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============================================
Django 4.0 release notes - UNDER DEVELOPMENT
============================================
*Expected December 2021*
Welcome to Django 4.0!
These release notes cover the :ref:`new features <whats-new-4.0>`, as well as
some :ref:`backwards incompatible changes <backwards-incompatible-4.0>` you'll
want to be aware of when upgrading from Django 3.2 or earlier. We've
:ref:`begun the deprecation process for some features
<deprecated-features-4.0>`.
See the :doc:`/howto/upgrade-version` guide if you're updating an existing
project.
Python compatibility
====================
Django 4.0 supports Python 3.8, 3.9, and 3.10. We **highly recommend** and only
officially support the latest release of each series.
The Django 3.2.x series is the last to support Python 3.6 and 3.7.
.. _whats-new-4.0:
What's new in Django 4.0
========================
Functional unique constraints
-----------------------------
The new :attr:`*expressions <django.db.models.UniqueConstraint.expressions>`
positional argument of
:class:`UniqueConstraint() <django.db.models.UniqueConstraint>` enables
creating functional unique constraints on expressions and database functions.
For example::
from django.db import models
from django.db.models import UniqueConstraint
from django.db.models.functions import Lower
class MyModel(models.Model):
first_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
last_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
class Meta:
indexes = [
UniqueConstraint(
Lower('first_name'),
Lower('last_name').desc(),
name='first_last_name_unique',
),
]
Functional unique constraints are added to models using the
:attr:`Meta.constraints <django.db.models.Options.constraints>` option.
``scrypt`` password hasher
--------------------------
The new :ref:`scrypt password hasher <scrypt-usage>` is more secure and
recommended over PBKDF2. However, it's not the default as it requires OpenSSL
1.1+ and more memory.
Minor features
--------------
:mod:`django.contrib.admin`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* The ``admin/base.html`` template now has a new block ``header`` which
contains the admin site header.
* The new :meth:`.ModelAdmin.get_formset_kwargs` method allows customizing the
keyword arguments passed to the constructor of a formset.
* The navigation sidebar now has a quick filter toolbar.
* The new context variable ``model`` which contains the model class for each
model is added to the :meth:`.AdminSite.each_context` method.
* The new :attr:`.ModelAdmin.search_help_text` attribute allows specifying a
descriptive text for the search box.
:mod:`django.contrib.admindocs`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* The admindocs now allows esoteric setups where :setting:`ROOT_URLCONF` is not
a string.
* The model section of the ``admindocs`` now shows cached properties.
:mod:`django.contrib.auth`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* The default iteration count for the PBKDF2 password hasher is increased from
260,000 to 320,000.
* The new
:attr:`LoginView.next_page <django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView.next_page>`
attribute and
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView.get_default_redirect_url` method
allow customizing the redirect after login.
:mod:`django.contrib.contenttypes`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
:mod:`django.contrib.gis`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Added support for SpatiaLite 5.
* :class:`~django.contrib.gis.gdal.GDALRaster` now allows creating rasters in
any GDAL virtual filesystem.
:mod:`django.contrib.messages`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
:mod:`django.contrib.postgres`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* The PostgreSQL backend now supports connecting by a service name. See
:ref:`postgresql-connection-settings` for more details.
* The new :class:`~django.contrib.postgres.operations.AddConstraintNotValid`
operation allows creating check constraints on PostgreSQL without verifying
that all existing rows satisfy the new constraint.
* The new :class:`~django.contrib.postgres.operations.ValidateConstraint`
operation allows validating check constraints which were created using
:class:`~django.contrib.postgres.operations.AddConstraintNotValid` on
PostgreSQL.
* The new
:class:`ArraySubquery() <django.contrib.postgres.expressions.ArraySubquery>`
expression allows using subqueries to construct lists of values on
PostgreSQL.
:mod:`django.contrib.redirects`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
:mod:`django.contrib.sessions`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
:mod:`django.contrib.sitemaps`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
:mod:`django.contrib.sites`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
:mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* :class:`~django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage` now
replaces paths to JavaScript source map references with their hashed
counterparts.
