Django was originally created in late 2003 at World Online, the Web division
of the Lawrence Journal-World newspaper in Lawrence, Kansas.

The PRIMARY AUTHORS are (and/or have been):

    * Adrian Holovaty
    * Simon Willison
    * Jacob Kaplan-Moss
    * Wilson Miner
    * Malcolm Tredinnick
    * Georg "Hugo" Bauer
    * Luke Plant
    * Russell Keith-Magee
    * Robert Wittams
    * Gary Wilson
    * Brian Rosner
    * Justin Bronn
    * Karen Tracey
    * Jannis Leidel
    * James Tauber
    * Alex Gaynor
    * Andrew Godwin
    * Carl Meyer
    * Ramiro Morales
    * Chris Beaven
    * Honza Král

More information on the main contributors to Django can be found in
docs/internals/committers.txt.

And here is an inevitably incomplete list of MUCH-APPRECIATED CONTRIBUTORS --
people who have submitted patches, reported bugs, added translations, helped
answer newbie questions, and generally made Django that much better:

    Gisle Aas <gisle@aas.no>
    Chris Adams
    ajs <adi@sieker.info>
    alang@bright-green.com
    A S Alam <aalam@users.sf.net>
    Andi Albrecht <albrecht.andi@gmail.com>
    Marty Alchin <gulopine@gamemusic.org>
    Ahmad Alhashemi <trans@ahmadh.com>
    Ahmad Al-Ibrahim
    Antoni Aloy
    Daniel Alves Barbosa de Oliveira Vaz <danielvaz@gmail.com>
    AgarFu <heaven@croasanaso.sytes.net>
    Dagur Páll Ammendrup <dagurp@gmail.com>
    Collin Anderson <cmawebsite@gmail.com>
    Jeff Anderson <jefferya@programmerq.net>
    Marian Andre <django@andre.sk>
    Andreas
    Victor Andrée
    andy@jadedplanet.net
    Fabrice Aneche <akh@nobugware.com>
    ant9000@netwise.it
    Florian Apolloner <florian@apolloner.eu>
    arien <regexbot@gmail.com>
    David Ascher <http://ascher.ca/>
    atlithorn <atlithorn@gmail.com>
    Jökull Sólberg Auðunsson <jokullsolberg@gmail.com>
    Arthur <avandorp@gmail.com>
    av0000@mail.ru
    David Avsajanishvili <avsd05@gmail.com>
    Mike Axiak <axiak@mit.edu>
    Niran Babalola <niran@niran.org>
    Vitaly Babiy <vbabiy86@gmail.com>
    Morten Bagai <m@bagai.com>
    Jeff Balogh <jbalogh@mozilla.com>
    Mikaël Barbero <mikael.barbero nospam at nospam free.fr>
    Randy Barlow <randy@electronsweatshop.com>
    Scott Barr <scott@divisionbyzero.com.au>
    Jiri Barton
    Ned Batchelder <http://www.nedbatchelder.com/>
    batiste@dosimple.ch
    Batman
    Brian Beck <http://blog.brianbeck.com/>
    Shannon -jj Behrens <http://jjinux.blogspot.com/>
    Esdras Beleza <linux@esdrasbeleza.com>
    Chris Bennett <chrisrbennett@yahoo.com>
    James Bennett
    Julian Bez
    Arvis Bickovskis <viestards.lists@gmail.com>
    Natalia Bidart <nataliabidart@gmail.com>
    Paul Bissex <http://e-scribe.com/>
    Simon Blanchard
    David Blewett <david@dawninglight.net>
    Matt Boersma <matt@sprout.org>
    boobsd@gmail.com
    Matías Bordese
    Sean Brant
    Andrew Brehaut <http://brehaut.net/blog>
    David Brenneman <http://davidbrenneman.com>
    brut.alll@gmail.com
    bthomas
    btoll@bestweb.net
    Jonathan Buchanan <jonathan.buchanan@gmail.com>
    Keith Bussell <kbussell@gmail.com>
    C8E
    Chris Cahoon <chris.cahoon@gmail.com>
    Juan Manuel Caicedo <juan.manuel.caicedo@gmail.com>
