2544 lines
96 KiB
Plaintext
2544 lines
96 KiB
Plaintext
=============================
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User authentication in Django
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=============================
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.. module:: django.contrib.auth
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:synopsis: Django's authentication framework.
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Django comes with a user authentication system. It handles user accounts,
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groups, permissions and cookie-based user sessions. This document explains how
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things work.
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Overview
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========
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The auth system consists of:
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* Users
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* Permissions: Binary (yes/no) flags designating whether a user may perform
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a certain task.
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* Groups: A generic way of applying labels and permissions to more than one
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user.
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Installation
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============
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Authentication support is bundled as a Django application in
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``django.contrib.auth``. To install it, do the following:
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1. Put ``'django.contrib.auth'`` and ``'django.contrib.contenttypes'`` in
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your :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` setting.
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(The :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.Permission` model in
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:mod:`django.contrib.auth` depends on :mod:`django.contrib.contenttypes`.)
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2. Run the command ``manage.py syncdb``.
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Note that the default :file:`settings.py` file created by
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:djadmin:`django-admin.py startproject <startproject>` includes
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``'django.contrib.auth'`` and ``'django.contrib.contenttypes'`` in
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:setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` for convenience. If your :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`
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already contains these apps, feel free to run :djadmin:`manage.py syncdb
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<syncdb>` again; you can run that command as many times as you'd like, and each
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time it'll only install what's needed.
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The :djadmin:`syncdb` command creates the necessary database tables, creates
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permission objects for all installed apps that need 'em, and prompts you to
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create a superuser account the first time you run it.
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Once you've taken those steps, that's it.
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Users
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=====
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.. class:: models.User
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API reference
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-------------
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Fields
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~~~~~~
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.. class:: models.User
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:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` objects have the following
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fields:
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.. attribute:: models.User.username
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Required. 30 characters or fewer. Usernames may contain alphanumeric,
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``_``, ``@``, ``+``, ``.`` and ``-`` characters.
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.. attribute:: models.User.first_name
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Optional. 30 characters or fewer.
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.. attribute:: models.User.last_name
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Optional. 30 characters or fewer.
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.. attribute:: models.User.email
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Optional. Email address.
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.. attribute:: models.User.password
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Required. A hash of, and metadata about, the password. (Django doesn't
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store the raw password.) Raw passwords can be arbitrarily long and can
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contain any character. See the "Passwords" section below.
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.. attribute:: models.User.is_staff
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Boolean. Designates whether this user can access the admin site.
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.. attribute:: models.User.is_active
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Boolean. Designates whether this user account should be considered
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active. We recommend that you set this flag to ``False`` instead of
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deleting accounts; that way, if your applications have any foreign keys
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to users, the foreign keys won't break.
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This doesn't necessarily control whether or not the user can log in.
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Authentication backends aren't required to check for the ``is_active``
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flag, and the default backends do not. If you want to reject a login
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based on ``is_active`` being ``False``, it's up to you to check that in
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your own login view or a custom authentication backend. However, the
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:class:`~django.contrib.auth.forms.AuthenticationForm` used by the
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:func:`~django.contrib.auth.views.login` view (which is the default)
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*does* perform this check, as do the permission-checking methods such
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as :meth:`~models.User.has_perm` and the authentication in the Django
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admin. All of those functions/methods will return ``False`` for
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inactive users.
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.. attribute:: models.User.is_superuser
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Boolean. Designates that this user has all permissions without
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explicitly assigning them.
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.. attribute:: models.User.last_login
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A datetime of the user's last login. Is set to the current date/time by
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default.
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.. attribute:: models.User.date_joined
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A datetime designating when the account was created. Is set to the
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current date/time by default when the account is created.
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Methods
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~~~~~~~
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.. class:: models.User
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:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` objects have two many-to-many
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fields: ``groups`` and ``user_permissions``.
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:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` objects can access their related
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objects in the same way as any other :doc:`Django model
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</topics/db/models>`:
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.. code-block:: python
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myuser.groups = [group_list]
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myuser.groups.add(group, group, ...)
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myuser.groups.remove(group, group, ...)
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myuser.groups.clear()
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myuser.user_permissions = [permission_list]
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myuser.user_permissions.add(permission, permission, ...)
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myuser.user_permissions.remove(permission, permission, ...)
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myuser.user_permissions.clear()
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In addition to those automatic API methods,
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:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` objects have the following custom
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methods:
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.. method:: models.User.get_username()
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Returns the username for the user. Since the User model can be swapped
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out, you should use this method instead of referencing the username
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attribute directly.
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.. method:: models.User.is_anonymous()
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Always returns ``False``. This is a way of differentiating
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:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` and
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:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser` objects.
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Generally, you should prefer using
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:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_authenticated()` to this
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method.
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.. method:: models.User.is_authenticated()
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Always returns ``True``. This is a way to tell if the user has been
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authenticated. This does not imply any permissions, and doesn't check
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if the user is active - it only indicates that the user has provided a
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valid username and password.
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.. method:: models.User.get_full_name()
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Returns the :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.first_name` plus
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the :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.last_name`, with a space in
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between.
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.. method:: models.User.set_password(raw_password)
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Sets the user's password to the given raw string, taking care of the
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password hashing. Doesn't save the
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:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object.
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.. method:: models.User.check_password(raw_password)
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Returns ``True`` if the given raw string is the correct password for
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the user. (This takes care of the password hashing in making the
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comparison.)
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.. method:: models.User.set_unusable_password()
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Marks the user as having no password set. This isn't the same as
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having a blank string for a password.
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:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.check_password()` for this user
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will never return ``True``. Doesn't save the
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:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object.
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You may need this if authentication for your application takes place
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against an existing external source such as an LDAP directory.
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.. method:: models.User.has_usable_password()
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Returns ``False`` if
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:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.set_unusable_password()` has
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been called for this user.
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.. method:: models.User.get_group_permissions(obj=None)
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Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, through his/her
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groups.
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If ``obj`` is passed in, only returns the group permissions for
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this specific object.
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.. method:: models.User.get_all_permissions(obj=None)
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Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, both through
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group and user permissions.
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If ``obj`` is passed in, only returns the permissions for this
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specific object.
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.. method:: models.User.has_perm(perm, obj=None)
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Returns ``True`` if the user has the specified permission, where perm is
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in the format ``"<app label>.<permission codename>"``. (see
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`permissions`_ section below). If the user is inactive, this method will
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always return ``False``.
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If ``obj`` is passed in, this method won't check for a permission for
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the model, but for this specific object.
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.. method:: models.User.has_perms(perm_list, obj=None)
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Returns ``True`` if the user has each of the specified permissions,
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where each perm is in the format
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``"<app label>.<permission codename>"``. If the user is inactive,
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this method will always return ``False``.
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If ``obj`` is passed in, this method won't check for permissions for
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the model, but for the specific object.
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.. method:: models.User.has_module_perms(package_name)
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Returns ``True`` if the user has any permissions in the given package
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(the Django app label). If the user is inactive, this method will
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always return ``False``.
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.. method:: models.User.email_user(subject, message, from_email=None)
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Sends an email to the user. If
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:attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.from_email` is ``None``, Django
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uses the :setting:`DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL`.
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.. method:: models.User.get_profile()
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.. deprecated:: 1.5
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With the introduction of :ref:`custom User models <auth-custom-user>`,
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the use of :setting:`AUTH_PROFILE_MODULE` to define a single profile
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model is no longer supported. See the
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:doc:`Django 1.5 release notes</releases/1.5>` for more information.
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Returns a site-specific profile for this user. Raises
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:exc:`django.contrib.auth.models.SiteProfileNotAvailable` if the
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current site doesn't allow profiles, or
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:exc:`django.core.exceptions.ObjectDoesNotExist` if the user does not
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have a profile. For information on how to define a site-specific user
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profile, see the section on `storing additional user information`_ below.
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.. _storing additional user information: #storing-additional-information-about-users
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Manager functions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: models.UserManager
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The :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` model has a custom manager
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that has the following helper functions:
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.. method:: models.UserManager.create_user(username, email=None, password=None)
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.. versionchanged:: 1.4
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The ``email`` parameter was made optional. The username
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parameter is now checked for emptiness and raises a
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:exc:`ValueError` in case of a negative result.
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Creates, saves and returns a :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User`.
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The :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.username` and
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:attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.password` are set as given. The
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domain portion of :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.email` is
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automatically converted to lowercase, and the returned
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:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object will have
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:attr:`~models.User.is_active` set to ``True``.
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If no password is provided,
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:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.set_unusable_password()` will
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be called.
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See `Creating users`_ for example usage.
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.. method:: models.UserManager.make_random_password(length=10, allowed_chars='abcdefghjkmnpqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ23456789')
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Returns a random password with the given length and given string of
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allowed characters. (Note that the default value of ``allowed_chars``
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doesn't contain letters that can cause user confusion, including:
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* ``i``, ``l``, ``I``, and ``1`` (lowercase letter i, lowercase
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letter L, uppercase letter i, and the number one)
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* ``o``, ``O``, and ``0`` (uppercase letter o, lowercase letter o,
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and zero)
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Basic usage
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-----------
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.. _topics-auth-creating-users:
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Creating users
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The most basic way to create users is to use the
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:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.UserManager.create_user` helper function
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that comes with Django::
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>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User
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>>> user = User.objects.create_user('john', 'lennon@thebeatles.com', 'johnpassword')
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# At this point, user is a User object that has already been saved
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# to the database. You can continue to change its attributes
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# if you want to change other fields.
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>>> user.is_staff = True
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>>> user.save()
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You can also create users using the Django admin site. Assuming you've enabled
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the admin site and hooked it to the URL ``/admin/``, the "Add user" page is at
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``/admin/auth/user/add/``. You should also see a link to "Users" in the "Auth"
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section of the main admin index page. The "Add user" admin page is different
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than standard admin pages in that it requires you to choose a username and
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password before allowing you to edit the rest of the user's fields.
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Also note: if you want your own user account to be able to create users using
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the Django admin site, you'll need to give yourself permission to add users
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*and* change users (i.e., the "Add user" and "Change user" permissions). If
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your account has permission to add users but not to change them, you won't be
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able to add users. Why? Because if you have permission to add users, you have
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the power to create superusers, which can then, in turn, change other users. So
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Django requires add *and* change permissions as a slight security measure.
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Changing passwords
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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:djadmin:`manage.py changepassword *username* <changepassword>` offers a method
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of changing a User's password from the command line. It prompts you to
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change the password of a given user which you must enter twice. If
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they both match, the new password will be changed immediately. If you
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do not supply a user, the command will attempt to change the password
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whose username matches the current user.
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You can also change a password programmatically, using
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:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.set_password()`:
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.. code-block:: python
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>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User
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>>> u = User.objects.get(username__exact='john')
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>>> u.set_password('new password')
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>>> u.save()
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Don't set the :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.password` attribute
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directly unless you know what you're doing. This is explained in the next
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section.