* :class:`~django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage` now
replaces paths to JavaScript modules in ``import`` and ``export`` statements
with their hashed counterparts.
* The new ``manifest_storage`` argument of
:class:`~django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestFilesMixin` and
:class:`~django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage`
allows customizing the manifest file storage.
:mod:`django.contrib.syndication`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
Cache
~~~~~
* ...
CSRF
~~~~
* CSRF protection now consults the ``Origin`` header, if present. To facilitate
this, :ref:`some changes <csrf-trusted-origins-changes-4.0>` to the
:setting:`CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS` setting are required.
Decorators
~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
Email
~~~~~
* ...
Error Reporting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
File Storage
~~~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
File Uploads
~~~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
Forms
~~~~~
* :class:`~django.forms.ModelChoiceField` now includes the provided value in
the ``params`` argument of a raised
:exc:`~django.core.exceptions.ValidationError` for the ``invalid_choice``
error message. This allows custom error messages to use the ``%(value)s``
placeholder.
* :class:`~django.forms.formsets.BaseFormSet` now renders non-form errors with
an additional class of ``nonform`` to help distinguish them from
form-specific errors.
* :class:`~django.forms.formsets.BaseFormSet` now allows customizing the widget
used when deleting forms via
:attr:`~django.forms.formsets.BaseFormSet.can_delete` by setting the
:attr:`~django.forms.formsets.BaseFormSet.deletion_widget` attribute or
overriding :meth:`~django.forms.formsets.BaseFormSet.get_deletion_widget`
method.
Generic Views
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* :class:`~django.views.generic.edit.DeleteView` now uses
:class:`~django.views.generic.edit.FormMixin`, allowing you to provide a
:class:`~django.forms.Form` subclass, with a checkbox for example, to confirm
deletion. In addition, this allows ``DeleteView`` to function with
:class:`django.contrib.messages.views.SuccessMessageMixin`.
Internationalization
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
Logging
~~~~~~~
* The alias of the database used in an SQL call is now passed as extra context
along with each message to the :ref:`django-db-logger` logger.
Management Commands
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* The :djadmin:`runserver` management command now supports the
:option:`--skip-checks` option.
* On PostgreSQL, :djadmin:`dbshell` now supports specifying a password file.
* The :djadmin:`shell` command now respects :py:data:`sys.__interactivehook__`
at startup. This allows loading shell history between interactive sessions.
As a consequence, ``readline`` is no longer loaded if running in *isolated*
mode.
Migrations
~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
Models
~~~~~~
* New :meth:`QuerySet.contains(obj) <.QuerySet.contains>` method returns
whether the queryset contains the given object. This tries to perform the
query in the simplest and fastest way possible.
* The new ``precision`` argument of the
:class:`Round() <django.db.models.functions.Round>` database function allows
specifying the number of decimal places after rounding.
* :meth:`.QuerySet.bulk_create` now sets the primary key on objects when using
SQLite 3.35+.
* :class:`~django.db.models.DurationField` now supports multiplying and
dividing by scalar values on SQLite.
* :meth:`.QuerySet.bulk_update` now returns the number of objects updated.
* The new :attr:`.Aggregate.empty_aggregate_value` attribute allows specifying
a value to return when the aggregation is used over an empty result set.
* The ``skip_locked`` argument of :meth:`.QuerySet.select_for_update()` is now
allowed on MariaDB 10.6+.
* :class:`~django.db.models.Lookup` expressions may now be used in ``QuerySet``
annotations, aggregations, and directly in filters.
* The new :ref:`default <aggregate-default>` argument for built-in aggregates
allows specifying a value to be returned when the queryset (or grouping)
contains no entries, rather than ``None``.
Requests and Responses
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* The :class:`~django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware` now adds the
:ref:`Cross-Origin Opener Policy <cross-origin-opener-policy>` header with a
value of ``'same-origin'`` to prevent cross-origin popups from sharing the
same browsing context. You can prevent this header from being added by
setting the :setting:`SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY` setting to ``None``.
Security
~~~~~~~~
* ...
