3=BCrname=2C_Firstname?= <to@example.com>, other@example.com')
 
+    def test_unicode_headers(self):
+        email = EmailMessage(u"Gżegżółka", "Content", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"],
+                             headers={"Sender": '"Firstname Sürname" <sender@example.com>',
+                                      "Comments": 'My Sürname is non-ASCII'})
+        message = email.message()
+        self.assertEqual(message['Subject'], '=?utf-8?b?R8W8ZWfFvMOzxYJrYQ==?=')
+        self.assertEqual(message['Sender'], '=?utf-8?q?Firstname_S=C3=BCrname?= <sender@example.com>')
+        self.assertEqual(message['Comments'], '=?utf-8?q?My_S=C3=BCrname_is_non-ASCII?=')
+
     def test_safe_mime_multipart(self):
         """
         Make sure headers can be set with a different encoding than utf-8 in
@@ -193,26 +208,7 @@ class MailTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(payload[0].get_content_type(), 'multipart/alternative')
         self.assertEqual(payload[1].get_content_type(), 'application/pdf')
 
-    def test_arbitrary_stream(self):
+    def test_dummy_backend(self):
-        """
-        Test that the console backend can be pointed at an arbitrary stream.
-        """
-        s = StringIO()
-        connection = mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend', stream=s)
-        send_mail('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'], connection=connection)
-        self.assertTrue(s.getvalue().startswith('Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"\nMIME-Version: 1.0\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable\nSubject: Subject\nFrom: from@example.com\nTo: to@example.com\nDate: '))
-
-    def test_stdout(self):
-        """Make sure that the console backend writes to stdout by default"""
-        old_stdout = sys.stdout
-        sys.stdout = StringIO()
-        connection = console.EmailBackend()
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'], headers={'From': 'from@example.com'})
-        connection.send_messages([email])
-        self.assertTrue(sys.stdout.getvalue().startswith('Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"\nMIME-Version: 1.0\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable\nSubject: Subject\nFrom: from@example.com\nTo: to@example.com\nDate: '))
-        sys.stdout = old_stdout
-
-    def test_dummy(self):
         """
         Make sure that dummy backends returns correct number of sent messages
         """
@@ -220,52 +216,6 @@ class MailTests(TestCase):
         email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'], headers={'From': 'from@example.com'})
         self.assertEqual(connection.send_messages([email, email, email]), 3)
 
-    def test_locmem(self):
-        """
-        Make sure that the locmen backend populates the outbox.
-        """
-        mail.outbox = []
-        connection = locmem.EmailBackend()
-        email1 = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'], headers={'From': 'from@example.com'})
-        email2 = EmailMessage('Subject 2', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'], headers={'From': 'from@example.com'})
-        connection.send_messages([email1, email2])
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].subject, 'Subject 2')
-
-        # Make sure that multiple locmem connections share mail.outbox
-        mail.outbox = []
-        connection2 = locmem.EmailBackend()
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'], headers={'From': 'from@example.com'})
-        connection.send_messages([email])
-        connection2.send_messages([email])
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 2)
-
-    def test_file_backend(self):
-        tmp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        connection = filebased.EmailBackend(file_path=tmp_dir)
-        email1 = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'], headers={'From': 'from@example.com'})
-        connection.send_messages([email1])
-        self.assertEqual(len(os.listdir(tmp_dir)), 1)
-        message = email.message_from_file(open(os.path.join(tmp_dir, os.listdir(tmp_dir)[0])))
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_content_type(), 'text/plain')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('from'), 'from@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('to'), 'to@example.com')
-        connection2 = filebased.EmailBackend(file_path=tmp_dir)
-        connection2.send_messages([email1])
-        self.assertEqual(len(os.listdir(tmp_dir)), 2)
-        connection.send_messages([email1])
-        self.assertEqual(len(os.listdir(tmp_dir)), 2)
-        email1.connection = filebased.EmailBackend(file_path=tmp_dir)
-        connection_created = connection.open()
-        email1.send()
-        self.assertEqual(len(os.listdir(tmp_dir)), 3)
-        email1.send()
-        self.assertEqual(len(os.listdir(tmp_dir)), 3)
-        connection.close()
-        shutil.rmtree(tmp_dir)
-
     def test_arbitrary_keyword(self):
         """
         Make sure that get_connection() accepts arbitrary keyword that might be
@@ -289,144 +239,392 @@ class MailTests(TestCase):
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.dummy.EmailBackend'), dummy.EmailBackend))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'), console.EmailBackend))
         tmp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        self.assertTrue(isinstance(mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.filebased.EmailBackend', file_path=tmp_dir), filebased.EmailBackend))
+        try:
-        shutil.rmtree(tmp_dir)
+            self.assertTrue(isinstance(mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.filebased.EmailBackend', file_path=tmp_dir), filebased.EmailBackend))
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(tmp_dir)
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(mail.get_connection(), locmem.EmailBackend))
 