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.. _auth_password_storage:
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How Django stores passwords
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---------------------------
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.. versionadded:: 1.4
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Django 1.4 introduces a new flexible password storage system and uses
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PBKDF2 by default. Previous versions of Django used SHA1, and other
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algorithms couldn't be chosen.
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The :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.password` attribute of a
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:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object is a string in this format::
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algorithm$hash
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That's a storage algorithm, and hash, separated by the dollar-sign
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character. The algorithm is one of a number of one way hashing or password
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storage algorithms Django can use; see below. The hash is the result of the one-
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way function.
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By default, Django uses the PBKDF2_ algorithm with a SHA256 hash, a
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password stretching mechanism recommended by NIST_. This should be
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sufficient for most users: it's quite secure, requiring massive
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amounts of computing time to break.
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However, depending on your requirements, you may choose a different
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algorithm, or even use a custom algorithm to match your specific
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security situation. Again, most users shouldn't need to do this -- if
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you're not sure, you probably don't. If you do, please read on:
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Django chooses the an algorithm by consulting the :setting:`PASSWORD_HASHERS`
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setting. This is a list of hashing algorithm classes that this Django
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installation supports. The first entry in this list (that is,
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``settings.PASSWORD_HASHERS[0]``) will be used to store passwords, and all the
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other entries are valid hashers that can be used to check existing passwords.
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This means that if you want to use a different algorithm, you'll need to modify
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:setting:`PASSWORD_HASHERS` to list your prefered algorithm first in the list.
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The default for :setting:`PASSWORD_HASHERS` is::
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PASSWORD_HASHERS = (
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher',
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher',
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher',
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher',
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)
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This means that Django will use PBKDF2_ to store all passwords, but will support
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checking passwords stored with PBKDF2SHA1, bcrypt_, SHA1_, etc. The next few
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sections describe a couple of common ways advanced users may want to modify this
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setting.
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.. _bcrypt_usage:
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Using bcrypt with Django
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Bcrypt_ is a popular password storage algorithm that's specifically designed
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for long-term password storage. It's not the default used by Django since it
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requires the use of third-party libraries, but since many people may want to
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use it Django supports bcrypt with minimal effort.
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To use Bcrypt as your default storage algorithm, do the following:
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1. Install the `py-bcrypt`_ library (probably by running ``sudo pip install
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py-bcrypt``, or downloading the library and installing it with ``python
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setup.py install``).
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2. Modify :setting:`PASSWORD_HASHERS` to list ``BCryptPasswordHasher``
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first. That is, in your settings file, you'd put::
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PASSWORD_HASHERS = (
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher',
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher',
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher',
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher',
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)
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(You need to keep the other entries in this list, or else Django won't
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be able to upgrade passwords; see below).
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That's it -- now your Django install will use Bcrypt as the default storage
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algorithm.
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.. admonition:: Other bcrypt implementations
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There are several other implementations that allow bcrypt to be
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used with Django. Django's bcrypt support is NOT directly
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compatible with these. To upgrade, you will need to modify the
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hashes in your database to be in the form `bcrypt$(raw bcrypt
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output)`. For example:
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`bcrypt$$2a$12$NT0I31Sa7ihGEWpka9ASYrEFkhuTNeBQ2xfZskIiiJeyFXhRgS.Sy`.
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Increasing the work factor
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The PBKDF2 and bcrypt algorithms use a number of iterations or rounds of
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hashing. This deliberately slows down attackers, making attacks against hashed
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passwords harder. However, as computing power increases, the number of
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iterations needs to be increased. We've chosen a reasonable default (and will
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increase it with each release of Django), but you may wish to tune it up or
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down, depending on your security needs and available processing power. To do so,
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you'll subclass the appropriate algorithm and override the ``iterations``
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parameters. For example, to increase the number of iterations used by the
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default PBKDF2 algorithm:
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1. Create a subclass of ``django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher``::
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from django.contrib.auth.hashers import PBKDF2PasswordHasher
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class MyPBKDF2PasswordHasher(PBKDF2PasswordHasher):
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"""
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A subclass of PBKDF2PasswordHasher that uses 100 times more iterations.
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"""
|
|
iterations = PBKDF2PasswordHasher.iterations * 100
|
|
|
|
Save this somewhere in your project. For example, you might put this in
|
|
a file like ``myproject/hashers.py``.
|
|
|
|
2. Add your new hasher as the first entry in :setting:`PASSWORD_HASHERS`::
|
|
|
|
PASSWORD_HASHERS = (
|
|
'myproject.hashers.MyPBKDF2PasswordHasher',
|
|
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
|
|
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher',
|
|
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher',
|
|
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher',
|
|
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
|
|
'django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher',
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
That's it -- now your Django install will use more iterations when it
|
|
stores passwords using PBKDF2.
|
|
|
|
Password upgrading
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
When users log in, if their passwords are stored with anything other than
|
|
the preferred algorithm, Django will automatically upgrade the algorithm
|
|
to the preferred one. This means that old installs of Django will get
|
|
automatically more secure as users log in, and it also means that you
|
|
can switch to new (and better) storage algorithms as they get invented.
|
|
|
|
However, Django can only upgrade passwords that use algorithms mentioned in
|
|
:setting:`PASSWORD_HASHERS`, so as you upgrade to new systems you should make
|
|
sure never to *remove* entries from this list. If you do, users using un-
|
|
mentioned algorithms won't be able to upgrade.
|
|
|
|
.. _sha1: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA1
|
|
.. _pbkdf2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2
|
|
.. _nist: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-132/nist-sp800-132.pdf
|
|
.. _bcrypt: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt
|
|
.. _py-bcrypt: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/py-bcrypt/
|
|
|
|
Anonymous users
|
|
---------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: models.AnonymousUser
|
|
|
|
:class:`django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser` is a class that
|
|
implements the :class:`django.contrib.auth.models.User` interface, with
|
|
these differences:
|
|
|
|
* :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.id` is always ``None``.
|
|
* :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_staff` and
|
|
:attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_superuser` are always
|
|
``False``.
|
|
* :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_active` is always ``False``.
|
|
* :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.groups` and
|
|
:attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.user_permissions` are always
|
|
empty.
|
|
* :meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_anonymous()` returns ``True``
|
|
instead of ``False``.
|
|
* :meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_authenticated()` returns
|
|
``False`` instead of ``True``.
|
|
* :meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.set_password()`,
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.check_password()`,
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.save()`,
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.delete()`,
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.set_groups()` and
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.set_permissions()` raise
|
|
:exc:`NotImplementedError`.
|
|
|
|
In practice, you probably won't need to use
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser` objects on your own, but
|
|
they're used by Web requests, as explained in the next section.
|
|
|
|
.. _topics-auth-creating-superusers:
|
|
|
|
Creating superusers
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
:djadmin:`manage.py syncdb <syncdb>` prompts you to create a superuser the
|
|
first time you run it after adding ``'django.contrib.auth'`` to your
|
|
:setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`. If you need to create a superuser at a later date,
|
|
you can use a command line utility::
|
|
|
|
manage.py createsuperuser --username=joe --email=joe@example.com
|
|
|
|
You will be prompted for a password. After you enter one, the user will be
|
|
created immediately. If you leave off the :djadminopt:`--username` or the
|
|
:djadminopt:`--email` options, it will prompt you for those values.
|
|
|
|
If you're using an older release of Django, the old way of creating a superuser
|
|
on the command line still works::
|
|
|
|
python /path/to/django/contrib/auth/create_superuser.py
|
|
|
|
...where :file:`/path/to` is the path to the Django codebase on your
|
|
filesystem. The ``manage.py`` command is preferred because it figures out the
|
|
correct path and environment for you.
|
|
|
|
.. _auth-profiles:
|
|
|
|
Storing additional information about users
|
|
------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. deprecated:: 1.5
|
|
With the introduction of :ref:`custom User models <auth-custom-user>`,
|
|
the use of :setting:`AUTH_PROFILE_MODULE` to define a single profile
|
|
model is no longer supported. See the
|
|
:doc:`Django 1.5 release notes</releases/1.5>` for more information.
|
|
|
|
If you'd like to store additional information related to your users, Django
|
|
provides a method to specify a site-specific related model -- termed a "user
|
|
profile" -- for this purpose.
|
|
|
|
To make use of this feature, define a model with fields for the
|
|
additional information you'd like to store, or additional methods
|
|
you'd like to have available, and also add a
|
|
:class:`~django.db.models.Field.OneToOneField` named ``user`` from your model
|
|
to the :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` model. This will ensure only
|
|
one instance of your model can be created for each
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User`. For example::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
|
|
|
|
class UserProfile(models.Model):
|
|
# This field is required.
|
|
user = models.OneToOneField(User)
|
|
|
|
# Other fields here
|
|
accepted_eula = models.BooleanField()
|
|
favorite_animal = models.CharField(max_length=20, default="Dragons.")
|
|
|
|
|
|
To indicate that this model is the user profile model for a given site, fill in
|
|
the setting :setting:`AUTH_PROFILE_MODULE` with a string consisting of the
|
|
following items, separated by a dot:
|
|
|
|
1. The name of the application (case sensitive) in which the user
|
|
profile model is defined (in other words, the
|
|
name which was passed to :djadmin:`manage.py startapp <startapp>` to create
|
|
the application).
|
|
|
|
2. The name of the model (not case sensitive) class.
|
|
|
|
For example, if the profile model was a class named ``UserProfile`` and was
|
|
defined inside an application named ``accounts``, the appropriate setting would
|
|
be::
|
|
|
|
AUTH_PROFILE_MODULE = 'accounts.UserProfile'
|
|
|
|
When a user profile model has been defined and specified in this manner, each
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object will have a method --
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.get_profile()` -- which returns the
|
|
instance of the user profile model associated with that
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User`.
|
|
|
|
The method :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.get_profile()`
|
|
does not create a profile if one does not exist. You need to register a handler
|
|
for the User model's :attr:`django.db.models.signals.post_save` signal and, in
|
|
the handler, if ``created`` is ``True``, create the associated user profile::
|
|
|
|
# in models.py
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
|
|
from django.db.models.signals import post_save
|
|
|
|
# definition of UserProfile from above
|
|
# ...
|
|
|
|
def create_user_profile(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
|
|
if created:
|
|
UserProfile.objects.create(user=instance)
|
|
|
|
post_save.connect(create_user_profile, sender=User)
|
|
|
|
.. seealso:: :doc:`/topics/signals` for more information on Django's signal
|
|
dispatcher.