Serialization
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
Signals
~~~~~~~
* The new ``stdout`` argument for :func:`~django.db.models.signals.pre_migrate`
and :func:`~django.db.models.signals.post_migrate` signals allows redirecting
output to a stream-like object. It should be preferred over
:py:data:`sys.stdout` and :py:func:`print` when emitting verbose output in
order to allow proper capture when testing.
Templates
~~~~~~~~~
* ...
Tests
~~~~~
* The new ``serialized_aliases`` argument of
:func:`django.test.utils.setup_databases` determines which
:setting:`DATABASES` aliases test databases should have their state
serialized to allow usage of the
:ref:`serialized_rollback <test-case-serialized-rollback>` feature.
* Django test runner now supports a :option:`--buffer <test --buffer>` option
with parallel tests.
* The new :meth:`.DiscoverRunner.log` method allows customizing the way
messages are logged.
* Django test runner now supports a :option:`--shuffle <test --shuffle>` option
to execute tests in a random order.
* The :option:`test --parallel` option now supports the value ``auto`` to run
one test process for each processor core.
URLs
~~~~
* ...
Utilities
~~~~~~~~~
* ...
Validators
~~~~~~~~~~
* ...
.. _backwards-incompatible-4.0:
Backwards incompatible changes in 4.0
=====================================
Database backend API
--------------------
This section describes changes that may be needed in third-party database
backends.
* ``DatabaseOperations.year_lookup_bounds_for_date_field()`` and
``year_lookup_bounds_for_datetime_field()`` methods now take the optional
``iso_year`` argument in order to support bounds for ISO-8601 week-numbering
years.
* The second argument of ``DatabaseSchemaEditor._unique_sql()`` and
``_create_unique_sql()`` methods is now fields instead of columns.
:mod:`django.contrib.gis`
-------------------------
* Support for PostGIS 2.3 is removed.
* Support for GDAL 2.0 and GEOS 3.5 is removed.
Dropped support for PostgreSQL 9.6
----------------------------------
Upstream support for PostgreSQL 9.6 ends in November 2021. Django 4.0 supports
PostgreSQL 10 and higher.
Dropped support for Oracle 12.2 and 18c
---------------------------------------
Upstream support for Oracle 12.2 ends in March 2022 and for Oracle 18c it ends
in June 2021. Django 3.2 will be supported until April 2024. Django 4.0
officially supports Oracle 19c.
.. _csrf-trusted-origins-changes-4.0:
``CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS`` changes
--------------------------------
Format change
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Values in the :setting:`CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS` setting must include the scheme
(e.g. ``'http://'`` or ``'https://'``) instead of only the hostname.
Also, values that started with a dot, must now also include an asterisk before
the dot. For example, change ``'.example.com'`` to ``'https://*.example.com'``.
A system check detects any required changes.
Configuring it may now be required
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
As CSRF protection now consults the ``Origin`` header, you may need to set
:setting:`CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS`, particularly if you allow requests from
subdomains by setting :setting:`CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN` (or
:setting:`SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN` if :setting:`CSRF_USE_SESSIONS` is enabled) to
a value starting with a dot.
``SecurityMiddleware`` no longer sets the ``X-XSS-Protection`` header
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The :class:`~django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware` no longer sets the
``X-XSS-Protection`` header if the ``SECURE_BROWSER_XSS_FILTER`` setting is
``True``. The setting is removed.
Most modern browsers don't honor the ``X-XSS-Protection`` HTTP header. You can
use Content-Security-Policy_ without allowing ``'unsafe-inline'`` scripts
instead.
If you want to support legacy browsers and set the header, use this line in a
custom middleware::
response.headers.setdefault('X-XSS-Protection', '1; mode=block')
.. _Content-Security-Policy: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy
Migrations autodetector changes
-------------------------------
The migrations autodetector now uses model states instead of model classes.
Also, migration operations for ``ForeignKey`` and ``ManyToManyField`` fields no
longer specify attributes which were not passed to the fields during
initialization.
As a side-effect, running ``makemigrations`` might generate no-op
``AlterField`` operations for ``ManyToManyField`` and ``ForeignKey`` fields in
some cases.
