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Fixed #19498 -- refactored auth documentation 

The auth doc was a single page which had grown unwieldy.
This refactor split and grouped the content into sub-topics.
Additional corrections and cleanups were made along the way.
This commit is contained in:
Preston Holmes 2012-12-28 11:00:11 -08:00
parent db278c3bf9
commit 11ded967c4
25 changed files with 2920 additions and 2786 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

2
docs/howto/deployment/wsgi/apache-auth.txt
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Authenticating against Django's user database from Apache
Since keeping multiple authentication databases in sync is a common problem when
dealing with Apache, you can configure Apache to authenticate against Django's
:doc:`authentication system </topics/auth>` directly. This requires Apache
:doc:`authentication system </topics/auth/index>` directly. This requires Apache
version >= 2.2 and mod_wsgi >= 2.0. For example, you could:
* Serve static/media files directly from Apache only to authenticated users.

2
docs/index.txt
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@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ Common Web application tools
Django offers multiple tools commonly needed in the development of Web
applications:
* :doc:`Authentication <topics/auth>`
* :doc:`Authentication <topics/auth/index>`
* :doc:`Caching <topics/cache>`
* :doc:`Logging <topics/logging>`
* :doc:`Sending emails <topics/email>`

2
docs/internals/git.txt
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@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ part of Django itself, and so are no longer separately maintained:
of Django since the 0.95 release.
* ``multi-auth``: A refactoring of :doc:`Django's bundled
authentication framework </topics/auth>` which added support for
authentication framework </topics/auth/index>` which added support for
:ref:`authentication backends <authentication-backends>`. This has
been part of Django since the 0.95 release.

2
docs/misc/api-stability.txt
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@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ In general, everything covered in the documentation -- with the exception of
anything in the :doc:`internals area </internals/index>` is considered stable as
of 1.0. This includes these APIs:
- :doc:`Authorization </topics/auth>`
- :doc:`Authorization </topics/auth/index>`
- :doc:`Caching </topics/cache>`.

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docs/ref/authbackends.txt
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@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
=======================
Authentication backends
=======================
.. module:: django.contrib.auth.backends
:synopsis: Django's built-in authentication backend classes.
This document details the authentication backends that come with Django. For
information on how to use them and how to write your own authentication
backends, see the :ref:`Other authentication sources section
<authentication-backends>` of the :doc:`User authentication guide
</topics/auth>`.
Available authentication backends
=================================
The following backends are available in :mod:`django.contrib.auth.backends`:
.. class:: ModelBackend
This is the default authentication backend used by Django. It
authenticates using usernames and passwords stored in the
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` model.
.. class:: RemoteUserBackend
Use this backend to take advantage of external-to-Django-handled
authentication. It authenticates using usernames passed in
:attr:`request.META['REMOTE_USER'] <django.http.HttpRequest.META>`. See
the :doc:`Authenticating against REMOTE_USER </howto/auth-remote-user>`
documentation.