+    @with_django_settings(
+        EMAIL_BACKEND='django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend',
+        ADMINS=[('nobody', 'nobody@example.com')],
+        MANAGERS=[('nobody', 'nobody@example.com')])
     def test_connection_arg(self):
         """Test connection argument to send_mail(), et. al."""
-        connection = mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend')
-
         mail.outbox = []
+
+        # Send using non-default connection
+        connection = mail.get_connection('regressiontests.mail.custombackend.EmailBackend')
         send_mail('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'], connection=connection)
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox, [])
-        message = mail.outbox[0]
+        self.assertEqual(len(connection.test_outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(message.subject, 'Subject')
+        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[0].subject, 'Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.from_email, 'from@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(message.to, ['to@example.com'])
 
-        mail.outbox = []
+        connection = mail.get_connection('regressiontests.mail.custombackend.EmailBackend')
         send_mass_mail([
                 ('Subject1', 'Content1', 'from1@example.com', ['to1@example.com']),
-                ('Subject2', 'Content2', 'from2@example.com', ['to2@example.com'])
+                ('Subject2', 'Content2', 'from2@example.com', ['to2@example.com']),
             ], connection=connection)
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox, [])
-        message = mail.outbox[0]
+        self.assertEqual(len(connection.test_outbox), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(message.subject, 'Subject1')
+        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[0].subject, 'Subject1')
-        self.assertEqual(message.from_email, 'from1@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[1].subject, 'Subject2')
-        self.assertEqual(message.to, ['to1@example.com'])
-        message = mail.outbox[1]
-        self.assertEqual(message.subject, 'Subject2')
-        self.assertEqual(message.from_email, 'from2@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(message.to, ['to2@example.com'])
 
-        old_admins = settings.ADMINS
+        connection = mail.get_connection('regressiontests.mail.custombackend.EmailBackend')
-        old_managers = settings.MANAGERS
+        mail_admins('Admin message', 'Content', connection=connection)
-        settings.ADMINS = settings.MANAGERS = [('nobody','nobody@example.com')]
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox, [])
+        self.assertEqual(len(connection.test_outbox), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[0].subject, '[Django] Admin message')
 
-        mail.outbox = []
+        connection = mail.get_connection('regressiontests.mail.custombackend.EmailBackend')
-        mail_admins('Subject', 'Content', connection=connection)
+        mail_managers('Manager message', 'Content', connection=connection)
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox, [])
-        message = mail.outbox[0]
+        self.assertEqual(len(connection.test_outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(message.subject, '[Django] Subject')
+        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[0].subject, '[Django] Manager message')
-        self.assertEqual(message.from_email, 'root@localhost')
-        self.assertEqual(message.to, ['nobody@example.com'])
 
-        mail.outbox = []
-        mail_managers('Subject', 'Content', connection=connection)
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        message = mail.outbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(message.subject, '[Django] Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.from_email, 'root@localhost')
-        self.assertEqual(message.to, ['nobody@example.com'])
 
-        settings.ADMINS = old_admins
+class BaseEmailBackendTests(object):
-        settings.MANAGERS = old_managers
+    email_backend = None
 
-    def test_mail_prefix(self):
+    def setUp(self):
-        """Test prefix argument in manager/admin mail."""
+        self.__settings_state = alter_django_settings(EMAIL_BACKEND=self.email_backend)
-        # Regression for #13494.
-        old_admins = settings.ADMINS
-        old_managers = settings.MANAGERS
-        settings.ADMINS = settings.MANAGERS = [('nobody','nobody@example.com')]
 
-        mail_managers(ugettext_lazy('Subject'), 'Content')
+    def tearDown(self):
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
+        restore_django_settings(self.__settings_state)
-        message = mail.outbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(message.subject, '[Django] Subject')
 
-        mail.outbox = []
+    def assertStartsWith(self, first, second):
-        mail_admins(ugettext_lazy('Subject'), 'Content')
+        if not first.startswith(second):
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
+            self.longMessage = True
-        message = mail.outbox[0]
+            self.assertEqual(first[:len(second)], second, "First string doesn't start with the second.")
-        self.assertEqual(message.subject, '[Django] Subject')
 