Miscellaneous
-------------
* Support for ``cx_Oracle`` < 7.0 is removed.
* To allow serving a Django site on a subpath without changing the value of
:setting:`STATIC_URL`, the leading slash is removed from that setting (now
``'static/'``) in the default :djadmin:`startproject` template.
* The :class:`~django.contrib.admin.AdminSite` method for the admin ``index``
view is no longer decorated with ``never_cache`` when accessed directly,
rather than via the recommended ``AdminSite.urls`` property, or
``AdminSite.get_urls()`` method.
* Unsupported operations on a sliced queryset now raise ``TypeError`` instead
of ``AssertionError``.
* The undocumented ``django.test.runner.reorder_suite()`` function is renamed
to ``reorder_tests()``. It now accepts an iterable of tests rather than a
test suite, and returns an iterator of tests.
* Calling ``FileSystemStorage.delete()`` with an empty ``name`` now raises
``ValueError`` instead of ``AssertionError``.
* Calling ``EmailMultiAlternatives.attach_alternative()`` or
``EmailMessage.attach()`` with an invalid ``content`` or ``mimetype``
arguments now raise ``ValueError`` instead of ``AssertionError``.
* :meth:`~django.test.SimpleTestCase.assertHTMLEqual` no longer considers a
non-boolean attribute without a value equal to an attribute with the same
name and value.
* Tests that fail to load, for example due to syntax errors, now always match
when using :option:`test --tag`.
* The undocumented ``django.contrib.admin.utils.lookup_needs_distinct()``
function is renamed to ``lookup_spawns_duplicates()``.
* The undocumented ``HttpRequest.get_raw_uri()`` method is removed. The
:meth:`.HttpRequest.build_absolute_uri` method may be a suitable alternative.
* The ``object`` argument of undocumented ``ModelAdmin.log_addition()``,
``log_change()``, and ``log_deletion()`` methods is renamed to ``obj``.
* :class:`~django.utils.feedgenerator.RssFeed`,
:class:`~django.utils.feedgenerator.Atom1Feed`, and their subclasses now
emit elements with no content as self-closing tags.
* ``NodeList.render()`` no longer casts the output of ``render()`` method for
individual nodes to a string. ``Node.render()`` should always return a string
as documented.
* The ``where_class`` property of ``django.db.models.sql.query.Query`` and the
``where_class`` argument to the private ``get_extra_restriction()`` method of
``ForeignObject`` and ``ForeignObjectRel`` are removed. If needed, initialize
``django.db.models.sql.where.WhereNode`` instead.
* The ``filter_clause`` argument of the undocumented ``Query.add_filter()``
method is replaced by two positional arguments ``filter_lhs`` and
``filter_rhs``.
* :class:`~django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware` now uses
``request.META['CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE']`` in place of
``request.META['CSRF_COOKIE_USED']``, ``request.csrf_cookie_needs_reset``,
and ``response.csrf_cookie_set`` to track whether the CSRF cookie should be
sent. This is an undocumented, private API.
* The undocumented ``TRANSLATOR_COMMENT_MARK`` constant is moved from
``django.template.base`` to ``django.utils.translation.template``.
.. _deprecated-features-4.0:
Features deprecated in 4.0
==========================
Time zone support
-----------------
In order to follow good practice, the default value of the :setting:`USE_TZ`
setting will change from ``False`` to ``True``, and time zone support will be
enabled by default, in Django 5.0.
Note that the default :file:`settings.py` file created by
:djadmin:`django-admin startproject <startproject>` includes
:setting:`USE_TZ = True <USE_TZ>` since Django 1.4.
You can set ``USE_TZ`` to ``False`` in your project settings before then to
opt-out.
Miscellaneous
-------------
* ``SERIALIZE`` test setting is deprecated as it can be inferred from the
:attr:`~django.test.TestCase.databases` with the
:ref:`serialized_rollback <test-case-serialized-rollback>` option enabled.
* The undocumented ``django.utils.baseconv`` module is deprecated.