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@ -1,4 +1,430 @@
``django.contrib.auth``
=======================
See :doc:`/topics/auth`.
This document provides API reference material for the components of Django's
authentication system. For more details on the usage of these components or
how to customize authentication and authorization see the :doc:`authentication
topic guide </topics/auth/index>`.
.. currentmodule:: django.contrib.auth
User
====
Fields
------
.. class:: models.User
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` objects have the following
fields:
.. attribute:: username
Required. 30 characters or fewer. Usernames may contain alphanumeric,
``_``, ``@``, ``+``, ``.`` and ``-`` characters.
.. attribute:: first_name
Optional. 30 characters or fewer.
.. attribute:: last_name
Optional. 30 characters or fewer.
.. attribute:: email
Optional. Email address.
.. attribute:: password
Required. A hash of, and metadata about, the password. (Django doesn't
store the raw password.) Raw passwords can be arbitrarily long and can
contain any character. See the :doc:`password documentation
</topics/auth/passwords>`.
.. attribute:: groups
Many-to-many relationship to :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.Group`
.. attribute:: user_permissions
Many-to-many relationship to :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.Permission`
.. attribute:: is_staff
Boolean. Designates whether this user can access the admin site.
.. attribute:: is_active
Boolean. Designates whether this user account should be considered
active. We recommend that you set this flag to ``False`` instead of
deleting accounts; that way, if your applications have any foreign keys
to users, the foreign keys won't break.
This doesn't necessarily control whether or not the user can log in.
Authentication backends aren't required to check for the ``is_active``
flag, and the default backends do not. If you want to reject a login
based on ``is_active`` being ``False``, it's up to you to check that in
your own login view or a custom authentication backend. However, the
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.forms.AuthenticationForm` used by the
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.views.login` view (which is the default)
*does* perform this check, as do the permission-checking methods such
as :meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.has_perm` and the
authentication in the Django admin. All of those functions/methods will
return ``False`` for inactive users.
.. attribute:: is_superuser
Boolean. Designates that this user has all permissions without
explicitly assigning them.
.. attribute:: last_login
A datetime of the user's last login. Is set to the current date/time by
default.
.. attribute:: date_joined
A datetime designating when the account was created. Is set to the
current date/time by default when the account is created.
Methods
-------
.. class:: models.User
.. method:: get_username()
Returns the username for the user. Since the User model can be swapped
out, you should use this method instead of referencing the username
attribute directly.
.. method:: is_anonymous()
Always returns ``False``. This is a way of differentiating
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` and
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser` objects.
Generally, you should prefer using
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_authenticated()` to this
method.
.. method:: is_authenticated()
Always returns ``True``. This is a way to tell if the user has been
authenticated. This does not imply any permissions, and doesn't check
if the user is active - it only indicates that the user has provided a
valid username and password.
.. method:: get_full_name()
Returns the :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.first_name` plus
the :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.last_name`, with a space in
between.
.. method:: set_password(raw_password)
Sets the user's password to the given raw string, taking care of the
password hashing. Doesn't save the
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object.
.. method:: check_password(raw_password)
Returns ``True`` if the given raw string is the correct password for
the user. (This takes care of the password hashing in making the
comparison.)
.. method:: set_unusable_password()
Marks the user as having no password set. This isn't the same as
having a blank string for a password.
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.check_password()` for this user
will never return ``True``. Doesn't save the
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object.
You may need this if authentication for your application takes place
against an existing external source such as an LDAP directory.
.. method:: has_usable_password()
Returns ``False`` if
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.set_unusable_password()` has
been called for this user.
.. method:: get_group_permissions(obj=None)
Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, through his/her
groups.
If ``obj`` is passed in, only returns the group permissions for
this specific object.
.. method:: get_all_permissions(obj=None)
Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, both through
group and user permissions.
If ``obj`` is passed in, only returns the permissions for this
specific object.
.. method:: has_perm(perm, obj=None)
Returns ``True`` if the user has the specified permission, where perm
is in the format ``"<app label>.<permission codename>"``. (see
documentation on :ref:`permissions <topic-authorization>`). If the user is
inactive, this method will always return ``False``.
If ``obj`` is passed in, this method won't check for a permission for
the model, but for this specific object.
.. method:: has_perms(perm_list, obj=None)
Returns ``True`` if the user has each of the specified permissions,
where each perm is in the format
``"<app label>.<permission codename>"``. If the user is inactive,
this method will always return ``False``.
If ``obj`` is passed in, this method won't check for permissions for
the model, but for the specific object.
.. method:: has_module_perms(package_name)
Returns ``True`` if the user has any permissions in the given package
(the Django app label). If the user is inactive, this method will
always return ``False``.
.. method:: email_user(subject, message, from_email=None)
Sends an email to the user. If ``from_email`` is ``None``, Django uses
the :setting:`DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL`.
.. method:: get_profile()
.. deprecated:: 1.5
With the introduction of :ref:`custom User models <auth-custom-user>`,
the use of :setting:`AUTH_PROFILE_MODULE` to define a single profile
model is no longer supported. See the
:doc:`Django 1.5 release notes</releases/1.5>` for more information.
Returns a site-specific profile for this user. Raises
``django.contrib.auth.models.SiteProfileNotAvailable`` if the
current site doesn't allow profiles, or