-        settings.ADMINS = old_admins
+    def get_mailbox_content(self):
-        settings.MANAGERS = old_managers
+        raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def test_html_mail_admins(self):
+    def flush_mailbox(self):
-        """Test html_message argument to mail_admins and mail_managers"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
-        old_admins = settings.ADMINS
-        settings.ADMINS = [('nobody','nobody@example.com')]
 
-        mail.outbox = []
+    def get_the_message(self):
-        mail_admins('Subject', 'Content', html_message='HTML Content')
+        mailbox = self.get_mailbox_content()
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(mailbox), 1,
-        message = mail.outbox[0]
+            "Expected exactly one message, got %d.\n%r" % (len(mailbox), [
-        self.assertEqual(message.subject, '[Django] Subject')
+                m.as_string() for m in mailbox]))
-        self.assertEqual(message.body, 'Content')
+        return mailbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(message.alternatives, [('HTML Content', 'text/html')])
 
-        settings.ADMINS = old_admins
+    def test_send(self):
+        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+        num_sent = mail.get_connection().send_messages([email])
+        self.assertEqual(num_sent, 1)
+        message = self.get_the_message()
+        self.assertEqual(message["subject"], "Subject")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), "Content")
+        self.assertEqual(message["from"], "from@example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_all("to"), ["to@example.com"])
 
+    def test_send_many(self):
+        email1 = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content1', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+        email2 = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content2', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+        num_sent = mail.get_connection().send_messages([email1, email2])
+        self.assertEqual(num_sent, 2)
+        messages = self.get_mailbox_content()
+        self.assertEquals(len(messages), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(messages[0].get_payload(), "Content1")
+        self.assertEqual(messages[1].get_payload(), "Content2")
+
+    def test_send_verbose_name(self):
+        email = EmailMessage("Subject", "Content", '"Firstname Sürname" <from@example.com>',
+                             ["to@example.com"])
+        email.send()
+        message = self.get_the_message()
+        self.assertEqual(message["subject"], "Subject")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), "Content")
+        self.assertEqual(message["from"], "=?utf-8?q?Firstname_S=C3=BCrname?= <from@example.com>")
+
+    @with_django_settings(MANAGERS=[('nobody', 'nobody@example.com')])
     def test_html_mail_managers(self):
-        """Test html_message argument to mail_admins and mail_managers"""
+        """Test html_message argument to mail_managers"""
-        old_managers = settings.MANAGERS
-        settings.MANAGERS = [('nobody','nobody@example.com')]
-
-        mail.outbox = []
         mail_managers('Subject', 'Content', html_message='HTML Content')
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
+        message = self.get_the_message()
-        message = mail.outbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(message.subject, '[Django] Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.body, 'Content')
-        self.assertEqual(message.alternatives, [('HTML Content', 'text/html')])
 
-        settings.MANAGERS = old_managers
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), '[Django] Subject')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_all('to'), ['nobody@example.com'])
+        self.assertTrue(message.is_multipart())
+        self.assertEqual(len(message.get_payload()), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_payload(), 'Content')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_content_type(), 'text/plain')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_payload(), 'HTML Content')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_content_type(), 'text/html')
 