* The undocumented ``django.utils.datetime_safe`` module is deprecated.
* The default sitemap protocol for sitemaps built outside the context of a
request will change from ``'http'`` to ``'https'`` in Django 5.0.
* The ``extra_tests`` argument for :meth:`.DiscoverRunner.build_suite` and
:meth:`.DiscoverRunner.run_tests` is deprecated.
* The :class:`~django.contrib.postgres.aggregates.ArrayAgg`,
:class:`~django.contrib.postgres.aggregates.JSONBAgg`, and
:class:`~django.contrib.postgres.aggregates.StringAgg` aggregates will return
``None`` when there are no rows instead of ``[]``, ``[]``, and ``''``
respectively in Django 5.0. If you need the previous behavior, explicitly set
``default`` to ``Value([])``, ``Value('[]')``, or ``Value('')``.
Features removed in 4.0
=======================
These features have reached the end of their deprecation cycle and are removed
in Django 4.0.
See :ref:`deprecated-features-3.0` for details on these changes, including how
to remove usage of these features.
* ``django.utils.http.urlquote()``, ``urlquote_plus()``, ``urlunquote()``, and
``urlunquote_plus()`` are removed.
* ``django.utils.encoding.force_text()`` and ``smart_text()`` are removed.
* ``django.utils.translation.ugettext()``, ``ugettext_lazy()``,
``ugettext_noop()``, ``ungettext()``, and ``ungettext_lazy()`` are removed.
* ``django.views.i18n.set_language()`` doesn't set the user language in
``request.session`` (key ``_language``).
* ``alias=None`` is required in the signature of
``django.db.models.Expression.get_group_by_cols()`` subclasses.
* ``django.utils.text.unescape_entities()`` is removed.
* ``django.utils.http.is_safe_url()`` is removed.
See :ref:`deprecated-features-3.1` for details on these changes, including how
to remove usage of these features.
* The ``PASSWORD_RESET_TIMEOUT_DAYS`` setting is removed.
* The :lookup:`isnull` lookup no longer allows using non-boolean values as the
right-hand side.
* The ``django.db.models.query_utils.InvalidQuery`` exception class is removed.
* The ``django-admin.py`` entry point is removed.
* The ``HttpRequest.is_ajax()`` method is removed.
* Support for the pre-Django 3.1 encoding format of cookies values used by
``django.contrib.messages.storage.cookie.CookieStorage`` is removed.
* Support for the pre-Django 3.1 password reset tokens in the admin site (that
use the SHA-1 hashing algorithm) is removed.
* Support for the pre-Django 3.1 encoding format of sessions is removed.
* Support for the pre-Django 3.1 ``django.core.signing.Signer`` signatures
(encoded with the SHA-1 algorithm) is removed.
* Support for the pre-Django 3.1 ``django.core.signing.dumps()`` signatures
(encoded with the SHA-1 algorithm) in ``django.core.signing.loads()`` is
removed.
* Support for the pre-Django 3.1 user sessions (that use the SHA-1 algorithm)
is removed.
* The ``get_response`` argument for
``django.utils.deprecation.MiddlewareMixin.__init__()`` is required and
doesn't accept ``None``.
* The ``providing_args`` argument for ``django.dispatch.Signal`` is removed.
* The ``length`` argument for ``django.utils.crypto.get_random_string()`` is
required.
* The ``list`` message for ``ModelMultipleChoiceField`` is removed.
* Support for passing raw column aliases to ``QuerySet.order_by()`` is removed.
* The ``NullBooleanField`` model field is removed, except for support in
historical migrations.
* ``django.conf.urls.url()`` is removed.
* The ``django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField`` model field is removed,
except for support in historical migrations.
* ``django.contrib.postgres.fields.jsonb.KeyTransform`` and
``django.contrib.postgres.fields.jsonb.KeyTextTransform`` are removed.
* ``django.contrib.postgres.forms.JSONField`` is removed.
* The ``{% ifequal %}`` and ``{% ifnotequal %}`` template tags are removed.
* The ``DEFAULT_HASHING_ALGORITHM`` transitional setting is removed.
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