:exc:`django.core.exceptions.ObjectDoesNotExist` if the user does not
have a profile.
Manager methods
---------------
.. class:: models.UserManager
The :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` model has a custom manager
that has the following helper methods:
.. method:: create_user(username, email=None, password=None)
.. versionchanged:: 1.4
The ``email`` parameter was made optional. The username
parameter is now checked for emptiness and raises a
:exc:`~exceptions.ValueError` in case of a negative result.
Creates, saves and returns a :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User`.
The :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.username` and
:attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.password` are set as given. The
domain portion of :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.email` is
automatically converted to lowercase, and the returned
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object will have
:attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_active` set to ``True``.
If no password is provided,
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.set_unusable_password()` will
be called.
See :ref:`Creating users <topics-auth-creating-users>` for example usage.
.. method:: make_random_password(length=10, allowed_chars='abcdefghjkmnpqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ23456789')
Returns a random password with the given length and given string of
allowed characters. (Note that the default value of ``allowed_chars``
doesn't contain letters that can cause user confusion, including:
* ``i``, ``l``, ``I``, and ``1`` (lowercase letter i, lowercase
letter L, uppercase letter i, and the number one)
* ``o``, ``O``, and ``0`` (uppercase letter o, lowercase letter o,
and zero)
Anonymous users
===============
.. class:: models.AnonymousUser
:class:`django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser` is a class that
implements the :class:`django.contrib.auth.models.User` interface, with
these differences:
* :ref:`id <automatic-primary-key-fields>` is always ``None``.
* :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_staff` and
:attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_superuser` are always
``False``.
* :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_active` is always ``False``.
* :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.groups` and
:attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.user_permissions` are always
empty.
* :meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_anonymous()` returns ``True``
instead of ``False``.
* :meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_authenticated()` returns
``False`` instead of ``True``.
* :meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.set_password()`,
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.check_password()`,
:meth:`~django.db.models.Model.save` and
:meth:`~django.db.models.Model.delete()` raise
:exc:`~exceptions.NotImplementedError`.
In practice, you probably won't need to use
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser` objects on your own, but
they're used by Web requests, as explained in the next section.
Permission
==========
.. class:: models.Permission
Fields
------
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.Permission` objects have the following
fields:
.. attribute:: name
Required. 50 characters or fewer. Example: ``'Can vote'``.
.. attribute:: content_type
Required. A reference to the ``django_content_type`` database table, which
contains a record for each installed Django model.
.. attribute:: codename
Required. 100 characters or fewer. Example: ``'can_vote'``.
Methods
-------
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.Permission` objects have the standard
data-access methods like any other :doc:`Django model </ref/models/instances>`.
Group
=====
.. class:: models.Group
Fields
------
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.Group` objects have the following fields:
.. attribute:: name
Required. 80 characters or fewer. Any characters are permitted. Example:
``'Awesome Users'``.
.. attribute:: permissions
Many-to-many field to :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.Permission`::
group.permissions = [permission_list]
group.permissions.add(permission, permission, ...)
group.permissions.remove(permission, permission, ...)
group.permissions.clear()
.. _topics-auth-signals:
Login and logout signals
========================
.. module:: django.contrib.auth.signals
The auth framework uses two :doc:`signals </topics/signals>` that can be used
for notification when a user logs in or out.
.. function:: django.contrib.auth.signals.user_logged_in
Sent when a user logs in successfully.
Arguments sent with this signal:
``sender``
The class of the user that just logged in.
``request``
The current :class:`~django.http.HttpRequest` instance.
``user``
The user instance that just logged in.
.. function:: django.contrib.auth.signals.user_logged_out
Sent when the logout method is called.
``sender``
As above: the class of the user that just logged out or ``None``
if the user was not authenticated.
``request``
The current :class:`~django.http.HttpRequest` instance.
``user``
The user instance that just logged out or ``None`` if the
user was not authenticated.
.. function:: django.contrib.auth.signals.user_login_failed
.. versionadded:: 1.5
Sent when the user failed to login successfully
``sender``
The name of the module used for authentication.
``credentials``
A dictionary of keyword arguments containing the user credentials that were
passed to :func:`~django.contrib.auth.authenticate()` or your own custom
authentication backend. Credentials matching a set of 'sensitive' patterns,
(including password) will not be sent in the clear as part of the signal.
.. _authentication-backends-reference:
Authentication backends
=======================
.. module:: django.contrib.auth.backends
:synopsis: Django's built-in authentication backend classes.
This section details the authentication backends that come with Django. For
information on how to use them and how to write your own authentication
backends, see the :ref:`Other authentication sources section
<authentication-backends>` of the :doc:`User authentication guide
</topics/auth/index>`.
Available authentication backends
---------------------------------
The following backends are available in :mod:`django.contrib.auth.backends`:
.. class:: ModelBackend
This is the default authentication backend used by Django. It
authenticates using usernames and passwords stored in the
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` model.
.. class:: RemoteUserBackend
Use this backend to take advantage of external-to-Django-handled
authentication. It authenticates using usernames passed in
:attr:`request.META['REMOTE_USER'] <django.http.HttpRequest.META>`. See
the :doc:`Authenticating against REMOTE_USER </howto/auth-remote-user>`
documentation.