|
|
|
|
Adding UserProfile fields to the admin
|
|
--------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
To add the UserProfile fields to the user page in the admin, define an
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.admin.InlineModelAdmin` (for this example, we'll use a
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.admin.StackedInline`) in your app's ``admin.py`` and
|
|
add it to a ``UserAdmin`` class which is registered with the
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` class::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib import admin
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
|
|
|
|
from my_user_profile_app.models import UserProfile
|
|
|
|
# Define an inline admin descriptor for UserProfile model
|
|
# which acts a bit like a singleton
|
|
class UserProfileInline(admin.StackedInline):
|
|
model = UserProfile
|
|
can_delete = False
|
|
verbose_name_plural = 'profile'
|
|
|
|
# Define a new User admin
|
|
class UserAdmin(UserAdmin):
|
|
inlines = (UserProfileInline, )
|
|
|
|
# Re-register UserAdmin
|
|
admin.site.unregister(User)
|
|
admin.site.register(User, UserAdmin)
|
|
|
|
Authentication in Web requests
|
|
==============================
|
|
|
|
Until now, this document has dealt with the low-level APIs for manipulating
|
|
authentication-related objects. On a higher level, Django can hook this
|
|
authentication framework into its system of
|
|
:class:`request objects <django.http.HttpRequest>`.
|
|
|
|
First, install the
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware` and
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware`
|
|
middlewares by adding them to your :setting:`MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES` setting. See
|
|
the :doc:`session documentation </topics/http/sessions>` for more information.
|
|
|
|
Once you have those middlewares installed, you'll be able to access
|
|
:attr:`request.user <django.http.HttpRequest.user>` in views.
|
|
:attr:`request.user <django.http.HttpRequest.user>` will give you a
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object representing the currently
|
|
logged-in user. If a user isn't currently logged in,
|
|
:attr:`request.user <django.http.HttpRequest.user>` will be set to an instance
|
|
of :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser` (see the previous
|
|
section). You can tell them apart with
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_authenticated()`, like so::
|
|
|
|
if request.user.is_authenticated():
|
|
# Do something for authenticated users.
|
|
else:
|
|
# Do something for anonymous users.
|
|
|
|
.. _how-to-log-a-user-in:
|
|
|
|
How to log a user in
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
Django provides two functions in :mod:`django.contrib.auth`:
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.authenticate()` and
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.login()`.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: authenticate()
|
|
|
|
To authenticate a given username and password, use
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.authenticate()`. It takes two keyword
|
|
arguments, ``username`` and ``password``, and it returns a
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object if the password is valid
|
|
for the given username. If the password is invalid,
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.authenticate()` returns ``None``. Example::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate
|
|
user = authenticate(username='john', password='secret')
|
|
if user is not None:
|
|
if user.is_active:
|
|
print("You provided a correct username and password!")
|
|
else:
|
|
print("Your account has been disabled!")
|
|
else:
|
|
print("Your username and password were incorrect.")
|
|
|
|
.. function:: login()
|
|
|
|
To log a user in, in a view, use :func:`~django.contrib.auth.login()`. It
|
|
takes an :class:`~django.http.HttpRequest` object and a
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object.
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.login()` saves the user's ID in the session,
|
|
using Django's session framework, so, as mentioned above, you'll need to
|
|
make sure to have the session middleware installed.
|
|
|
|
Note that data set during the anonymous session is retained when the user
|
|
logs in.
|
|
|
|
This example shows how you might use both
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.authenticate()` and
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.login()`::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate, login
|
|
|
|
def my_view(request):
|
|
username = request.POST['username']
|
|
password = request.POST['password']
|
|
user = authenticate(username=username, password=password)
|
|
if user is not None:
|
|
if user.is_active:
|
|
login(request, user)
|
|
# Redirect to a success page.
|
|
else:
|
|
# Return a 'disabled account' error message
|
|
else:
|
|
# Return an 'invalid login' error message.
|
|
|
|
.. admonition:: Calling ``authenticate()`` first
|
|
|
|
When you're manually logging a user in, you *must* call
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.authenticate()` before you call
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.login()`.
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.authenticate()`
|
|
sets an attribute on the :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` noting
|
|
which authentication backend successfully authenticated that user (see the
|
|
`backends documentation`_ for details), and this information is needed
|
|
later during the login process.
|
|
|
|
.. _backends documentation: #other-authentication-sources
|
|
|
|
Manually managing a user's password
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: django.contrib.auth.hashers
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.4
|
|
The :mod:`django.contrib.auth.hashers` module provides a set of functions
|
|
to create and validate hashed password. You can use them independently
|
|
from the ``User`` model.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: check_password(password, encoded)
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.4
|
|
|
|
If you'd like to manually authenticate a user by comparing a plain-text
|
|
password to the hashed password in the database, use the convenience
|
|
function :func:`django.contrib.auth.hashers.check_password`. It takes two
|
|
arguments: the plain-text password to check, and the full value of a
|
|
user's ``password`` field in the database to check against, and returns
|
|
``True`` if they match, ``False`` otherwise.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: make_password(password[, salt, hashers])
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.4
|
|
|
|
Creates a hashed password in the format used by this application. It takes
|
|
one mandatory argument: the password in plain-text. Optionally, you can
|
|
provide a salt and a hashing algorithm to use, if you don't want to use the
|
|
defaults (first entry of ``PASSWORD_HASHERS`` setting).
|
|
Currently supported algorithms are: ``'pbkdf2_sha256'``, ``'pbkdf2_sha1'``,
|
|
``'bcrypt'`` (see :ref:`bcrypt_usage`), ``'sha1'``, ``'md5'``,
|
|
``'unsalted_md5'`` (only for backward compatibility) and ``'crypt'``
|
|
if you have the ``crypt`` library installed. If the password argument is
|
|
``None``, an unusable password is returned (a one that will be never
|
|
accepted by :func:`django.contrib.auth.hashers.check_password`).
|
|
|
|
.. function:: is_password_usable(encoded_password)
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.4
|
|
|
|
Checks if the given string is a hashed password that has a chance
|
|
of being verified against :func:`django.contrib.auth.hashers.check_password`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
How to log a user out
|
|
---------------------
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: django.contrib.auth
|
|
|
|
.. function:: logout()
|
|
|
|
To log out a user who has been logged in via
|
|
:func:`django.contrib.auth.login()`, use
|
|
:func:`django.contrib.auth.logout()` within your view. It takes an
|
|
:class:`~django.http.HttpRequest` object and has no return value.
|
|
Example::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth import logout
|
|
|
|
def logout_view(request):
|
|
logout(request)
|
|
# Redirect to a success page.
|
|
|
|
Note that :func:`~django.contrib.auth.logout()` doesn't throw any errors if
|
|
the user wasn't logged in.
|
|
|
|
When you call :func:`~django.contrib.auth.logout()`, the session data for
|
|
the current request is completely cleaned out. All existing data is
|
|
removed. This is to prevent another person from using the same Web browser
|
|
to log in and have access to the previous user's session data. If you want
|
|
to put anything into the session that will be available to the user
|
|
immediately after logging out, do that *after* calling
|
|
:func:`django.contrib.auth.logout()`.
|
|
|
|
.. _topics-auth-signals:
|
|
|
|
Login and logout signals
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
The auth framework uses two :doc:`signals </topics/signals>` that can be used
|
|
for notification when a user logs in or out.
|
|
|
|
.. data:: django.contrib.auth.signals.user_logged_in
|
|
:module:
|
|
|
|
Sent when a user logs in successfully.
|
|
|
|
Arguments sent with this signal:
|
|
|
|
``sender``
|
|
The class of the user that just logged in.
|
|
|
|
``request``
|
|
The current :class:`~django.http.HttpRequest` instance.
|
|
|
|
``user``
|
|
The user instance that just logged in.
|
|
|
|
.. data:: django.contrib.auth.signals.user_logged_out
|
|
:module:
|
|
|
|
Sent when the logout method is called.
|
|
|
|
``sender``
|
|
As above: the class of the user that just logged out or ``None``
|
|
if the user was not authenticated.
|
|
|
|
``request``
|
|
The current :class:`~django.http.HttpRequest` instance.
|
|
|
|
``user``
|
|
The user instance that just logged out or ``None`` if the
|
|
user was not authenticated.
|
|
|
|
.. data:: django.contrib.auth.signals.user_login_failed
|
|
:module:
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.5
|
|
|
|
Sent when the user failed to login successfully
|
|
|
|
``sender``
|
|
The name of the module used for authentication.
|
|
|
|
``credentials``
|
|
A dictonary of keyword arguments containing the user credentials that were
|
|
passed to :func:`~django.contrib.auth.authenticate()` or your own custom
|
|
authentication backend. Credentials matching a set of 'sensitive' patterns,
|
|
(including password) will not be sent in the clear as part of the signal.
|
|
|
|
Limiting access to logged-in users
|
|
----------------------------------
|
|
|
|
The raw way
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
The simple, raw way to limit access to pages is to check
|
|
:meth:`request.user.is_authenticated()
|
|
<django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_authenticated()>` and either redirect to a
|
|
login page::
|
|
|
|
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
|
|
|
|
def my_view(request):
|
|
if not request.user.is_authenticated():
|
|
return HttpResponseRedirect('/login/?next=%s' % request.path)
|
|
# ...
|
|
|
|
...or display an error message::
|
|
|
|
def my_view(request):
|
|
if not request.user.is_authenticated():
|
|
return render_to_response('myapp/login_error.html')
|
|
# ...
|
|
|
|
The login_required decorator
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
.. function:: decorators.login_required([redirect_field_name=REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME, login_url=None])
|
|
|
|
As a shortcut, you can use the convenient
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.decorators.login_required` decorator::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
|
|
|
|
@login_required
|
|
def my_view(request):
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.decorators.login_required` does the following:
|
|
|
|
* If the user isn't logged in, redirect to
|
|
:setting:`settings.LOGIN_URL <LOGIN_URL>`, passing the current absolute
|
|
path in the query string. Example: ``/accounts/login/?next=/polls/3/``.
|
|
|
|
* If the user is logged in, execute the view normally. The view code is
|
|
free to assume the user is logged in.
|
|
|
|
By default, the path that the user should be redirected to upon
|
|
successful authentication is stored in a query string parameter called
|
|
``"next"``. If you would prefer to use a different name for this parameter,
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.decorators.login_required` takes an
|
|
optional ``redirect_field_name`` parameter::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
|
|
|
|
@login_required(redirect_field_name='my_redirect_field')
|
|
def my_view(request):
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
Note that if you provide a value to ``redirect_field_name``, you will most
|
|
likely need to customize your login template as well, since the template
|
|
context variable which stores the redirect path will use the value of
|
|
``redirect_field_name`` as its key rather than ``"next"`` (the default).
|
|
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.decorators.login_required` also takes an
|
|
optional ``login_url`` parameter. Example::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
|
|
|
|
@login_required(login_url='/accounts/login/')
|
|
def my_view(request):
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
Note that if you don't specify the ``login_url`` parameter, you'll need to map
|
|
the appropriate Django view to :setting:`settings.LOGIN_URL <LOGIN_URL>`. For
|
|
example, using the defaults, add the following line to your URLconf::
|
|
|
|
(r'^accounts/login/$', 'django.contrib.auth.views.login'),
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.5
|
|
|
|
As of version 1.5 :setting:`settings.LOGIN_URL <LOGIN_URL>` now also accepts
|
|
view function names and :ref:`named URL patterns <naming-url-patterns>`.