    Trevor Caira <trevor@caira.com>
    Brett Cannon <brett@python.org>
    Ricardo Javier Cárdenes Medina <ricardo.cardenes@gmail.com>
    Jeremy Carbaugh <jcarbaugh@gmail.com>
    Graham Carlyle <graham.carlyle@maplecroft.net>
    Antonio Cavedoni <http://cavedoni.com/>
    cedric@terramater.net
    Chris Chamberlin <dja@cdc.msbx.net>
    Amit Chakradeo <http://amit.chakradeo.net/>
    ChaosKCW
    Kowito Charoenratchatabhan <kowito@felspar.com>
    Sengtha Chay <sengtha@e-khmer.com>
    ivan.chelubeev@gmail.com
    Bryan Chow <bryan at verdjn dot com>
    Antonis Christofides <anthony@itia.ntua.gr>
    Michal Chruszcz <troll@pld-linux.org>
    Can Burak Çilingir <canburak@cs.bilgi.edu.tr>
    Ian Clelland <clelland@gmail.com>
    Travis Cline <travis.cline@gmail.com>
    Russell Cloran <russell@rucus.net>
    colin@owlfish.com
    crankycoder@gmail.com
    Paul Collier <paul@paul-collier.com>
    Robert Coup
    Pete Crosier <pete.crosier@gmail.com>
    Matt Croydon <http://www.postneo.com/>
    Leah Culver <leah@pownce.com>
    flavio.curella@gmail.com
    Jure Cuhalev <gandalf@owca.info>
    John D'Agostino <john.dagostino@gmail.com>
    dackze+django@gmail.com
    Mihai Damian <yang_damian@yahoo.com>
    David Danier <goliath.mailinglist@gmx.de>
    Dirk Datzert <dummy@habmalnefrage.de>
    Jonathan Daugherty (cygnus) <http://www.cprogrammer.org/>
    dave@thebarproject.com
    david@kazserve.org
    Jason Davies (Esaj) <http://www.jasondavies.com/>
    Richard Davies <richard.davies@elastichosts.com>
    Alex Dedul
    Matt Dennenbaum
    deric@monowerks.com
    Max Derkachev <mderk@yandex.ru>
    Rajesh Dhawan <rajesh.dhawan@gmail.com>
    Sander Dijkhuis <sander.dijkhuis@gmail.com>
    Jordan Dimov <s3x3y1@gmail.com>
    Nebojša Dorđević
    dne@mayonnaise.net
    dready <wil@mojipage.com>
    Maximillian Dornseif <md@hudora.de>
    Jeremy Dunck <http://dunck.us/>
    Andrew Durdin <adurdin@gmail.com>
    dusk@woofle.net
    Andy Dustman <farcepest@gmail.com>
    Alexander Dutton <dev@alexdutton.co.uk>
    J. Clifford Dyer <jcd@sdf.lonestar.org>
    Clint Ecker
    Nick Efford <nick@efford.org>
    eibaan@gmail.com
    Julia Elman
    enlight
    Enrico <rico.bl@gmail.com>
    A. Murat Eren <meren@pardus.org.tr>
    Ludvig Ericson <ludvig.ericson@gmail.com>
    eriks@win.tue.nl
    Tomáš Ehrlich <tomas.ehrlich@gmail.com>
    Dirk Eschler <dirk.eschler@gmx.net>
    Marc Fargas <telenieko@telenieko.com>
    Szilveszter Farkas <szilveszter.farkas@gmail.com>
    Grigory Fateyev <greg@dial.com.ru>
    favo@exoweb.net
    fdr <drfarina@gmail.com>
    Dmitri Fedortchenko <zeraien@gmail.com>
    Jonathan Feignberg <jdf@pobox.com>
    Liang Feng <hutuworm@gmail.com>
    Bill Fenner <fenner@gmail.com>
    Stefane Fermgier <sf@fermigier.com>
    J. Pablo Fernandez <pupeno@pupeno.com>
    Maciej Fijalkowski
    Ben Firshman <ben@firshman.co.uk>
    Matthew Flanagan <http://wadofstuff.blogspot.com>
    Eric Floehr <eric@intellovations.com>
    Eric Florenzano <floguy@gmail.com>
    Vincent Foley <vfoleybourgon@yahoo.ca>
    Alcides Fonseca
    Rudolph Froger <rfroger@estrate.nl>
    Jorge Gajon <gajon@gajon.org>