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@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ auth
Django's authentication framework.
See :doc:`/topics/auth`.
See :doc:`/topics/auth/index`.
comments
========

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@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ changepassword
.. django-admin:: changepassword
This command is only available if Django's :doc:`authentication system
</topics/auth>` (``django.contrib.auth``) is installed.
</topics/auth/index>` (``django.contrib.auth``) is installed.
Allows changing a user's password. It prompts you to enter twice the password of
the user given as parameter. If they both match, the new password will be
@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@ createsuperuser
.. django-admin:: createsuperuser
This command is only available if Django's :doc:`authentication system
</topics/auth>` (``django.contrib.auth``) is installed.
</topics/auth/index>` (``django.contrib.auth``) is installed.
Creates a superuser account (a user who has all permissions). This is
useful if you need to create an initial superuser account but did not

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@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ API Reference
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
authbackends
class-based-views/index
clickjacking
contrib/index

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@ -179,8 +179,8 @@ Authentication middleware
.. class:: AuthenticationMiddleware
Adds the ``user`` attribute, representing the currently-logged-in user, to
every incoming ``HttpRequest`` object. See :doc:`Authentication in Web requests
</topics/auth>`.
every incoming ``HttpRequest`` object. See :ref:`Authentication in Web requests
<auth-web-requests>`.
CSRF protection middleware
--------------------------

2
docs/ref/request-response.txt
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@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ All attributes should be considered read-only, unless stated otherwise below.
``user`` is only available if your Django installation has the
``AuthenticationMiddleware`` activated. For more, see
:doc:`/topics/auth`.
:doc:`/topics/auth/index`.
.. attribute:: HttpRequest.session

6
docs/ref/settings.txt
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@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS
Default: ``('django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',)``
A tuple of authentication backend classes (as strings) to use when attempting to
authenticate a user. See the :doc:`authentication backends documentation
</ref/authbackends>` for details.
authenticate a user. See the :ref:`authentication backends documentation
<authentication-backends>` for details.
.. setting:: AUTH_USER_MODEL
@ -2256,7 +2256,7 @@ AUTH_PROFILE_MODULE
Default: Not defined
The site-specific user profile model used by this site. See
:ref:`auth-profiles`.
:ref:`User profiles <auth-profiles>`.
.. setting:: IGNORABLE_404_ENDS