|
|
This allows you to freely remap your login view within your URLconf
|
|
without having to update the setting.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: views.login(request, [template_name, redirect_field_name, authentication_form])
|
|
|
|
**URL name:** ``login``
|
|
|
|
See :doc:`the URL documentation </topics/http/urls>` for details on using
|
|
named URL patterns.
|
|
|
|
Here's what ``django.contrib.auth.views.login`` does:
|
|
|
|
* If called via ``GET``, it displays a login form that POSTs to the
|
|
same URL. More on this in a bit.
|
|
|
|
* If called via ``POST``, it tries to log the user in. If login is
|
|
successful, the view redirects to the URL specified in ``next``. If
|
|
``next`` isn't provided, it redirects to
|
|
:setting:`settings.LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL <LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL>` (which
|
|
defaults to ``/accounts/profile/``). If login isn't successful, it
|
|
redisplays the login form.
|
|
|
|
It's your responsibility to provide the login form in a template called
|
|
``registration/login.html`` by default. This template gets passed four
|
|
template context variables:
|
|
|
|
* ``form``: A :class:`~django.forms.Form` object representing the login
|
|
form. See the :doc:`forms documentation </topics/forms/index>` for
|
|
more on ``Form`` objects.
|
|
|
|
* ``next``: The URL to redirect to after successful login. This may
|
|
contain a query string, too.
|
|
|
|
* ``site``: The current :class:`~django.contrib.sites.models.Site`,
|
|
according to the :setting:`SITE_ID` setting. If you don't have the
|
|
site framework installed, this will be set to an instance of
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.sites.models.RequestSite`, which derives the
|
|
site name and domain from the current
|
|
:class:`~django.http.HttpRequest`.
|
|
|
|
* ``site_name``: An alias for ``site.name``. If you don't have the site
|
|
framework installed, this will be set to the value of
|
|
:attr:`request.META['SERVER_NAME'] <django.http.HttpRequest.META>`.
|
|
For more on sites, see :doc:`/ref/contrib/sites`.
|
|
|
|
If you'd prefer not to call the template :file:`registration/login.html`,
|
|
you can pass the ``template_name`` parameter via the extra arguments to
|
|
the view in your URLconf. For example, this URLconf line would use
|
|
:file:`myapp/login.html` instead::
|
|
|
|
(r'^accounts/login/$', 'django.contrib.auth.views.login', {'template_name': 'myapp/login.html'}),
|
|
|
|
You can also specify the name of the ``GET`` field which contains the URL
|
|
to redirect to after login by passing ``redirect_field_name`` to the view.
|
|
By default, the field is called ``next``.
|
|
|
|
Here's a sample :file:`registration/login.html` template you can use as a
|
|
starting point. It assumes you have a :file:`base.html` template that
|
|
defines a ``content`` block:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: html+django
|
|
|
|
{% extends "base.html" %}
|
|
|
|
{% block content %}
|
|
|
|
{% if form.errors %}
|
|
<p>Your username and password didn't match. Please try again.</p>
|
|
{% endif %}
|
|
|
|
<form method="post" action="{% url 'django.contrib.auth.views.login' %}">
|
|
{% csrf_token %}
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>{{ form.username.label_tag }}</td>
|
|
<td>{{ form.username }}</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>{{ form.password.label_tag }}</td>
|
|
<td>{{ form.password }}</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<input type="submit" value="login" />
|
|
<input type="hidden" name="next" value="{{ next }}" />
|
|
</form>
|
|
|
|
{% endblock %}
|
|
|
|
If you are using alternate authentication (see
|
|
:ref:`authentication-backends`) you can pass a custom authentication form
|
|
to the login view via the ``authentication_form`` parameter. This form must
|
|
accept a ``request`` keyword argument in its ``__init__`` method, and
|
|
provide a ``get_user`` method which returns the authenticated user object
|
|
(this method is only ever called after successful form validation).
|
|
|
|
.. _forms documentation: ../forms/
|
|
.. _site framework docs: ../sites/
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.4
|
|
|
|
The :func:`~views.login` view and the :ref:`other-built-in-views` now all
|
|
return a :class:`~django.template.response.TemplateResponse` instance,
|
|
which allows you to easily customize the response data before rendering.
|
|
For more details, see the
|
|
:doc:`TemplateResponse documentation </ref/template-response>`.
|
|
|
|
.. _other-built-in-views:
|
|
|
|
Other built-in views
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
.. module:: django.contrib.auth.views
|
|
|
|
In addition to the :func:`~views.login` view, the authentication system
|
|
includes a few other useful built-in views located in
|
|
:mod:`django.contrib.auth.views`:
|
|
|
|
.. function:: logout(request, [next_page, template_name, redirect_field_name])
|
|
|
|
Logs a user out.
|
|
|
|
**URL name:** ``logout``
|
|
|
|
See :doc:`the URL documentation </topics/http/urls>` for details on using
|
|
named URL patterns.
|
|
|
|
**Optional arguments:**
|
|
|
|
* ``next_page``: The URL to redirect to after logout.
|
|
|
|
* ``template_name``: The full name of a template to display after
|
|
logging the user out. Defaults to
|
|
:file:`registration/logged_out.html` if no argument is supplied.
|
|
|
|
* ``redirect_field_name``: The name of a ``GET`` field containing the
|
|
URL to redirect to after log out. Overrides ``next_page`` if the given
|
|
``GET`` parameter is passed.
|
|
|
|
**Template context:**
|
|
|
|
* ``title``: The string "Logged out", localized.
|
|
|
|
* ``site``: The current :class:`~django.contrib.sites.models.Site`,
|
|
according to the :setting:`SITE_ID` setting. If you don't have the
|
|
site framework installed, this will be set to an instance of
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.sites.models.RequestSite`, which derives the
|
|
site name and domain from the current
|
|
:class:`~django.http.HttpRequest`.
|
|
|
|
* ``site_name``: An alias for ``site.name``. If you don't have the site
|
|
framework installed, this will be set to the value of
|
|
:attr:`request.META['SERVER_NAME'] <django.http.HttpRequest.META>`.
|
|
For more on sites, see :doc:`/ref/contrib/sites`.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: logout_then_login(request[, login_url])
|
|
|
|
Logs a user out, then redirects to the login page.
|
|
|
|
**URL name:** No default URL provided
|
|
|
|
**Optional arguments:**
|
|
|
|
* ``login_url``: The URL of the login page to redirect to.
|
|
Defaults to :setting:`settings.LOGIN_URL <LOGIN_URL>` if not supplied.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: password_change(request[, template_name, post_change_redirect, password_change_form])
|
|
|
|
Allows a user to change their password.
|
|
|
|
**URL name:** ``password_change``
|
|
|
|
**Optional arguments:**
|
|
|
|
* ``template_name``: The full name of a template to use for
|
|
displaying the password change form. Defaults to
|
|
:file:`registration/password_change_form.html` if not supplied.
|
|
|
|
* ``post_change_redirect``: The URL to redirect to after a successful
|
|
password change.
|
|
|
|
* ``password_change_form``: A custom "change password" form which must
|
|
accept a ``user`` keyword argument. The form is responsible for
|
|
actually changing the user's password. Defaults to
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.forms.PasswordChangeForm`.
|
|
|
|
**Template context:**
|
|
|
|
* ``form``: The password change form (see ``password_change_form`` above).
|
|
|
|
.. function:: password_change_done(request[, template_name])
|
|
|
|
The page shown after a user has changed their password.
|
|
|
|
**URL name:** ``password_change_done``
|
|
|
|
**Optional arguments:**
|
|
|
|
* ``template_name``: The full name of a template to use.
|
|
Defaults to :file:`registration/password_change_done.html` if not
|
|
supplied.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: password_reset(request[, is_admin_site, template_name, email_template_name, password_reset_form, token_generator, post_reset_redirect, from_email])
|
|
|
|
Allows a user to reset their password by generating a one-time use link
|
|
that can be used to reset the password, and sending that link to the
|
|
user's registered email address.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.4
|
|
Users flagged with an unusable password (see
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.set_unusable_password()`
|
|
will not be able to request a password reset to prevent misuse
|
|
when using an external authentication source like LDAP.
|
|
|
|
**URL name:** ``password_reset``
|
|
|
|
**Optional arguments:**
|
|
|
|
* ``template_name``: The full name of a template to use for
|
|
displaying the password reset form. Defaults to
|
|
:file:`registration/password_reset_form.html` if not supplied.
|
|
|
|
* ``email_template_name``: The full name of a template to use for
|
|
generating the email with the reset password link. Defaults to
|
|
:file:`registration/password_reset_email.html` if not supplied.
|
|
|
|
* ``subject_template_name``: The full name of a template to use for
|
|
the subject of the email with the reset password link. Defaults
|
|
to :file:`registration/password_reset_subject.txt` if not supplied.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.4
|
|
|
|
* ``password_reset_form``: Form that will be used to get the email of
|
|
the user to reset the password for. Defaults to
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.forms.PasswordResetForm`.
|
|
|
|
* ``token_generator``: Instance of the class to check the one time link.
|
|
This will default to ``default_token_generator``, it's an instance of
|
|
``django.contrib.auth.tokens.PasswordResetTokenGenerator``.
|
|
|
|
* ``post_reset_redirect``: The URL to redirect to after a successful
|
|
password reset request.
|
|
|
|
* ``from_email``: A valid email address. By default Django uses
|
|
the :setting:`DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL`.
|
|
|
|
**Template context:**
|
|
|
|
* ``form``: The form (see ``password_reset_form`` above) for resetting
|
|
the user's password.
|
|
|
|
**Email template context:**
|
|
|
|
* ``email``: An alias for ``user.email``
|
|
|
|
* ``user``: The current :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User`,
|
|
according to the ``email`` form field. Only active users are able to
|
|
reset their passwords (``User.is_active is True``).
|
|
|
|
* ``site_name``: An alias for ``site.name``. If you don't have the site
|
|
framework installed, this will be set to the value of
|
|
:attr:`request.META['SERVER_NAME'] <django.http.HttpRequest.META>`.
|
|
For more on sites, see :doc:`/ref/contrib/sites`.
|
|
|
|
* ``domain``: An alias for ``site.domain``. If you don't have the site
|
|
framework installed, this will be set to the value of
|
|
``request.get_host()``.
|
|
|
|
* ``protocol``: http or https
|
|
|
|
* ``uid``: The user's id encoded in base 36.
|
|
|
|
* ``token``: Token to check that the reset link is valid.
|
|
|
|
Sample ``registration/password_reset_email.html`` (email body template):
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: html+django
|
|
|
|
Someone asked for password reset for email {{ email }}. Follow the link below:
|
|
{{ protocol}}://{{ domain }}{% url 'password_reset_confirm' uidb36=uid token=token %}
|
|
|
|
The same template context is used for subject template. Subject must be
|
|
single line plain text string.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: password_reset_done(request[, template_name])
|
|
|
|
The page shown after a user has been emailed a link to reset their
|
|
password. This view is called by default if the :func:`password_reset` view
|
|
doesn't have an explicit ``post_reset_redirect`` URL set.