-    def test_idn_validation(self):
+    @with_django_settings(ADMINS=[('nobody', 'nobody@example.com')])
-        """Test internationalized email adresses"""
+    def test_html_mail_admins(self):
-        # Regression for #14301.
+        """Test html_message argument to mail_admins """
+        mail_admins('Subject', 'Content', html_message='HTML Content')
+        message = self.get_the_message()
+
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), '[Django] Subject')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_all('to'), ['nobody@example.com'])
+        self.assertTrue(message.is_multipart())
+        self.assertEqual(len(message.get_payload()), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_payload(), 'Content')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_content_type(), 'text/plain')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_payload(), 'HTML Content')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_content_type(), 'text/html')
+
+    @with_django_settings(ADMINS=[('nobody', 'nobody+admin@example.com')],
+                         MANAGERS=[('nobody', 'nobody+manager@example.com')])
+    def test_manager_and_admin_mail_prefix(self):
+        """
+        String prefix + lazy translated subject = bad output
+        Regression for #13494
+        """
+        mail_managers(ugettext_lazy('Subject'), 'Content')
+        message = self.get_the_message()
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), '[Django] Subject')
+
+        self.flush_mailbox()
+        mail_admins(ugettext_lazy('Subject'), 'Content')
+        message = self.get_the_message()
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), '[Django] Subject')
+
+    @with_django_settings(ADMINS=(), MANAGERS=())
+    def test_empty_admins(self):
+        """
+        Test that mail_admins/mail_managers doesn't connect to the mail server
+        if there are no recipients (#9383)
+        """
+        mail_admins('hi', 'there')
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_mailbox_content(), [])
+        mail_managers('hi', 'there')
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_mailbox_content(), [])
+
+    def test_message_cc_header(self):
+        """
+        Regression test for #7722
+        """
+        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'], cc=['cc@example.com'])
+        mail.get_connection().send_messages([email])
+        message = self.get_the_message()
+        self.assertStartsWith(message.as_string(), 'Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"\nMIME-Version: 1.0\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable\nSubject: Subject\nFrom: from@example.com\nTo: to@example.com\nCc: cc@example.com\nDate: ')
+
+    def test_idn_send(self):
+        """
+        Regression test for #14301
+        """
+        self.assertTrue(send_mail('Subject', 'Content', 'from@öäü.com', [u'to@öäü.com']))
+        message = self.get_the_message()
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Subject')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('from'), 'from@xn--4ca9at.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('to'), 'to@xn--4ca9at.com')
+
+        self.flush_mailbox()
+        m = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@öäü.com',
+                     [u'to@öäü.com'], cc=[u'cc@öäü.com'])
+        m.send()
+        message = self.get_the_message()
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Subject')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('from'), 'from@xn--4ca9at.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('to'), 'to@xn--4ca9at.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('cc'), 'cc@xn--4ca9at.com')
+
+    def test_recipient_without_domain(self):
+        """
+        Regression test for #15042
+        """
+        self.assertTrue(send_mail("Subject", "Content", "tester", ["django"]))
+        message = self.get_the_message()
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Subject')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('from'), "tester")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('to'), "django")
+
+
+class LocmemBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, TestCase):
+    email_backend = 'django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend'
+
+    def get_mailbox_content(self):
+        return [m.message() for m in mail.outbox]
+
+    def flush_mailbox(self):
         mail.outbox = []
-        from_email = u'fröm@öäü.com'
-        to_email = u'tö@öäü.com'
-        connection = mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend')
-        send_mail('Subject', 'Content', from_email, [to_email], connection=connection)
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        message = mail.outbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(message.subject, 'Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.from_email, from_email)
-        self.assertEqual(message.to, [to_email])
-        self.assertTrue(message.message().as_string().startswith('Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"\nMIME-Version: 1.0\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable\nSubject: Subject\nFrom: =?utf-8?b?ZnLDtm1Aw7bDpMO8LmNvbQ==?=\nTo: =?utf-8?b?dMO2QMO2w6TDvC5jb20=?='))
 
-    def test_idn_smtp_send(self):
+    def tearDown(self):
-        import smtplib
+        super(LocmemBackendTests, self).tearDown()
-        smtplib.SMTP = MockSMTP
+        mail.outbox = []
-        from_email = u'fröm@öäü.com'
-        to_email = u'tö@öäü.com'
-        connection = mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend')
-        self.assertTrue(send_mail('Subject', 'Content', from_email, [to_email], connection=connection))
 
-class MockSMTP(object):
+    def test_locmem_shared_messages(self):
-    def __init__(self, host='', port=0, local_hostname=None,
+        """
-                 timeout=1):
+        Make sure that the locmen backend populates the outbox.
-        pass
+        """
+        connection = locmem.EmailBackend()
+        connection2 = locmem.EmailBackend()
+        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'], headers={'From': 'from@example.com'})
+        connection.send_messages([email])
+        connection2.send_messages([email])
+        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 2)
 
-    def sendmail(self, from_addr, to_addrs, msg, mail_options=[],
-                 rcpt_options=[]):
-        for addr in to_addrs:
-            str(addr.split('@', 1)[-1])
-        return {}
 
