288 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
288 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
===================
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Model ``_meta`` API
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===================
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.. module:: django.db.models.options
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:synopsis: Model meta-class layer
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.. class:: Options
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The model ``_meta`` API is at the core of the Django ORM. It enables other
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parts of the system such as lookups, queries, forms, and the admin to
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understand the capabilities of each model. The API is accessible through
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the ``_meta`` attribute of each model class, which is an instance of an
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``django.db.models.options.Options`` object.
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Methods that it provides can be used to:
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* Retrieve all field instances of a model
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* Retrieve a single field instance of a model by name
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.. versionchanged:: 1.8
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The Model ``_meta`` API has always existed as a Django internal, but
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wasn't formally documented and supported. As part of the effort to
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make this API public, some of the already existing API entry points
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have changed slightly. A :ref:`migration guide <migrating-old-meta-api>`
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has been provided to assist in converting your code to use the new,
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official API.
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.. _model-meta-field-api:
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Field access API
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================
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Retrieving a single field instance of a model by name
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. method:: Options.get_field(field_name)
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Returns the field instance given a name of a field.
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``field_name`` can be the name of a field on the model, a field
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on an abstract or inherited model, or a field defined on another
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model that points to the model. In the latter case, the ``field_name``
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will be the ``related_name`` defined by the user or the name automatically
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generated by Django itself.
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:attr:`Hidden fields <django.db.models.Field.hidden>` cannot be retrieved
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by name.
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If a field with the given name is not found a
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:class:`~django.core.exceptions.FieldDoesNotExist` exception will be
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raised.
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.. code-block:: python
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>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User
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# A field on the model
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>>> User._meta.get_field('username')
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<django.db.models.fields.CharField: username>
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# A field from another model that has a relation with the current model
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>>> User._meta.get_field('logentry')
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<ManyToOneRel: admin.logentry>
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# A non existent field
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>>> User._meta.get_field('does_not_exist')
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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FieldDoesNotExist: User has no field named 'does_not_exist'
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.. deprecated:: 1.8
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:meth:`Options.get_field()` previously accepted a ``many_to_many``
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parameter which could be set to ``False`` to avoid searching
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``ManyToManyField``\s. The old behavior has been preserved for
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backwards compatibility; however, the parameter and this behavior
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has been deprecated.
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If you wish to filter out ``ManyToManyField``\s, you can inspect the
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:attr:`Field.many_to_many <django.db.models.Field.many_to_many>`
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attribute after calling ``get_field()``.
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Retrieving all field instances of a model
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. method:: Options.get_fields(include_parents=True, include_hidden=False)
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.. versionadded:: 1.8
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Returns a tuple of fields associated with a model. ``get_fields()`` accepts
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two parameters that can be used to control which fields are returned:
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``include_parents``
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``True`` by default. Recursively includes fields defined on parent
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classes. If set to ``False``, ``get_fields()`` will only search for
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fields declared directly on the current model. Fields from models that
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directly inherit from abstract models or proxy classes are considered
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to be local, not on the parent.
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``include_hidden``
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``False`` by default. If set to ``True``, ``get_fields()`` will include
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fields that are used to back other field's functionality. This will
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also include any fields that have a ``related_name`` (such
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as :class:`~django.db.models.ManyToManyField`, or
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:class:`~django.db.models.ForeignKey`) that start with a "+".
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.. code-block:: python
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>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User
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>>> User._meta.get_fields()
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(<ManyToOneRel: admin.logentry>,
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<django.db.models.fields.AutoField: id>,
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<django.db.models.fields.CharField: password>,
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<django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField: last_login>,
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<django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_superuser>,
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<django.db.models.fields.CharField: username>,
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<django.db.models.fields.CharField: first_name>,
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<django.db.models.fields.CharField: last_name>,
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<django.db.models.fields.EmailField: email>,
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<django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_staff>,
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<django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_active>,
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<django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField: date_joined>,
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<django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: groups>,
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<django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: user_permissions>)
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# Also include hidden fields.
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>>> User._meta.get_fields(include_hidden=True)
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(<ManyToOneRel: auth.user_groups>,
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<ManyToOneRel: auth.user_user_permissions>,
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<ManyToOneRel: admin.logentry>,
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<django.db.models.fields.AutoField: id>,
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<django.db.models.fields.CharField: password>,
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<django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField: last_login>,
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<django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_superuser>,
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<django.db.models.fields.CharField: username>,
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<django.db.models.fields.CharField: first_name>,
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<django.db.models.fields.CharField: last_name>,
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<django.db.models.fields.EmailField: email>,
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<django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_staff>,
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<django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_active>,
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<django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField: date_joined>,
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<django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: groups>,
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<django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: user_permissions>)
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.. _migrating-old-meta-api:
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Migrating from the old API
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==========================
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As part of the formalization of the ``Model._meta`` API (from the
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:class:`django.db.models.options.Options` class), a number of methods and
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properties have been deprecated and will be removed in Django 2.0.