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docs/ref/signals.txt
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ A list of all the signals that Django sends.
The :doc:`comment framework </ref/contrib/comments/index>` sends a :doc:`set
of comment-related signals </ref/contrib/comments/signals>`.
The :doc:`authentication framework </topics/auth>` sends :ref:`signals when
The :doc:`authentication framework </topics/auth/index>` sends :ref:`signals when
a user is logged in / out <topics-auth-signals>`.
Model signals

4
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@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ added in Django 1.2 alpha but not documented with the alpha release.
The default authentication backends shipped with Django do not
currently make use of this, but third-party authentication backends
are free to do so. See the :doc:`authentication docs </topics/auth>`
are free to do so. See the :doc:`authentication docs </topics/auth/index>`
for more information.
@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class will check the backend for permissions, just as the normal
``User`` does. This is intended to help centralize permission
handling; apps can always delegate the question of whether something
is allowed or not to the authorization/authentication system. See the
:doc:`authentication docs </topics/auth>` for more details.
:doc:`authentication docs </topics/auth/index>` for more details.
``select_related()`` improvements

4
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@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ A foundation for specifying permissions at the per-object level has been added.
Although there is no implementation of this in core, a custom authentication
backend can provide this implementation and it will be used by
:class:`django.contrib.auth.models.User`. See the :doc:`authentication docs
</topics/auth>` for more information.
</topics/auth/index>` for more information.
Permissions for anonymous users
-------------------------------
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ If you provide a custom auth backend with ``supports_anonymous_user`` set to
User already did. This is useful for centralizing permission handling - apps
can always delegate the question of whether something is allowed or not to
the authorization/authentication backend. See the :doc:`authentication
docs </topics/auth>` for more details.
docs </topics/auth/index>` for more details.
Relaxed requirements for usernames
----------------------------------

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@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Permissions for inactive users
If you provide a custom auth backend with ``supports_inactive_user`` set to
``True``, an inactive user model will check the backend for permissions.
This is useful for further centralizing the permission handling. See the
:doc:`authentication docs </topics/auth>` for more details.
:doc:`authentication docs </topics/auth/index>` for more details.
Backwards-incompatible changes in 1.3 alpha 2
=============================================

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@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ Permissions for inactive users
If you provide a custom auth backend with ``supports_inactive_user``
set to ``True``, an inactive ``User`` instance will check the backend
for permissions. This is useful for further centralizing the
permission handling. See the :doc:`authentication docs </topics/auth>`
permission handling. See the :doc:`authentication docs </topics/auth/index>`
for more details.
GeoDjango

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@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
=============================
User authentication in Django
=============================
.. toctree::
:hidden:
default
passwords
customizing
.. module:: django.contrib.auth
:synopsis: Django's authentication framework.
Django comes with an user authentication system. It handles user accounts,
groups, permissions and cookie-based user sessions. This section of the
documentation explains how the default implementation works out of the box, as
well as how to :doc:`extend and customize </topics/auth/customizing>` it to
suit your project's needs.
Overview
========
The Django authentication system handles both authentication and authorization.
Briefly, authentication verifies a user is who they claim to be, and
authorization determines what an authenticated user is allowed to do. Here the
term authentication is used to refer to both tasks.
The auth system consists of:
* Users
* Permissions: Binary (yes/no) flags designating whether a user may perform
a certain task.
* Groups: A generic way of applying labels and permissions to more than one
user.
* A configurable password hashing system
* Forms and view tools for logging in users, or restricting content
* A pluggable backend system
Installation
============
Authentication support is bundled as a Django contrib module in
``django.contrib.auth``. By default, the required configuration is already
included in the :file:`settings.py` generated by :djadmin:`django-admin.py
startproject <startproject>`, these consist of two items listed in your
:setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` setting:
1. ``'django.contrib.auth'`` contains the core of the authentication framework,
and its default models.
2. ``'django.contrib.contenttypes'`` is the Django :doc:`content type system
</ref/contrib/contenttypes>`, which allows permissions to be associated with
models you create.
and two items in your :setting:`MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES` setting:
1. :class:`~django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware` manages
:doc:`sessions </topics/http/sessions>` across requests.
2. :class:`~django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware` associates
users with requests using sessions.
With these settings in place, running the command ``manage.py syncdb`` creates
the necessary database tables for auth related models, creates permissions for
any models defined in your installed apps, and prompts you to create
a superuser account the first time you run it.
Usage
=====
:doc:`Using Django's default implementation <default>`
* :ref:`Working with User objects <user-objects>`
* :ref:`Permissions and authorization <topic-authorization>`
* :ref:`Authentication in web requests <auth-web-requests>`
* :ref:`Managing users in the admin <auth-admin>`
:doc:`API reference for the default implementation </ref/contrib/auth>`
:doc:`Customizing Users and authentication <customizing>`
:doc:`Password management in Django <passwords>`