|
|
|
|
**URL name:** ``password_reset_done``
|
|
|
|
**Optional arguments:**
|
|
|
|
* ``template_name``: The full name of a template to use.
|
|
Defaults to :file:`registration/password_reset_done.html` if not
|
|
supplied.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: password_reset_confirm(request[, uidb36, token, template_name, token_generator, set_password_form, post_reset_redirect])
|
|
|
|
Presents a form for entering a new password.
|
|
|
|
**URL name:** ``password_reset_confirm``
|
|
|
|
**Optional arguments:**
|
|
|
|
* ``uidb36``: The user's id encoded in base 36. Defaults to ``None``.
|
|
|
|
* ``token``: Token to check that the password is valid. Defaults to
|
|
``None``.
|
|
|
|
* ``template_name``: The full name of a template to display the confirm
|
|
password view. Default value is :file:`registration/password_reset_confirm.html`.
|
|
|
|
* ``token_generator``: Instance of the class to check the password. This
|
|
will default to ``default_token_generator``, it's an instance of
|
|
``django.contrib.auth.tokens.PasswordResetTokenGenerator``.
|
|
|
|
* ``set_password_form``: Form that will be used to set the password.
|
|
Defaults to :class:`~django.contrib.auth.forms.SetPasswordForm`
|
|
|
|
* ``post_reset_redirect``: URL to redirect after the password reset
|
|
done. Defaults to ``None``.
|
|
|
|
**Template context:**
|
|
|
|
* ``form``: The form (see ``set_password_form`` above) for setting the
|
|
new user's password.
|
|
|
|
* ``validlink``: Boolean, True if the link (combination of uidb36 and
|
|
token) is valid or unused yet.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: password_reset_complete(request[,template_name])
|
|
|
|
Presents a view which informs the user that the password has been
|
|
successfully changed.
|
|
|
|
**URL name:** ``password_reset_complete``
|
|
|
|
**Optional arguments:**
|
|
|
|
* ``template_name``: The full name of a template to display the view.
|
|
Defaults to :file:`registration/password_reset_complete.html`.
|
|
|
|
Helper functions
|
|
----------------
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: django.contrib.auth.views
|
|
|
|
.. function:: redirect_to_login(next[, login_url, redirect_field_name])
|
|
|
|
Redirects to the login page, and then back to another URL after a
|
|
successful login.
|
|
|
|
**Required arguments:**
|
|
|
|
* ``next``: The URL to redirect to after a successful login.
|
|
|
|
**Optional arguments:**
|
|
|
|
* ``login_url``: The URL of the login page to redirect to.
|
|
Defaults to :setting:`settings.LOGIN_URL <LOGIN_URL>` if not supplied.
|
|
|
|
* ``redirect_field_name``: The name of a ``GET`` field containing the
|
|
URL to redirect to after log out. Overrides ``next`` if the given
|
|
``GET`` parameter is passed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _built-in-auth-forms:
|
|
|
|
Built-in forms
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
.. module:: django.contrib.auth.forms
|
|
|
|
If you don't want to use the built-in views, but want the convenience of not
|
|
having to write forms for this functionality, the authentication system
|
|
provides several built-in forms located in :mod:`django.contrib.auth.forms`:
|
|
|
|
.. class:: AdminPasswordChangeForm
|
|
|
|
A form used in the admin interface to change a user's password.
|
|
|
|
.. class:: AuthenticationForm
|
|
|
|
A form for logging a user in.
|
|
|
|
.. class:: PasswordChangeForm
|
|
|
|
A form for allowing a user to change their password.
|
|
|
|
.. class:: PasswordResetForm
|
|
|
|
A form for generating and emailing a one-time use link to reset a
|
|
user's password.
|
|
|
|
.. class:: SetPasswordForm
|
|
|
|
A form that lets a user change his/her password without entering the old
|
|
password.
|
|
|
|
.. class:: UserChangeForm
|
|
|
|
A form used in the admin interface to change a user's information and
|
|
permissions.
|
|
|
|
.. class:: UserCreationForm
|
|
|
|
A form for creating a new user.
|
|
|
|
Limiting access to logged-in users that pass a test
|
|
---------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: django.contrib.auth.decorators
|
|
|
|
To limit access based on certain permissions or some other test, you'd do
|
|
essentially the same thing as described in the previous section.
|
|
|
|
The simple way is to run your test on :attr:`request.user
|
|
<django.http.HttpRequest.user>` in the view directly. For example, this view
|
|
checks to make sure the user is logged in and has the permission
|
|
``polls.can_vote``::
|
|
|
|
def my_view(request):
|
|
if not request.user.has_perm('polls.can_vote'):
|
|
return HttpResponse("You can't vote in this poll.")
|
|
# ...
|
|
|
|
.. function:: user_passes_test(func, [login_url=None])
|
|
|
|
As a shortcut, you can use the convenient ``user_passes_test`` decorator::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import user_passes_test
|
|
|
|
@user_passes_test(lambda u: u.has_perm('polls.can_vote'))
|
|
def my_view(request):
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
We're using this particular test as a relatively simple example. However,
|
|
if you just want to test whether a permission is available to a user, you
|
|
can use the :func:`~django.contrib.auth.decorators.permission_required()`
|
|
decorator, described later in this document.
|
|
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.decorators.user_passes_test` takes a required
|
|
argument: a callable that takes a
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` object and returns ``True`` if
|
|
the user is allowed to view the page. Note that
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.decorators.user_passes_test` does not
|
|
automatically check that the :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` is
|
|
not anonymous.
|
|
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.decorators.user_passes_test()` takes an
|
|
optional ``login_url`` argument, which lets you specify the URL for your
|
|
login page (:setting:`settings.LOGIN_URL <LOGIN_URL>` by default).
|
|
|
|
For example::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import user_passes_test
|
|
|
|
@user_passes_test(lambda u: u.has_perm('polls.can_vote'), login_url='/login/')
|
|
def my_view(request):
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
The permission_required decorator
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
.. function:: permission_required([login_url=None, raise_exception=False])
|
|
|
|
It's a relatively common task to check whether a user has a particular
|
|
permission. For that reason, Django provides a shortcut for that case: the
|
|
:func:`~django.contrib.auth.decorators.permission_required()` decorator.
|
|
Using this decorator, the earlier example can be written as::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import permission_required
|
|
|
|
@permission_required('polls.can_vote')
|
|
def my_view(request):
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
As for the :meth:`User.has_perm` method, permission names take the form
|
|
``"<app label>.<permission codename>"`` (i.e. ``polls.can_vote`` for a
|
|
permission on a model in the ``polls`` application).
|
|
|
|
Note that :func:`~django.contrib.auth.decorators.permission_required()`
|
|
also takes an optional ``login_url`` parameter. Example::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import permission_required
|
|
|
|
@permission_required('polls.can_vote', login_url='/loginpage/')
|
|
def my_view(request):
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
As in the :func:`~decorators.login_required` decorator, ``login_url``
|
|
defaults to :setting:`settings.LOGIN_URL <LOGIN_URL>`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.4
|
|
|
|
Added ``raise_exception`` parameter. If given, the decorator will raise
|
|
:exc:`~django.core.exceptions.PermissionDenied`, prompting
|
|
:ref:`the 403 (HTTP Forbidden) view<http_forbidden_view>` instead of
|
|
redirecting to the login page.
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: django.contrib.auth
|
|
|
|
Applying permissions to generic views
|
|
-------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
To apply a permission to a :doc:`class-based generic view
|
|
</ref/class-based-views/index>`, decorate the :meth:`View.dispatch
|
|
<django.views.generic.base.View.dispatch>` method on the class. See
|
|
:ref:`decorating-class-based-views` for details.
|
|
|
|
.. _permissions:
|
|
|
|
Permissions
|
|
===========
|
|
|
|
Django comes with a simple permissions system. It provides a way to assign
|
|
permissions to specific users and groups of users.
|
|
|
|
It's used by the Django admin site, but you're welcome to use it in your own
|
|
code.
|
|
|
|
The Django admin site uses permissions as follows:
|
|
|
|
* Access to view the "add" form and add an object is limited to users with
|
|
the "add" permission for that type of object.
|
|
* Access to view the change list, view the "change" form and change an
|
|
object is limited to users with the "change" permission for that type of
|
|
object.
|
|
* Access to delete an object is limited to users with the "delete"
|
|
permission for that type of object.
|
|
|
|
Permissions can be set not only per type of object, but also per specific
|
|
object instance. By using the
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.has_add_permission`,
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.has_change_permission` and
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.has_delete_permission` methods provided
|
|
by the :class:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin` class, it is possible to
|
|
customize permissions for different object instances of the same type.
|
|
|
|
Default permissions
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
When ``django.contrib.auth`` is listed in your :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`
|
|
setting, it will ensure that three default permissions -- add, change and
|
|
delete -- are created for each Django model defined in one of your installed
|
|
applications.
|
|
|
|
These permissions will be created when you run :djadmin:`manage.py syncdb
|
|
<syncdb>`; the first time you run ``syncdb`` after adding
|
|
``django.contrib.auth`` to :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`, the default permissions
|
|
will be created for all previously-installed models, as well as for any new
|
|
models being installed at that time. Afterward, it will create default
|
|
permissions for new models each time you run :djadmin:`manage.py syncdb
|
|
<syncdb>`.
|
|
|
|
Assuming you have an application with an
|
|
:attr:`~django.db.models.Options.app_label` ``foo`` and a model named ``Bar``,
|
|
to test for basic permissions you should use:
|
|
|
|
* add: ``user.has_perm('foo.add_bar')``
|
|
* change: ``user.has_perm('foo.change_bar')``
|
|
* delete: ``user.has_perm('foo.delete_bar')``
|
|
|
|
.. _custom-permissions:
|
|
|
|
Custom permissions
|
|
------------------
|
|
|
|
To create custom permissions for a given model object, use the ``permissions``
|
|
:ref:`model Meta attribute <meta-options>`.
|
|
|
|
This example Task model creates three custom permissions, i.e., actions users
|
|
can or cannot do with Task instances, specific to your application::
|
|
|
|
class Task(models.Model):
|
|
...
|
|
class Meta:
|
|
permissions = (
|
|
("view_task", "Can see available tasks"),
|
|
("change_task_status", "Can change the status of tasks"),
|
|
("close_task", "Can remove a task by setting its status as closed"),
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
The only thing this does is create those extra permissions when you run
|
|
:djadmin:`manage.py syncdb <syncdb>`. Your code is in charge of checking the
|
|
value of these permissions when an user is trying to access the functionality
|
|
provided by the application (viewing tasks, changing the status of tasks,
|
|
closing tasks.) Continuing the above example, the following checks if a user may
|
|
view tasks::
|
|
|
|
user.has_perm('app.view_task')
|
|
|
|
API reference
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: django.contrib.auth.models
|
|
|
|
.. class:: models.Permission
|
|
|
|
Fields
|
|
~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.Permission` objects have the following
|
|
fields:
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Permission.name
|
|
|
|
Required. 50 characters or fewer. Example: ``'Can vote'``.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Permission.content_type
|
|
|
|
Required. A reference to the ``django_content_type`` database table, which
|
|
contains a record for each installed Django model.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Permission.codename
|
|
|
|
Required. 100 characters or fewer. Example: ``'can_vote'``.
|
|
|
|
Methods
|
|
~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.Permission` objects have the standard
|
|
data-access methods like any other :doc:`Django model </ref/models/instances>`.