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These old APIs can be replicated by either:
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* invoking :meth:`Options.get_field()
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<django.db.models.options.Options.get_field()>`, or;
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* invoking :meth:`Options.get_fields()
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<django.db.models.options.Options.get_fields()>` to retrieve a list of all
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fields, and then filtering this list using the :ref:`field attributes
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<model-field-attributes>` that describe (or retrieve, in the case of
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``_with_model`` variants) the properties of the desired fields.
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Although it's possible to make strictly equivalent replacements of the old
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methods, that might not be the best approach. Taking the time to refactor any
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field loops to make better use of the new API - and possibly include fields
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that were previously excluded - will almost certainly result in better code.
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Assuming you have a model named ``MyModel``, the following substitutions
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can be made to convert your code to the new API:
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* ``MyModel._meta.get_field(name)``::
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f = MyModel._meta.get_field(name)
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then check if:
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- ``f.auto_created == False``, because the new ``get_field()``
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API will find "reverse" relations), and:
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- ``f.is_relation and f.related_model is None``, because the new
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``get_field()`` API will find
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:class:`~django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey` relations;
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* ``MyModel._meta.get_field_by_name(name)``:
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``get_field_by_name()`` returned four values:
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``(field, model, direct, m2m)``:
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- ``field`` can be found by ``MyModel._meta.get_field(name)``
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- ``model`` can be found through the
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:attr:`~django.db.models.Field.model` attribute on the field.
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- ``direct`` can be found by: ``not field.auto_created or field.concrete``
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The :attr:`~django.db.models.Field.auto_created` check excludes
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all "forward" and "reverse" relations that are created by Django, but
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this also includes ``AutoField`` and ``OneToOneField`` on proxy models.
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We avoid filtering out these attributes using the
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:attr:`concrete <django.db.models.Field.concrete>` attribute.
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- ``m2m`` can be found through the
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:attr:`~django.db.models.Field.many_to_many` attribute on the field.
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* ``MyModel._meta.get_fields_with_model()``::
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[
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(f, f.model if f.model != MyModel else None)
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for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields()
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if not f.is_relation
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or f.one_to_one
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or (f.one_to_many and f.related_model)
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]
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* ``MyModel._meta.get_concrete_fields_with_model()``::
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[
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(f, f.model if f.model != MyModel else None)
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for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields()
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if f.concrete and (
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not f.is_relation
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or f.one_to_one
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or (f.one_to_many and f.related_model)
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)
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]
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* ``MyModel._meta.get_m2m_with_model()``::
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[
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(f, f.model if f.model != MyModel else None)
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for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields()
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if f.many_to_many and not f.auto_created
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]
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* ``MyModel._meta.get_all_related_objects()``::
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[
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f for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields()
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if f.many_to_one and f.auto_created
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]
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* ``MyModel._meta.get_all_related_objects_with_model()``::
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[
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(f, f.model if f.model != MyModel else None)
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for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields()
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if f.many_to_one and f.auto_created
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]
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* ``MyModel._meta.get_all_related_many_to_many_objects()``::
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[
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f for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields(include_hidden=True)
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if f.many_to_many and f.auto_created
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]
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* ``MyModel._meta.get_all_related_m2m_objects_with_model()``::
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[
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(f, f.model if f.model != MyModel else None)
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for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields(include_hidden=True)
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if f.many_to_many and f.auto_created
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]
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* ``MyModel._meta.get_all_field_names()``::
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from itertools import chain
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list(set(chain.from_iterable(
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(field.name, field.attname) if hasattr(field, 'attname') else (field.name,)
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for field in MyModel._meta.get_fields()
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# For complete backwards compatibility, you may want to exclude
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# GenericForeignKey from the results.
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if not (field.one_to_many and field.related_model is None)
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)))
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This provides a 100% backwards compatible replacement, ensuring that both
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field names and attribute names ``ForeignKey``\s are included, but fields
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associated with ``GenericForeignKey``\s are not. A simpler version would be::
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[f.name for f in MyModel._meta.get_fields()]
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While this isn't 100% backwards compatible, it may be sufficient in many
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situations.
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