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@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
=============================
Password management in Django
=============================
Password management is something that should generally not be reinvented
unnecessarily, and Django endeavors to provide a secure and flexible set of
tools for managing user passwords. This document describes how Django stores
passwords, how the storage hashing can be configured, and some utilities to
work with hashed passwords.
.. _auth_password_storage:
How Django stores passwords
===========================
.. versionadded:: 1.4
Django 1.4 introduces a new flexible password storage system and uses
PBKDF2 by default. Previous versions of Django used SHA1, and other
algorithms couldn't be chosen.
The :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.password` attribute of a
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object is a string in this format::
algorithm$hash
That's a storage algorithm, and hash, separated by the dollar-sign
character. The algorithm is one of a number of one way hashing or password
storage algorithms Django can use; see below. The hash is the result of the one-
way function.
By default, Django uses the PBKDF2_ algorithm with a SHA256 hash, a
password stretching mechanism recommended by NIST_. This should be
sufficient for most users: it's quite secure, requiring massive
amounts of computing time to break.
However, depending on your requirements, you may choose a different
algorithm, or even use a custom algorithm to match your specific
security situation. Again, most users shouldn't need to do this -- if
you're not sure, you probably don't. If you do, please read on:
Django chooses the an algorithm by consulting the :setting:`PASSWORD_HASHERS`
setting. This is a list of hashing algorithm classes that this Django
installation supports. The first entry in this list (that is,
``settings.PASSWORD_HASHERS[0]``) will be used to store passwords, and all the
other entries are valid hashers that can be used to check existing passwords.
This means that if you want to use a different algorithm, you'll need to modify
:setting:`PASSWORD_HASHERS` to list your preferred algorithm first in the list.
The default for :setting:`PASSWORD_HASHERS` is::
PASSWORD_HASHERS = (
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher',
)
This means that Django will use PBKDF2_ to store all passwords, but will support
checking passwords stored with PBKDF2SHA1, bcrypt_, SHA1_, etc. The next few
sections describe a couple of common ways advanced users may want to modify this
setting.
.. _bcrypt_usage:
Using bcrypt with Django
------------------------
Bcrypt_ is a popular password storage algorithm that's specifically designed
for long-term password storage. It's not the default used by Django since it
requires the use of third-party libraries, but since many people may want to
use it Django supports bcrypt with minimal effort.
To use Bcrypt as your default storage algorithm, do the following:
1. Install the `py-bcrypt`_ library (probably by running ``sudo pip install
py-bcrypt``, or downloading the library and installing it with ``python
setup.py install``).
2. Modify :setting:`PASSWORD_HASHERS` to list ``BCryptPasswordHasher``
first. That is, in your settings file, you'd put::
PASSWORD_HASHERS = (
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher',
)
(You need to keep the other entries in this list, or else Django won't
be able to upgrade passwords; see below).
That's it -- now your Django install will use Bcrypt as the default storage
algorithm.
.. admonition:: Other bcrypt implementations
There are several other implementations that allow bcrypt to be
used with Django. Django's bcrypt support is NOT directly
compatible with these. To upgrade, you will need to modify the
hashes in your database to be in the form `bcrypt$(raw bcrypt
output)`. For example:
`bcrypt$$2a$12$NT0I31Sa7ihGEWpka9ASYrEFkhuTNeBQ2xfZskIiiJeyFXhRgS.Sy`.
Increasing the work factor
--------------------------
The PBKDF2 and bcrypt algorithms use a number of iterations or rounds of