    gandalf@owca.info
    Marc Garcia <marc.garcia@accopensys.com>
    Andy Gayton <andy-django@thecablelounge.com>
    Idan Gazit
    geber@datacollect.com
    Baishampayan Ghose
    Joshua Ginsberg <jag@flowtheory.net>
    Dimitris Glezos <dimitris@glezos.com>
    glin@seznam.cz
    martin.glueck@gmail.com
    Artyom Gnilov <boobsd@gmail.com>
    Ben Godfrey <http://aftnn.org>
    GomoX <gomo@datafull.com>
    Guilherme Mesquita Gondim <semente@taurinus.org>
    Mario Gonzalez <gonzalemario@gmail.com>
    David Gouldin <dgouldin@gmail.com>
    pradeep.gowda@gmail.com
    Collin Grady <collin@collingrady.com>
    Gabriel Grant <g@briel.ca>
    Simon Greenhill <dev@simon.net.nz>
    Owen Griffiths
    Espen Grindhaug <http://grindhaug.org/>
    Janos Guljas
    Thomas Güttler <hv@tbz-pariv.de>
    Horst Gutmann <zerok@zerokspot.com>
    Scot Hacker <shacker@birdhouse.org>
    dAniel hAhler
    hambaloney
    Brian Harring <ferringb@gmail.com>
    Brant Harris
    Ronny Haryanto <http://ronny.haryan.to/>
    Hawkeye
    Kent Hauser <kent@khauser.net>
    Joe Heck <http://www.rhonabwy.com/wp/>
    Joel Heenan <joelh-django@planetjoel.com>
    Mikko Hellsing <mikko@sorl.net>
    Sebastian Hillig <sebastian.hillig@gmail.com>
    hipertracker@gmail.com
    Deryck Hodge <http://www.devurandom.org/>
    Brett Hoerner <bretthoerner@bretthoerner.com>
    Eric Holscher <http://ericholscher.com>
    Ian Holsman <http://feh.holsman.net/>
    Kieran Holland <http://www.kieranholland.com>
    Sung-Jin Hong <serialx.net@gmail.com>
    Leo "hylje" Honkanen <sealage@gmail.com>
    Matt Hoskins <skaffenuk@googlemail.com>
    Tareque Hossain <http://www.codexn.com>
    Richard House <Richard.House@i-logue.com>
    Robert Rock Howard <http://djangomojo.com/>
    John Huddleston <huddlej@wwu.edu>
    Rob Hudson <http://rob.cogit8.org/>
    Jason Huggins <http://www.jrandolph.com/blog/>
    Gabriel Hurley <gabriel@strikeawe.com>
    Hyun Mi Ae
    Ibon <ibonso@gmail.com>
    Tom Insam
    Baurzhan Ismagulov <ibr@radix50.net>
    Stephan Jaekel <steph@rdev.info>
    james_027@yahoo.com
    jcrasta@gmail.com
    jdetaeye
    jhenry <jhenry@theonion.com>
    john@calixto.net
    Zak Johnson <zakj@nox.cx>
    Nis Jørgensen <nis@superlativ.dk>
    Michael Josephson <http://www.sdjournal.com/>
    jpellerin@gmail.com
    junzhang.jn@gmail.com
    Antti Kaihola <http://djangopeople.net/akaihola/>
    Bahadır Kandemir <bahadir@pardus.org.tr>
    Karderio <karderio@gmail.com>
    Nagy Károly <charlie@rendszergazda.com>
    Erik Karulf <erik@karulf.com>
    Ben Dean Kawamura <ben.dean.kawamura@gmail.com>
    Ian G. Kelly <ian.g.kelly@gmail.com>
    Niall Kelly <duke.sam.vimes@gmail.com>
    Ryan Kelly <ryan@rfk.id.au>
    Thomas Kerpe <thomas@kerpe.net>
    Wiley Kestner <wiley.kestner@gmail.com>
    Ossama M. Khayat <okhayat@yahoo.com>
    Ben Khoo <khoobks@westnet.com.au>
    Garth Kidd <http://www.deadlybloodyserious.com/>
    kilian <kilian.cavalotti@lip6.fr>
    Sune Kirkeby <http://ibofobi.dk/>
    Bastian Kleineidam <calvin@debian.org>
    Cameron Knight (ckknight)
    Nena Kojadin <nena@kiberpipa.org>
    Igor Kolar <ike@email.si>