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: django.contrib.auth
|
|
|
|
Programmatically creating permissions
|
|
-------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
While custom permissions can be defined within a model's ``Meta`` class, you
|
|
can also create permissions directly. For example, you can create the
|
|
``can_publish`` permission for a ``BlogPost`` model in ``myapp``::
|
|
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.models import Group, Permission
|
|
from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
|
|
|
|
content_type = ContentType.objects.get(app_label='myapp', model='BlogPost')
|
|
permission = Permission.objects.create(codename='can_publish',
|
|
name='Can Publish Posts',
|
|
content_type=content_type)
|
|
|
|
The permission can then be assigned to a
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` via its ``user_permissions``
|
|
attribute or to a :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.Group` via its
|
|
``permissions`` attribute.
|
|
|
|
Authentication data in templates
|
|
================================
|
|
|
|
The currently logged-in user and his/her permissions are made available in the
|
|
:doc:`template context </ref/templates/api>` when you use
|
|
:class:`~django.template.context.RequestContext`.
|
|
|
|
.. admonition:: Technicality
|
|
|
|
Technically, these variables are only made available in the template context
|
|
if you use :class:`~django.template.context.RequestContext` *and* your
|
|
:setting:`TEMPLATE_CONTEXT_PROCESSORS` setting contains
|
|
``"django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth"``, which is default. For
|
|
more, see the :ref:`RequestContext docs <subclassing-context-requestcontext>`.
|
|
|
|
Users
|
|
-----
|
|
|
|
When rendering a template :class:`~django.template.context.RequestContext`, the
|
|
currently logged-in user, either a :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User`
|
|
instance or an :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser` instance, is
|
|
stored in the template variable ``{{ user }}``:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: html+django
|
|
|
|
{% if user.is_authenticated %}
|
|
<p>Welcome, {{ user.username }}. Thanks for logging in.</p>
|
|
{% else %}
|
|
<p>Welcome, new user. Please log in.</p>
|
|
{% endif %}
|
|
|
|
This template context variable is not available if a ``RequestContext`` is not
|
|
being used.
|
|
|
|
Permissions
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
The currently logged-in user's permissions are stored in the template variable
|
|
``{{ perms }}``. This is an instance of
|
|
:class:`django.contrib.auth.context_processors.PermWrapper`, which is a
|
|
template-friendly proxy of permissions.
|
|
|
|
In the ``{{ perms }}`` object, single-attribute lookup is a proxy to
|
|
:meth:`User.has_module_perms <django.contrib.auth.models.User.has_module_perms>`.
|
|
This example would display ``True`` if the logged-in user had any permissions
|
|
in the ``foo`` app::
|
|
|
|
{{ perms.foo }}
|
|
|
|
Two-level-attribute lookup is a proxy to
|
|
:meth:`User.has_perm <django.contrib.auth.models.User.has_perm>`. This example
|
|
would display ``True`` if the logged-in user had the permission
|
|
``foo.can_vote``::
|
|
|
|
{{ perms.foo.can_vote }}
|
|
|
|
Thus, you can check permissions in template ``{% if %}`` statements:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: html+django
|
|
|
|
{% if perms.foo %}
|
|
<p>You have permission to do something in the foo app.</p>
|
|
{% if perms.foo.can_vote %}
|
|
<p>You can vote!</p>
|
|
{% endif %}
|
|
{% if perms.foo.can_drive %}
|
|
<p>You can drive!</p>
|
|
{% endif %}
|
|
{% else %}
|
|
<p>You don't have permission to do anything in the foo app.</p>
|
|
{% endif %}
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.5
|
|
Permission lookup by "if in".
|
|
|
|
It is possible to also look permissions up by ``{% if in %}`` statements.
|
|
For example:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: html+django
|
|
|
|
{% if 'foo' in perms %}
|
|
{% if 'foo.can_vote' in perms %}
|
|
<p>In lookup works, too.</p>
|
|
{% endif %}
|
|
{% endif %}
|
|
|
|
Groups
|
|
======
|
|
|
|
Groups are a generic way of categorizing users so you can apply permissions, or
|
|
some other label, to those users. A user can belong to any number of groups.
|
|
|
|
A user in a group automatically has the permissions granted to that group. For
|
|
example, if the group ``Site editors`` has the permission
|
|
``can_edit_home_page``, any user in that group will have that permission.
|
|
|
|
Beyond permissions, groups are a convenient way to categorize users to give
|
|
them some label, or extended functionality. For example, you could create a
|
|
group ``'Special users'``, and you could write code that could, say, give them
|
|
access to a members-only portion of your site, or send them members-only email
|
|
messages.
|
|
|
|
API reference
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: models.Group
|
|
|
|
Fields
|
|
~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.Group` objects have the following fields:
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Group.name
|
|
|
|
Required. 80 characters or fewer. Any characters are permitted. Example:
|
|
``'Awesome Users'``.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: Group.permissions
|
|
|
|
Many-to-many field to :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.Permissions`::
|
|
|
|
group.permissions = [permission_list]
|
|
group.permissions.add(permission, permission, ...)
|
|
group.permissions.remove(permission, permission, ...)
|
|
group.permissions.clear()
|
|
|
|
.. _auth-custom-user:
|
|
|
|
Customizing the User model
|
|
==========================
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.5
|
|
|
|
Some kinds of projects may have authentication requirements for which Django's
|
|
built-in :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` model is not always
|
|
appropriate. For instance, on some sites it makes more sense to use an email
|
|
address as your identification token instead of a username.
|
|
|
|
Django allows you to override the default User model by providing a value for
|
|
the :setting:`AUTH_USER_MODEL` setting that references a custom model::
|
|
|
|
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'myapp.MyUser'
|
|
|
|
This dotted pair describes the name of the Django app, and the name of the Django
|
|
model that you wish to use as your User model.
|
|
|
|
.. admonition:: Warning
|
|
|
|
Changing :setting:`AUTH_USER_MODEL` has a big effect on your database
|
|
structure. It changes the tables that are available, and it will affect the
|
|
construction of foreign keys and many-to-many relationships. If you intend
|
|
to set :setting:`AUTH_USER_MODEL`, you should set it before running
|
|
``manage.py syncdb`` for the first time.
|
|
|
|
If you have an existing project and you want to migrate to using a custom
|
|
User model, you may need to look into using a migration tool like South_
|
|
to ease the transition.
|
|
|
|
.. _South: http://south.aeracode.org
|
|
|
|
Referencing the User model
|
|
--------------------------
|
|
|
|
If you reference :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` directly (for
|
|
example, by referring to it in a foreign key), your code will not work in
|
|
projects where the :setting:`AUTH_USER_MODEL` setting has been changed to a
|
|
different User model.
|
|
|
|
Instead of referring to :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` directly,
|
|
you should reference the user model using
|
|
:func:`django.contrib.auth.get_user_model()`. This method will return the
|
|
currently active User model -- the custom User model if one is specified, or
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.User` otherwise.
|
|
|
|
When you define a foreign key or many-to-many relations to the User model,
|
|
you should specify the custom model using the :setting:`AUTH_USER_MODEL`
|
|
setting. For example::
|
|
|
|
from django.conf import settings
|
|
from django.db import models
|
|
|
|
class Article(models.Model)
|
|
author = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
|
|
|
|
Specifying a custom User model
|
|
------------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. admonition:: Model design considerations
|
|
|
|
Think carefully before handling information not directly related to
|
|
authentication in your custom User Model.
|
|
|
|
It may be better to store app-specific user information in a model
|
|
that has a relation with the User model. That allows each app to specify
|
|
its own user data requirements without risking conflicts with other
|
|
apps. On the other hand, queries to retrieve this related information
|
|
will involve a database join, which may have an effect on performance.
|
|
|
|
Django expects your custom User model to meet some minimum requirements.
|
|
|
|
1. Your model must have a single unique field that can be used for
|
|
identification purposes. This can be a username, an email address,
|
|
or any other unique attribute.
|
|
|
|
2. Your model must provide a way to address the user in a "short" and
|
|
"long" form. The most common interpretation of this would be to use
|
|
the user's given name as the "short" identifier, and the user's full
|
|
name as the "long" identifier. However, there are no constraints on
|
|
what these two methods return - if you want, they can return exactly
|
|
the same value.
|
|
|
|
The easiest way to construct a compliant custom User model is to inherit from
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser`.
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser` provides the core
|
|
implementation of a `User` model, including hashed passwords and tokenized
|
|
password resets. You must then provide some key implementation details:
|
|
|
|
.. class:: models.CustomUser
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: User.USERNAME_FIELD
|
|
|
|
A string describing the name of the field on the User model that is
|
|
used as the unique identifier. This will usually be a username of
|
|
some kind, but it can also be an email address, or any other unique
|
|
identifier. In the following example, the field `identifier` is used
|
|
as the identifying field::
|
|
|
|
class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
|
|
identifier = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True, db_index=True)
|
|
...
|
|
USERNAME_FIELD = 'identifier'
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: User.REQUIRED_FIELDS
|
|
|
|
A list of the field names that *must* be provided when creating
|
|
a user. For example, here is the partial definition for a User model
|
|
that defines two required fields - a date of birth and height::
|
|
|
|
class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
|
|
...
|
|
date_of_birth = models.DateField()
|
|
height = models.FloatField()
|
|
...
|
|
REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['date_of_birth', 'height']
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
``REQUIRED_FIELDS`` must contain all required fields on your User
|
|
model, but should *not* contain the ``USERNAME_FIELD``.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: User.get_full_name():
|
|
|
|
A longer formal identifier for the user. A common interpretation
|
|
would be the full name name of the user, but it can be any string that
|
|
identifies the user.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: User.get_short_name():
|
|
|
|
A short, informal identifier for the user. A common interpretation
|
|
would be the first name of the user, but it can be any string that
|
|
identifies the user in an informal way. It may also return the same
|
|
value as :meth:`django.contrib.auth.User.get_full_name()`.
|
|
|
|
The following methods are available on any subclass of
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser`:
|
|
|
|
.. class:: models.AbstractBaseUser
|
|
|
|
.. method:: models.AbstractBaseUser.get_username()
|
|
|
|
Returns the value of the field nominated by ``USERNAME_FIELD``.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: models.AbstractBaseUser.is_anonymous()
|
|
|
|
Always returns ``False``. This is a way of differentiating
|
|
from :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser` objects.
|
|
Generally, you should prefer using
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser.is_authenticated()` to this
|
|
method.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: models.AbstractBaseUser.is_authenticated()
|
|
|
|
Always returns ``True``. This is a way to tell if the user has been
|
|
authenticated. This does not imply any permissions, and doesn't check
|
|
if the user is active - it only indicates that the user has provided a
|
|
valid username and password.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: models.AbstractBaseUser.set_password(raw_password)
|
|
|
|
Sets the user's password to the given raw string, taking care of the
|
|
password hashing. Doesn't save the
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser` object.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: models.AbstractBaseUser.check_password(raw_password)
|
|
|
|
Returns ``True`` if the given raw string is the correct password for
|
|
the user. (This takes care of the password hashing in making the
|
|
comparison.)
|
|
|
|
.. method:: models.AbstractBaseUser.set_unusable_password()
|
|
|
|
Marks the user as having no password set. This isn't the same as
|
|
having a blank string for a password.