-    def quit(self):
+class FileBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, TestCase):
-        return 0
+    email_backend = 'django.core.mail.backends.filebased.EmailBackend'
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(FileBackendTests, self).setUp()
+        self.tmp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        self.__settings_state = alter_django_settings(EMAIL_FILE_PATH=self.tmp_dir)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        restore_django_settings(self.__settings_state)
+        shutil.rmtree(self.tmp_dir)
+        super(FileBackendTests, self).tearDown()
+
+    def flush_mailbox(self):
+        for filename in os.listdir(self.tmp_dir):
+            os.unlink(os.path.join(self.tmp_dir, filename))
+
+    def get_mailbox_content(self):
+        messages = []
+        for filename in os.listdir(self.tmp_dir):
+            session = open(os.path.join(self.tmp_dir, filename)).read().split('\n' + ('-' * 79) + '\n')
+            messages.extend(email.message_from_string(m) for m in session if m)
+        return messages
+
+    def test_file_sessions(self):
+        """Make sure opening a connection creates a new file"""
+        msg = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'], headers={'From': 'from@example.com'})
+        connection = mail.get_connection()
+        connection.send_messages([msg])
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(os.listdir(self.tmp_dir)), 1)
+        message = email.message_from_file(open(os.path.join(self.tmp_dir, os.listdir(self.tmp_dir)[0])))
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_content_type(), 'text/plain')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Subject')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('from'), 'from@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get('to'), 'to@example.com')
+
+        connection2 = mail.get_connection()
+        connection2.send_messages([msg])
+        self.assertEqual(len(os.listdir(self.tmp_dir)), 2)
+
+        connection.send_messages([msg])
+        self.assertEqual(len(os.listdir(self.tmp_dir)), 2)
+
+        msg.connection = mail.get_connection()
+        self.assertTrue(connection.open())
+        msg.send()
+        self.assertEqual(len(os.listdir(self.tmp_dir)), 3)
+        msg.send()
+        self.assertEqual(len(os.listdir(self.tmp_dir)), 3)
+
+
+class ConsoleBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, TestCase):
+    email_backend = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(ConsoleBackendTests, self).setUp()
+        self.__stdout = sys.stdout
+        self.stream = sys.stdout = StringIO()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        del self.stream
+        sys.stdout = self.__stdout
+        del self.__stdout
+        super(ConsoleBackendTests, self).tearDown()
+
+    def flush_mailbox(self):
+        self.stream = sys.stdout = StringIO()
+
+    def get_mailbox_content(self):
+        messages = self.stream.getvalue().split('\n' + ('-' * 79) + '\n')
+        return [email.message_from_string(m) for m in messages if m]
+
+    def test_console_stream_kwarg(self):
+        """
+        Test that the console backend can be pointed at an arbitrary stream.
+        """
+        s = StringIO()
+        connection = mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend', stream=s)
+        send_mail('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'], connection=connection)
+        self.assertTrue(s.getvalue().startswith('Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"\nMIME-Version: 1.0\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable\nSubject: Subject\nFrom: from@example.com\nTo: to@example.com\nDate: '))
+
+
+class FakeSMTPServer(smtpd.SMTPServer, threading.Thread):
+    """
+    Asyncore SMTP server wrapped into a thread. Based on DummyFTPServer from:
+    http://svn.python.org/view/python/branches/py3k/Lib/test/test_ftplib.py?revision=86061&view=markup
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
+        smtpd.SMTPServer.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self._sink = []
+        self.active = False
+        self.active_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self.sink_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data):
+        m = email.message_from_string(data)
+        maddr = email.Utils.parseaddr(m.get('from'))[1]
+        if mailfrom != maddr:
+            return "553 '%s' != '%s'" % (mailfrom, maddr)
+        self.sink_lock.acquire()
+        self._sink.append(m)
+        self.sink_lock.release()
+
+    def get_sink(self):
+        self.sink_lock.acquire()
+        try:
+            return self._sink[:]
+        finally:
+            self.sink_lock.release()
+
+    def flush_sink(self):
+        self.sink_lock.acquire()
+        self._sink[:] = []
+        self.sink_lock.release()
+
+    def start(self):
+        assert not self.active
+        self.__flag = threading.Event()
+        threading.Thread.start(self)
+        self.__flag.wait()
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.active = True
+        self.__flag.set()
+        while self.active and asyncore.socket_map:
+            self.active_lock.acquire()
+            asyncore.loop(timeout=0.1, count=1)
+            self.active_lock.release()
+        asyncore.close_all()
+
+    def stop(self):
+        assert self.active
+        self.active = False
+        self.join()
+
+
+class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, TestCase):
+    email_backend = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        cls.server = FakeSMTPServer(('127.0.0.1', 0), None)
+        cls.settings = alter_django_settings(
+            EMAIL_HOST="127.0.0.1",
+            EMAIL_PORT=cls.server.socket.getsockname()[1])
+        cls.server.start()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tearDownClass(cls):
+        cls.server.stop()
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(SMTPBackendTests, self).setUp()
+        self.server.flush_sink()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.server.flush_sink()
+        super(SMTPBackendTests, self).tearDown()
+
+    def flush_mailbox(self):
+        self.server.flush_sink()
+
+    def get_mailbox_content(self):
+        return self.server.get_sink()