    Tomáš Kopeček <permonik@m6.cz>
    Gasper Koren
    Mikhail Korobov <kmike84@googlemail.com>
    Martin Kosír <martin@martinkosir.net>
    Arthur Koziel <http://arthurkoziel.com>
    Meir Kriheli <http://mksoft.co.il/>
    Bruce Kroeze <http://coderseye.com/>
    krzysiek.pawlik@silvermedia.pl
    Joseph Kocherhans
    konrad@gwu.edu
    knox <christobzr@gmail.com>
    David Krauth
    Kevin Kubasik <kevin@kubasik.net>
    kurtiss@meetro.com
    Denis Kuzmichyov <kuzmichyov@gmail.com>
    Panos Laganakos <panos.laganakos@gmail.com>
    Nick Lane <nick.lane.au@gmail.com>
    Stuart Langridge <http://www.kryogenix.org/>
    Paul Lanier <planier@google.com>
    David Larlet <http://david.larlet.fr>
    Nicolas Lara <nicolaslara@gmail.com>
    Nicola Larosa <nico@teknico.net>
    Finn Gruwier Larsen <finn@gruwier.dk>
    Lau Bech Lauritzen
    Rune Rønde Laursen <runerl@skjoldhoej.dk>
    Mark Lavin <markdlavin@gmail.com>
    Eugene Lazutkin <http://lazutkin.com/blog/>
    lcordier@point45.com
    Jeong-Min Lee <falsetru@gmail.com>
    Tai Lee <real.human@mrmachine.net>
    Christopher Lenz <http://www.cmlenz.net/>
    lerouxb@gmail.com
    Piotr Lewandowski <piotr.lewandowski@gmail.com>
    Charlie Leifer <coleifer@gmail.com>
    Justin Lilly <justinlilly@gmail.com>
    Waylan Limberg <waylan@gmail.com>
    limodou
    Philip Lindborg <philip.lindborg@gmail.com>
    Simon Litchfield <simon@quo.com.au>
    Daniel Lindsley <daniel@toastdriven.com>
    Trey Long <trey@ktrl.com>
    Laurent Luce <http://www.laurentluce.com>
    Martin Mahner <http://www.mahner.org/>
    Matt McClanahan <http://mmcc.cx/>
    Stanislaus Madueke
    Yann Malet
    Frantisek Malina <vizualbod@vizualbod.com>
    Mike Malone <mjmalone@gmail.com>
    Martin Maney <http://www.chipy.org/Martin_Maney>
    masonsimon+django@gmail.com
    Manuzhai
    Petr Marhoun <petr.marhoun@gmail.com>
    Petar Marić <http://www.petarmaric.com/>
    Nuno Mariz <nmariz@gmail.com>
    mark@junklight.com
    Orestis Markou <orestis@orestis.gr>
    Takashi Matsuo <matsuo.takashi@gmail.com>
    Yasushi Masuda <whosaysni@gmail.com>
    mattycakes@gmail.com
    Glenn Maynard <glenn@zewt.org>
    Jason McBrayer <http://www.carcosa.net/jason/>
    Kevin McConnell <kevin.mcconnell@gmail.com>
    mccutchen@gmail.com
    michael.mcewan@gmail.com
    Paul McLanahan <paul@mclanahan.net>
    Tobias McNulty <http://www.caktusgroup.com/blog>
    Zain Memon
    Christian Metts
    michal@plovarna.cz
    Slawek Mikula <slawek dot mikula at gmail dot com>
    mitakummaa@gmail.com
    mmarshall
    Andreas Mock <andreas.mock@web.de>
    Reza Mohammadi <reza@zeerak.ir>
    Aljosa Mohorovic <aljosa.mohorovic@gmail.com>
    Eric Moritz <http://eric.themoritzfamily.com/>
    msaelices <msaelices@gmail.com>
    Gregor Müllegger <gregor@muellegger.de>
    Robin Munn <http://www.geekforgod.com/>
    James Murty
    msundstr
    Robert Myers <myer0052@gmail.com>
    Aaron T. Myers <atmyers@gmail.com>
    Alexander Myodov <alex@myodov.com>
    Doug Napoleone <doug@dougma.com>
    Gopal Narayanan <gopastro@gmail.com>
    Fraser Nevett <mail@nevett.org>
    Sam Newman <http://www.magpiebrain.com/>