hashing. This deliberately slows down attackers, making attacks against hashed
passwords harder. However, as computing power increases, the number of
iterations needs to be increased. We've chosen a reasonable default (and will
increase it with each release of Django), but you may wish to tune it up or
down, depending on your security needs and available processing power. To do so,
you'll subclass the appropriate algorithm and override the ``iterations``
parameters. For example, to increase the number of iterations used by the
default PBKDF2 algorithm:
1. Create a subclass of ``django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher``::
from django.contrib.auth.hashers import PBKDF2PasswordHasher
class MyPBKDF2PasswordHasher(PBKDF2PasswordHasher):
"""
A subclass of PBKDF2PasswordHasher that uses 100 times more iterations.
"""
iterations = PBKDF2PasswordHasher.iterations * 100
Save this somewhere in your project. For example, you might put this in
a file like ``myproject/hashers.py``.
2. Add your new hasher as the first entry in :setting:`PASSWORD_HASHERS`::
PASSWORD_HASHERS = (
'myproject.hashers.MyPBKDF2PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher',
)
That's it -- now your Django install will use more iterations when it
stores passwords using PBKDF2.
Password upgrading
------------------
When users log in, if their passwords are stored with anything other than
the preferred algorithm, Django will automatically upgrade the algorithm
to the preferred one. This means that old installs of Django will get
automatically more secure as users log in, and it also means that you
can switch to new (and better) storage algorithms as they get invented.
However, Django can only upgrade passwords that use algorithms mentioned in
:setting:`PASSWORD_HASHERS`, so as you upgrade to new systems you should make
sure never to *remove* entries from this list. If you do, users using un-
mentioned algorithms won't be able to upgrade.
.. _sha1: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA1
.. _pbkdf2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2
.. _nist: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-132/nist-sp800-132.pdf
.. _bcrypt: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt
.. _py-bcrypt: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/py-bcrypt/
Manually managing a user's password
===================================
.. module:: django.contrib.auth.hashers
.. versionadded:: 1.4
The :mod:`django.contrib.auth.hashers` module provides a set of functions
to create and validate hashed password. You can use them independently
from the ``User`` model.
.. function:: check_password(password, encoded)
.. versionadded:: 1.4
If you'd like to manually authenticate a user by comparing a plain-text
password to the hashed password in the database, use the convenience
function :func:`django.contrib.auth.hashers.check_password`. It takes two
arguments: the plain-text password to check, and the full value of a
user's ``password`` field in the database to check against, and returns
``True`` if they match, ``False`` otherwise.
.. function:: make_password(password[, salt, hashers])
.. versionadded:: 1.4
Creates a hashed password in the format used by this application. It takes
one mandatory argument: the password in plain-text. Optionally, you can
provide a salt and a hashing algorithm to use, if you don't want to use the
defaults (first entry of ``PASSWORD_HASHERS`` setting).
Currently supported algorithms are: ``'pbkdf2_sha256'``, ``'pbkdf2_sha1'``,
``'bcrypt'`` (see :ref:`bcrypt_usage`), ``'sha1'``, ``'md5'``,
``'unsalted_md5'`` (only for backward compatibility) and ``'crypt'``
if you have the ``crypt`` library installed. If the password argument is
``None``, an unusable password is returned (a one that will be never
accepted by :func:`django.contrib.auth.hashers.check_password`).
.. function:: is_password_usable(encoded_password)
.. versionadded:: 1.4
Checks if the given string is a hashed password that has a chance
of being verified against :func:`django.contrib.auth.hashers.check_password`.

