Fixed #23865 -- documented how to assign errors to a field in Model.clean()

Also added a unit test wit the simpler syntax which we have documented,
where the dictionary values are strings.

docs/ref/models/instances.txt

@@ -200,9 +200,10 @@ access to more than a single field::
 Note, however, that like :meth:`Model.full_clean()`, a model's ``clean()``
 method is not invoked when you call your model's :meth:`~Model.save()` method.
 
-Any :exc:`~django.core.exceptions.ValidationError` exceptions raised by
-``Model.clean()`` will be stored in a special key error dictionary key,
-:data:`~django.core.exceptions.NON_FIELD_ERRORS`, that is used for errors
+In the above example, the :exc:`~django.core.exceptions.ValidationError`
+exception raised by ``Model.clean()`` was instantiated with a string, so it
+will be stored in a special error dictionary key,
+:data:`~django.core.exceptions.NON_FIELD_ERRORS`. This key is used for errors
 that are tied to the entire model instead of to a specific field::
 
     from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError, NON_FIELD_ERRORS
@@ -211,6 +212,19 @@ that are tied to the entire model instead of to a specific field::
     except ValidationError as e:
         non_field_errors = e.message_dict[NON_FIELD_ERRORS]
 
+To assign exceptions to a specific field, instantiate the
+:exc:`~django.core.exceptions.ValidationError` with a dictionary, where the
+keys are the field names. We could update the previous example to assign the
+error to the ``pub_date`` field::
+
+    class Article(models.Model):
+        ...
+        def clean(self):
+            # Don't allow draft entries to have a pub_date.
+            if self.status == 'draft' and self.pub_date is not None:
+                raise ValidationError({'pub_date': 'Draft entries may not have a publication date.'})
+            ...
+
 Finally, ``full_clean()`` will check any unique constraints on your model.
 
 .. method:: Model.validate_unique(exclude=None)

tests/model_forms/models.py

@@ -381,6 +381,8 @@ class CustomErrorMessage(models.Model):
     def clean(self):
         if self.name1 == 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE':
             raise ValidationError({'name1': [ValidationError('Model.clean() error messages.')]})
+        elif self.name1 == 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE2':
+            raise ValidationError({'name1': 'Model.clean() error messages (simpler syntax).'})
         elif self.name1 == 'GLOBAL_ERROR':
             raise ValidationError("Global error message.")
 

tests/model_forms/tests.py

@@ -2269,6 +2269,13 @@ class ModelFormCustomErrorTests(TestCase):
             str(form.errors['name1']),
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Model.clean() error messages.</li></ul>'
         )
+        data = {'name1': 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE2', 'name2': 'ABC'}
+        form = CustomErrorMessageForm(data)
+        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(form.errors['name1']),
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Model.clean() error messages (simpler syntax).</li></ul>'
+        )
         data = {'name1': 'GLOBAL_ERROR', 'name2': 'ABC'}
         form = CustomErrorMessageForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())