    Filip Noetzel <http://filip.noetzel.co.uk/>
    Afonso Fernández Nogueira <fonzzo.django@gmail.com>
    Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@google.com>
    Todd O'Bryan <toddobryan@mac.com>
    Selwin Ong <selwin@ui.co.id>
    Christian Oudard <christian.oudard@gmail.com>
    oggie rob <oz.robharvey@gmail.com>
    oggy <ognjen.maric@gmail.com>
    Jay Parlar <parlar@gmail.com>
    Claude Paroz <claude@2xlibre.net>
    Carlos Eduardo de Paula <carlosedp@gmail.com>
    pavithran s <pavithran.s@gmail.com>
    Barry Pederson <bp@barryp.org>
    Andreas Pelme <andreas@pelme.se>
    permonik@mesias.brnonet.cz
    peter@mymart.com
    pgross@thoughtworks.com
    phaedo <http://phaedo.cx/>
    Julien Phalip <http://www.julienphalip.com>
    phil@produxion.net
    phil.h.smith@gmail.com
    Gustavo Picon
    Michael Placentra II <someone@michaelplacentra2.net>
    plisk
    Daniel Poelzleithner <http://poelzi.org/>
    polpak@yahoo.com
    Ross Poulton <ross@rossp.org>
    Mihai Preda <mihai_preda@yahoo.com>
    Matthias Pronk <django@masida.nl>
    Jyrki Pulliainen <jyrki.pulliainen@gmail.com>
    Thejaswi Puthraya <thejaswi.puthraya@gmail.com>
    Johann Queuniet <johann.queuniet@adh.naellia.eu>
    Jan Rademaker
    Michael Radziej <mir@noris.de>
    Laurent Rahuel <laurent.rahuel@gmail.com>
    Stéphane Raimbault <stephane.raimbault@gmail.com>
    Luciano Ramalho
    Amit Ramon <amit.ramon@gmail.com>
    Philippe Raoult <philippe.raoult@n2nsoft.com>
    Massimiliano Ravelli <massimiliano.ravelli@gmail.com>
    Brian Ray <http://brianray.chipy.org/>
    Łukasz Rekucki <lrekucki@gmail.com>
    remco@diji.biz
    Marc Remolt <m.remolt@webmasters.de>
    Bruno Renié <buburno@gmail.com>
    David Reynolds <david@reynoldsfamily.org.uk>
    rhettg@gmail.com
    ricardojbarrios@gmail.com
    Mike Richardson
    Matt Riggott
    Alex Robbins <alexander.j.robbins@gmail.com>
    Henrique Romano <onaiort@gmail.com>
    Armin Ronacher
    Daniel Roseman <http://roseman.org.uk/>
    Rozza <ross.lawley@gmail.com>
    Oliver Rutherfurd <http://rutherfurd.net/>
    ryankanno
    Gonzalo Saavedra <gonzalosaavedra@gmail.com>
    Manuel Saelices <msaelices@yaco.es>
    Ivan Sagalaev (Maniac) <http://www.softwaremaniacs.org/>
    Vinay Sajip <vinay_sajip@yahoo.co.uk>
    Kadesarin Sanjek
    Massimo Scamarcia <massimo.scamarcia@gmail.com>
    Paulo Scardine <paulo@scardine.com.br>
    David Schein
    Bernd Schlapsi
    schwank@gmail.com
    scott@staplefish.com
    Ilya Semenov <semenov@inetss.com>
    serbaut@gmail.com
    John Shaffer <jshaffer2112@gmail.com>
    Pete Shinners <pete@shinners.org>
    Leo Shklovskii
    jason.sidabras@gmail.com
    Brenton Simpson <http://theillustratedlife.com>
    Jozko Skrablin <jozko.skrablin@gmail.com>
    Ben Slavin <benjamin.slavin@gmail.com>
    sloonz <simon.lipp@insa-lyon.fr>
    Paul Smith <blinkylights23@gmail.com>
    Warren Smith <warren@wandrsmith.net>
    smurf@smurf.noris.de
    Vsevolod Solovyov
    sopel
    Leo Soto <leo.soto@gmail.com>
    Wiliam Alves de Souza <wiliamsouza83@gmail.com>
    Don Spaulding <donspauldingii@gmail.com>
    Bjørn Stabell <bjorn@exoweb.net>