58
docs/topics/db/models.txt
View File

@ -1063,52 +1063,46 @@ Proxy models are declared like normal models. You tell Django that it's a
proxy model by setting the :attr:`~django.db.models.Options.proxy` attribute of
the ``Meta`` class to ``True``.
For example, suppose you want to add a method to the standard
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` model that will be used in your
templates. You can do it like this::
For example, suppose you want to add a method to the ``Person`` model described
above. You can do it like this::
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
class MyUser(User):
class MyPerson(Person):
class Meta:
proxy = True
def do_something(self):
...
The ``MyUser`` class operates on the same database table as its parent
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` class. In particular, any new
instances of :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` will also be accessible
through ``MyUser``, and vice-versa::
The ``MyPerson`` class operates on the same database table as its parent
``Person`` class. In particular, any new instances of ``Person`` will also be
accessible through ``MyPerson``, and vice-versa::
>>> u = User.objects.create(username="foobar")
>>> MyUser.objects.get(username="foobar")
<MyUser: foobar>
>>> p = Person.objects.create(first_name="foobar")
>>> MyPerson.objects.get(first_name="foobar")
<MyPerson: foobar>
You could also use a proxy model to define a different default ordering on a
model. The standard :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` model has no
ordering defined on it (intentionally; sorting is expensive and we don't want
to do it all the time when we fetch users). You might want to regularly order
by the ``username`` attribute when you use the proxy. This is easy::
You could also use a proxy model to define a different default ordering on
a model. You might not always want to order the ``Person`` model, but regularly
order by the ``last_name`` attribute when you use the proxy. This is easy::
class OrderedUser(User):
class OrderedPerson(Person):
class Meta:
ordering = ["username"]
ordering = ["last_name"]
proxy = True
Now normal :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` queries will be unordered
and ``OrderedUser`` queries will be ordered by ``username``.
Now normal ``Person`` queries will be unordered
and ``OrderedPerson`` queries will be ordered by ``last_name``.
QuerySets still return the model that was requested
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
There is no way to have Django return, say, a ``MyUser`` object whenever you
query for :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` objects. A queryset for
``User`` objects will return those types of objects. The whole point of proxy
objects is that code relying on the original ``User`` will use those and your
own code can use the extensions you included (that no other code is relying on
anyway). It is not a way to replace the ``User`` (or any other) model
everywhere with something of your own creation.
There is no way to have Django return, say, a ``MyPerson`` object whenever you
query for ``Person`` objects. A queryset for ``Person`` objects will return
those types of objects. The whole point of proxy objects is that code relying
on the original ``Person`` will use those and your own code can use the
extensions you included (that no other code is relying on anyway). It is not
a way to replace the ``Person`` (or any other) model everywhere with something
of your own creation.
Base class restrictions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@ -1131,12 +1125,12 @@ it will become the default, although any managers defined on the parent
classes will still be available.
Continuing our example from above, you could change the default manager used
when you query the ``User`` model like this::
when you query the ``Person`` model like this::
class NewManager(models.Manager):
...
class MyUser(User):
class MyPerson(Person):
objects = NewManager()
class Meta:
@ -1154,7 +1148,7 @@ containing the new managers and inherit that after the primary base class::
class Meta:
abstract = True
class MyUser(User, ExtraManagers):
class MyPerson(Person, ExtraManagers):
class Meta:
proxy = True

2
docs/topics/index.txt
View File

@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Introductions to all the key parts of Django you'll need to know:
class-based-views/index
files
testing/index
auth
auth/index
cache
conditional-view-processing
signing

4
docs/topics/testing/overview.txt
View File

@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ Use the ``django.test.client.Client`` class to make requests.
.. method:: Client.login(**credentials)
If your site uses Django's :doc:`authentication system</topics/auth>`
If your site uses Django's :doc:`authentication system</topics/auth/index>`
and you deal with logging in users, you can use the test client's
``login()`` method to simulate the effect of a user logging into the
site.
@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ Use the ``django.test.client.Client`` class to make requests.
.. method:: Client.logout()
If your site uses Django's :doc:`authentication system</topics/auth>`,
If your site uses Django's :doc:`authentication system</topics/auth/index>`,
the ``logout()`` method can be used to simulate the effect of a user
logging out of your site.