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser.check_password()` for this user
|
|
will never return ``True``. Doesn't save the
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser` object.
|
|
|
|
You may need this if authentication for your application takes place
|
|
against an existing external source such as an LDAP directory.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: models.AbstractBaseUser.has_usable_password()
|
|
|
|
Returns ``False`` if
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser.set_unusable_password()` has
|
|
been called for this user.
|
|
|
|
|
|
You should also define a custom manager for your User model. If your User
|
|
model defines `username` and `email` fields the same as Django's default User,
|
|
you can just install Django's
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.UserManager`; however, if your User model
|
|
defines different fields, you will need to define a custom manager that
|
|
extends :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.BaseUserManager` providing two
|
|
additional methods:
|
|
|
|
.. class:: models.CustomUserManager
|
|
|
|
.. method:: models.CustomUserManager.create_user(*username_field*, password=None, **other_fields)
|
|
|
|
The prototype of `create_user()` should accept the username field,
|
|
plus all required fields as arguments. For example, if your user model
|
|
uses `email` as the username field, and has `date_of_birth` as a required
|
|
fields, then create_user should be defined as::
|
|
|
|
def create_user(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
|
|
# create user here
|
|
|
|
.. method:: models.CustomUserManager.create_superuser(*username_field*, password, **other_fields)
|
|
|
|
The prototype of `create_user()` should accept the username field,
|
|
plus all required fields as arguments. For example, if your user model
|
|
uses `email` as the username field, and has `date_of_birth` as a required
|
|
fields, then create_superuser should be defined as::
|
|
|
|
def create_superuser(self, email, date_of_birth, password):
|
|
# create superuser here
|
|
|
|
Unlike `create_user()`, `create_superuser()` *must* require the caller
|
|
to provider a password.
|
|
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.BaseUserManager` provides the following
|
|
utility methods:
|
|
|
|
.. class:: models.BaseUserManager
|
|
|
|
.. method:: models.BaseUserManager.normalize_email(email)
|
|
|
|
A classmethod that normalizes email addresses by lowercasing
|
|
the domain portion of the email address.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: models.BaseUserManager.get_by_natural_key(username)
|
|
|
|
Retrieves a user instance using the contents of the field
|
|
nominated by ``USERNAME_FIELD``.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: models.BaseUserManager.make_random_password(length=10, allowed_chars='abcdefghjkmnpqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ23456789')
|
|
|
|
Returns a random password with the given length and given string of
|
|
allowed characters. (Note that the default value of ``allowed_chars``
|
|
doesn't contain letters that can cause user confusion, including:
|
|
|
|
* ``i``, ``l``, ``I``, and ``1`` (lowercase letter i, lowercase
|
|
letter L, uppercase letter i, and the number one)
|
|
* ``o``, ``O``, and ``0`` (uppercase letter o, lowercase letter o,
|
|
and zero)
|
|
|
|
Extending Django's default User
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
If you're entirely happy with Django's :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User`
|
|
model and you just want to add some additional profile information, you can
|
|
simply subclass :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser` and add your
|
|
custom profile fields.
|
|
|
|
Custom users and the built-in auth forms
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
As you may expect, built-in Django's :ref:`forms <built-in-auth-forms>`
|
|
and :ref:`views <other-built-in-views>` make certain assumptions about
|
|
the user model that they are working with.
|
|
|
|
If your user model doesn't follow the same assumptions, it may be necessary to define
|
|
a replacement form, and pass that form in as part of the configuration of the
|
|
auth views.
|
|
|
|
* :class:`~django.contrib.auth.forms.UserCreationForm`
|
|
|
|
Depends on the :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` model.
|
|
Must be re-written for any custom user model.
|
|
|
|
* :class:`~django.contrib.auth.forms.UserChangeForm`
|
|
|
|
Depends on the :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User` model.
|
|
Must be re-written for any custom user model.
|
|
|
|
* :class:`~django.contrib.auth.forms.AuthenticationForm`
|
|
|
|
Works with any subclass of :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser`,
|
|
and will adapt to use the field defined in `USERNAME_FIELD`.
|
|
|
|
* :class:`~django.contrib.auth.forms.PasswordResetForm`
|
|
|
|
Assumes that the user model has an integer primary key, has a field named
|
|
`email` that can be used to identify the user, and a boolean field
|
|
named `is_active` to prevent password resets for inactive users.
|
|
|
|
* :class:`~django.contrib.auth.forms.SetPasswordForm`
|
|
|
|
Works with any subclass of :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser`
|
|
|
|
* :class:`~django.contrib.auth.forms.PasswordChangeForm`
|
|
|
|
Works with any subclass of :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser`
|
|
|
|
* :class:`~django.contrib.auth.forms.AdminPasswordChangeForm`
|
|
|
|
Works with any subclass of :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser`
|
|
|
|
|
|
Custom users and django.contrib.admin
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
If you want your custom User model to also work with Admin, your User model must
|
|
define some additional attributes and methods. These methods allow the admin to
|
|
control access of the User to admin content:
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: User.is_staff
|
|
|
|
Returns True if the user is allowed to have access to the admin site.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: User.is_active
|
|
|
|
Returns True if the user account is currently active.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: User.has_perm(perm, obj=None):
|
|
|
|
Returns True if the user has the named permission. If `obj` is
|
|
provided, the permission needs to be checked against a specific object
|
|
instance.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: User.has_module_perms(app_label):
|
|
|
|
Returns True if the user has permission to access models in
|
|
the given app.
|
|
|
|
You will also need to register your custom User model with the admin. If
|
|
your custom User model extends :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser`,
|
|
you can use Django's existing :class:`~django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin`
|
|
class. However, if your User model extends
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser`, you'll need to define
|
|
a custom ModelAdmin class. It may be possible to subclass the default
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin`; however, you'll need to
|
|
override any of the definitions that refer to fields on
|
|
:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser` that aren't on your
|
|
custom User class.
|
|
|
|
Custom users and Proxy models
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
One limitation of custom User models is that installing a custom User model
|
|
will break any proxy model extending :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User`.
|
|
Proxy models must be based on a concrete base class; by defining a custom User
|
|
model, you remove the ability of Django to reliably identify the base class.
|
|
|
|
If your project uses proxy models, you must either modify the proxy to extend
|
|
the User model that is currently in use in your project, or merge your proxy's
|
|
behavior into your User subclass.
|
|
|
|
A full example
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
Here is an example of an admin-compliant custom user app. This user model uses
|
|
an email address as the username, and has a required date of birth; it
|
|
provides no permission checking, beyond a simple `admin` flag on the user
|
|
account. This model would be compatible with all the built-in auth forms and
|
|
views, except for the User creation forms.
|
|
|
|
This code would all live in a ``models.py`` file for a custom
|
|
authentication app::
|
|
|
|
from django.db import models
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.models import (
|
|
BaseUserManager, AbstractBaseUser
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class MyUserManager(BaseUserManager):
|
|
def create_user(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Creates and saves a User with the given email, date of
|
|
birth and password.
|
|
"""
|
|
if not email:
|
|
raise ValueError('Users must have an email address')
|
|
|
|
user = self.model(
|
|
email=MyUserManager.normalize_email(email),
|
|
date_of_birth=date_of_birth,
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
user.set_password(password)
|
|
user.save(using=self._db)
|
|
return user
|
|
|
|
def create_superuser(self, email, date_of_birth, password):
|
|
"""
|
|
Creates and saves a superuser with the given email, date of
|
|
birth and password.
|
|
"""
|
|
user = self.create_user(email,
|
|
password=password,
|
|
date_of_birth=date_of_birth
|
|
)
|
|
user.is_admin = True
|
|
user.save(using=self._db)
|
|
return user
|
|
|
|
|
|
class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
|
|
email = models.EmailField(
|
|
verbose_name='email address',
|
|
max_length=255,
|
|
unique=True,
|
|
db_index=True,
|
|
)
|
|
date_of_birth = models.DateField()
|
|
is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
|
|
is_admin = models.BooleanField(default=False)
|
|
|
|
objects = MyUserManager()
|
|
|
|
USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
|
|
REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['date_of_birth']
|
|
|
|
def get_full_name(self):
|
|
# The user is identified by their email address
|
|
return self.email
|
|
|
|
def get_short_name(self):
|
|
# The user is identified by their email address
|
|
return self.email
|
|
|
|
def __unicode__(self):
|
|
return self.email
|
|
|
|
def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
|
|
"Does the user have a specific permission?"
|
|
# Simplest possible answer: Yes, always
|
|
return True
|
|
|
|
def has_module_perms(self, app_label):
|
|
"Does the user have permissions to view the app `app_label`?"
|
|
# Simplest possible answer: Yes, always
|
|
return True
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def is_staff(self):
|
|
"Is the user a member of staff?"
|
|
# Simplest possible answer: All admins are staff
|
|
return self.is_admin
|
|
|
|
Then, to register this custom User model with Django's admin, the following
|
|
code would be required in the app's ``admin.py`` file::
|
|
|
|
from django import forms
|
|
from django.contrib import admin
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.models import Group
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.forms import ReadOnlyPasswordHashField
|
|
|
|
from customauth.models import MyUser
|
|
|
|
|
|
class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm):
|
|
"""A form for creating new users. Includes all the required
|
|
fields, plus a repeated password."""
|
|
password1 = forms.CharField(label='Password', widget=forms.PasswordInput)
|
|
password2 = forms.CharField(label='Password confirmation', widget=forms.PasswordInput)
|
|
|
|
class Meta:
|
|
model = MyUser
|
|
fields = ('email', 'date_of_birth')
|
|
|
|
def clean_password2(self):
|
|
# Check that the two password entries match
|
|
password1 = self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
|
|
password2 = self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
|
|
if password1 and password2 and password1 != password2:
|
|
raise forms.ValidationError("Passwords don't match")
|
|
return password2
|
|
|
|
def save(self, commit=True):
|
|
# Save the provided password in hashed format
|
|
user = super(UserCreationForm, self).save(commit=False)
|
|
user.set_password(self.cleaned_data["password1"])
|
|
if commit:
|
|
user.save()
|
|
return user
|
|
|
|
|
|
class UserChangeForm(forms.ModelForm):
|
|
"""A form for updateing users. Includes all the fields on
|
|
the user, but replaces the password field with admin's
|
|
pasword hash display field.