    Georgi Stanojevski <glisha@gmail.com>
    starrynight <cmorgh@gmail.com>
    Vasiliy Stavenko <stavenko@gmail.com>
    Thomas Steinacher <http://www.eggdrop.ch/>
    Johan C. Stöver <johan@nilling.nl>
    Nowell Strite <http://nowell.strite.org/>
    Thomas Stromberg <tstromberg@google.com>
    Pascal Varet
    SuperJared
    Radek Švarz <http://www.svarz.cz/translate/>
    Swaroop C H <http://www.swaroopch.info>
    Aaron Swartz <http://www.aaronsw.com/>
    Ville Säävuori <http://www.unessa.net/>
    Mart Sõmermaa <http://mrts.pri.ee/>
    Christian Tanzer <tanzer@swing.co.at>
    Tyler Tarabula <tyler.tarabula@gmail.com>
    Tyson Tate <tyson@fallingbullets.com>
    Aryeh Leib Taurog <http://www.aryehleib.com/>
    Frank Tegtmeyer <fte@fte.to>
    Marcel Telka <marcel@telka.sk>
    Terry Huang <terryh.tp@gmail.com>
    Travis Terry <tdterry7@gmail.com>
    thebjorn <bp@datakortet.no>
    Zach Thompson <zthompson47@gmail.com>
    Michael Thornhill <michael.thornhill@gmail.com>
    Deepak Thukral <deep.thukral@gmail.com>
    tibimicu@gmx.net
    tobias@neuyork.de
    Tom Tobin
    Joe Topjian <http://joe.terrarum.net/geek/code/python/django/>
    torne-django@wolfpuppy.org.uk
    Jeff Triplett <jeff.triplett@gmail.com>
    tstromberg@google.com
    Makoto Tsuyuki <mtsuyuki@gmail.com>
    tt@gurgle.no
    David Tulig <david.tulig@gmail.com>
    Amit Upadhyay <http://www.amitu.com/blog/>
    Adam Vandenberg
    Geert Vanderkelen
    Vasil Vangelovski
    I.S. van Oostveen <v.oostveen@idca.nl>
    viestards.lists@gmail.com
    George Vilches <gav@thataddress.com>
    Vlado <vlado@labath.org>
    Zachary Voase <zacharyvoase@gmail.com>
    Marijn Vriens <marijn@metronomo.cl>
    Milton Waddams
    Chris Wagner <cw264701@ohio.edu>
    Rick Wagner <rwagner@physics.ucsd.edu>
    wam-djangobug@wamber.net
    Wang Chun <wangchun@exoweb.net>
    Filip Wasilewski <filip.wasilewski@gmail.com>
    Dan Watson <http://theidioteque.net/>
    Joel Watts <joel@joelwatts.com>
    Lakin Wecker <lakin@structuredabstraction.com>
    Chris Wesseling <Chris.Wesseling@cwi.nl>
    Benjamin Wohlwend <piquadrat@gmail.com>
    James Wheare <django@sparemint.com>
    Mike Wiacek <mjwiacek@google.com>
    Frank Wierzbicki
    charly.wilhelm@gmail.com
    Derek Willis <http://blog.thescoop.org/>
    Rachel Willmer <http://www.willmer.com/kb/>
    Jakub Wilk <ubanus@users.sf.net>
    Jakub Wiśniowski <restless.being@gmail.com>
    Maciej Wiśniowski <pigletto@gmail.com>
    wojtek
    Jason Yan <tailofthesun@gmail.com>
    Lars Yencken <lars.yencken@gmail.com>
    ye7cakf02@sneakemail.com
    ymasuda@ethercube.com
    Jesse Young <adunar@gmail.com>
    Mykola Zamkovoi <nickzam@gmail.com>
    zegor
    Gasper Zejn <zejn@kiberpipa.org>
    Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>
    Cheng Zhang

A big THANK YOU goes to:

    Rob Curley and Ralph Gage for letting us open-source Django.

    Frank Wiles for making excellent arguments for open-sourcing, and for
    his sage sysadmin advice.

    Ian Bicking for convincing Adrian to ditch code generation.

    Mark Pilgrim for diveintopython.org.

    Guido van Rossum for creating Python.