|
|
"""
|
|
password = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField()
|
|
|
|
class Meta:
|
|
model = MyUser
|
|
|
|
|
|
class MyUserAdmin(UserAdmin):
|
|
# The forms to add and change user instances
|
|
form = UserChangeForm
|
|
add_form = UserCreationForm
|
|
|
|
# The fields to be used in displaying the User model.
|
|
# These override the definitions on the base UserAdmin
|
|
# that reference specific fields on auth.User.
|
|
list_display = ('email', 'date_of_birth', 'is_admin')
|
|
list_filter = ('is_admin',)
|
|
fieldsets = (
|
|
(None, {'fields': ('email', 'password')}),
|
|
('Personal info', {'fields': ('date_of_birth',)}),
|
|
('Permissions', {'fields': ('is_admin',)}),
|
|
('Important dates', {'fields': ('last_login',)}),
|
|
)
|
|
add_fieldsets = (
|
|
(None, {
|
|
'classes': ('wide',),
|
|
'fields': ('email', 'date_of_birth', 'password1', 'password2')}
|
|
),
|
|
)
|
|
search_fields = ('email',)
|
|
ordering = ('email',)
|
|
filter_horizontal = ()
|
|
|
|
# Now register the new UserAdmin...
|
|
admin.site.register(MyUser, MyUserAdmin)
|
|
# ... and, since we're not using Django's builtin permissions,
|
|
# unregister the Group model from admin.
|
|
admin.site.unregister(Group)
|
|
|
|
.. _authentication-backends:
|
|
|
|
Other authentication sources
|
|
============================
|
|
|
|
The authentication that comes with Django is good enough for most common cases,
|
|
but you may have the need to hook into another authentication source -- that
|
|
is, another source of usernames and passwords or authentication methods.
|
|
|
|
For example, your company may already have an LDAP setup that stores a username
|
|
and password for every employee. It'd be a hassle for both the network
|
|
administrator and the users themselves if users had separate accounts in LDAP
|
|
and the Django-based applications.
|
|
|
|
So, to handle situations like this, the Django authentication system lets you
|
|
plug in other authentication sources. You can override Django's default
|
|
database-based scheme, or you can use the default system in tandem with other
|
|
systems.
|
|
|
|
See the :doc:`authentication backend reference </ref/authbackends>`
|
|
for information on the authentication backends included with Django.
|
|
|
|
Specifying authentication backends
|
|
----------------------------------
|
|
|
|
Behind the scenes, Django maintains a list of "authentication backends" that it
|
|
checks for authentication. When somebody calls
|
|
:func:`django.contrib.auth.authenticate()` -- as described in :ref:`How to log
|
|
a user in <how-to-log-a-user-in>` above -- Django tries authenticating across
|
|
all of its authentication backends. If the first authentication method fails,
|
|
Django tries the second one, and so on, until all backends have been attempted.
|
|
|
|
The list of authentication backends to use is specified in the
|
|
:setting:`AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS` setting. This should be a tuple of Python
|
|
path names that point to Python classes that know how to authenticate. These
|
|
classes can be anywhere on your Python path.
|
|
|
|
By default, :setting:`AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS` is set to::
|
|
|
|
('django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',)
|
|
|
|
That's the basic authentication backend that checks the Django users database
|
|
and queries the builtin permissions. It does not provide protection against
|
|
brute force attacks via any rate limiting mechanism. You may either implement
|
|
your own rate limiting mechanism in a custom auth backend, or use the
|
|
mechanisms provided by most Web servers.
|
|
|
|
The order of :setting:`AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS` matters, so if the same
|
|
username and password is valid in multiple backends, Django will stop
|
|
processing at the first positive match.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
Once a user has authenticated, Django stores which backend was used to
|
|
authenticate the user in the user's session, and re-uses the same backend
|
|
for the duration of that session whenever access to the currently
|
|
authenticated user is needed. This effectively means that authentication
|
|
sources are cached on a per-session basis, so if you change
|
|
:setting:`AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS`, you'll need to clear out session data if
|
|
you need to force users to re-authenticate using different methods. A simple
|
|
way to do that is simply to execute ``Session.objects.all().delete()``.
|
|
|
|
Writing an authentication backend
|
|
---------------------------------
|
|
|
|
An authentication backend is a class that implements two required methods:
|
|
``get_user(user_id)`` and ``authenticate(**credentials)``, as well as a set of
|
|
optional permission related :ref:`authorization methods <authorization_methods>`.
|
|
|
|
The ``get_user`` method takes a ``user_id`` -- which could be a username,
|
|
database ID or whatever -- and returns a ``User`` object.
|
|
|
|
The ``authenticate`` method takes credentials as keyword arguments. Most of
|
|
the time, it'll just look like this::
|
|
|
|
class MyBackend(object):
|
|
def authenticate(self, username=None, password=None):
|
|
# Check the username/password and return a User.
|
|
|
|
But it could also authenticate a token, like so::
|
|
|
|
class MyBackend(object):
|
|
def authenticate(self, token=None):
|
|
# Check the token and return a User.
|
|
|
|
Either way, ``authenticate`` should check the credentials it gets, and it
|
|
should return a ``User`` object that matches those credentials, if the
|
|
credentials are valid. If they're not valid, it should return ``None``.
|
|
|
|
The Django admin system is tightly coupled to the Django ``User`` object
|
|
described at the beginning of this document. For now, the best way to deal with
|
|
this is to create a Django ``User`` object for each user that exists for your
|
|
backend (e.g., in your LDAP directory, your external SQL database, etc.) You
|
|
can either write a script to do this in advance, or your ``authenticate``
|
|
method can do it the first time a user logs in.
|
|
|
|
Here's an example backend that authenticates against a username and password
|
|
variable defined in your ``settings.py`` file and creates a Django ``User``
|
|
object the first time a user authenticates::
|
|
|
|
from django.conf import settings
|
|
from django.contrib.auth.models import User, check_password
|
|
|
|
class SettingsBackend(object):
|
|
"""
|
|
Authenticate against the settings ADMIN_LOGIN and ADMIN_PASSWORD.
|
|
|
|
Use the login name, and a hash of the password. For example:
|
|
|
|
ADMIN_LOGIN = 'admin'
|
|
ADMIN_PASSWORD = 'sha1$4e987$afbcf42e21bd417fb71db8c66b321e9fc33051de'
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
def authenticate(self, username=None, password=None):
|
|
login_valid = (settings.ADMIN_LOGIN == username)
|
|
pwd_valid = check_password(password, settings.ADMIN_PASSWORD)
|
|
if login_valid and pwd_valid:
|
|
try:
|
|
user = User.objects.get(username=username)
|
|
except User.DoesNotExist:
|
|
# Create a new user. Note that we can set password
|
|
# to anything, because it won't be checked; the password
|
|
# from settings.py will.
|
|
user = User(username=username, password='get from settings.py')
|
|
user.is_staff = True
|
|
user.is_superuser = True
|
|
user.save()
|
|
return user
|
|
return None
|
|
|
|
def get_user(self, user_id):
|
|
try:
|
|
return User.objects.get(pk=user_id)
|
|
except User.DoesNotExist:
|
|
return None
|
|
|
|
.. _authorization_methods:
|
|
|
|
Handling authorization in custom backends
|
|
-----------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
Custom auth backends can provide their own permissions.
|
|
|
|
The user model will delegate permission lookup functions
|
|
(:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.get_group_permissions()`,
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.get_all_permissions()`,
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.has_perm()`, and
|
|
:meth:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.has_module_perms()`) to any
|
|
authentication backend that implements these functions.
|
|
|
|
The permissions given to the user will be the superset of all permissions
|
|
returned by all backends. That is, Django grants a permission to a user that
|
|
any one backend grants.
|
|
|
|
The simple backend above could implement permissions for the magic admin
|
|
fairly simply::
|
|
|
|
class SettingsBackend(object):
|
|
|
|
# ...
|
|
|
|
def has_perm(self, user_obj, perm, obj=None):
|
|
if user_obj.username == settings.ADMIN_LOGIN:
|
|
return True
|
|
else:
|
|
return False
|
|
|
|
This gives full permissions to the user granted access in the above example.
|
|
Notice that in addition to the same arguments given to the associated
|
|
:class:`django.contrib.auth.models.User` functions, the backend auth functions
|
|
all take the user object, which may be an anonymous user, as an argument.
|
|
|
|
A full authorization implementation can be found in the ``ModelBackend`` class
|
|
in `django/contrib/auth/backends.py`_, which is the default backend and queries
|
|
the ``auth_permission`` table most of the time. If you wish to provide
|
|
custom behavior for only part of the backend API, you can take advantage of
|
|
Python inheritence and subclass ``ModelBackend`` instead of implementing the
|
|
complete API in a custom backend.
|
|
|
|
.. _django/contrib/auth/backends.py: https://github.com/django/django/blob/master/django/contrib/auth/backends.py
|
|
|
|
.. _anonymous_auth:
|
|
|
|
Authorization for anonymous users
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
An anonymous user is one that is not authenticated i.e. they have provided no
|
|
valid authentication details. However, that does not necessarily mean they are
|
|
not authorized to do anything. At the most basic level, most Web sites
|
|
authorize anonymous users to browse most of the site, and many allow anonymous
|
|
posting of comments etc.
|
|
|
|
Django's permission framework does not have a place to store permissions for
|
|
anonymous users. However, the user object passed to an authentication backend
|
|
may be an :class:`django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser` object, allowing
|
|
the backend to specify custom authorization behavior for anonymous users. This
|
|
is especially useful for the authors of re-usable apps, who can delegate all
|
|
questions of authorization to the auth backend, rather than needing settings,
|
|
for example, to control anonymous access.
|
|
|
|
.. _inactive_auth:
|
|
|
|
Authorization for inactive users
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
An inactive user is a one that is authenticated but has its attribute
|
|
``is_active`` set to ``False``. However this does not mean they are not
|
|
authorized to do anything. For example they are allowed to activate their
|
|
account.
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The support for anonymous users in the permission system allows for a scenario
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where anonymous users have permissions to do something while inactive
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|
authenticated users do not.
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Do not forget to test for the ``is_active`` attribute of the user in your own
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backend permission methods.
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Handling object permissions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Django's permission framework has a foundation for object permissions, though
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|
there is no implementation for it in the core. That means that checking for
|
|
object permissions will always return ``False`` or an empty list (depending on
|
|
the check performed). An authentication backend will receive the keyword
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|
parameters ``obj`` and ``user_obj`` for each object related authorization
|
|
method and can return the object level permission as appropriate.
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